2. prrroevs. 37 humerus to the knee, upon the femur, knee, and adjoining. wingmembrane along the proximal third of the tibiz, about two thirds of which are thickly covered with straight hairs directed backwards, their distal thirds being nearly naked as well as the feet; and, although the fur of the back extends upon the interfemoral membrane, it does not conceal its posterior margin, and its lower third, supported by the calcanea, is naked. Beneath, the antebrachial membrane is covered with long thinly-spread hairs, and similar hairs clothe the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur, and extend outwards in a broad band behind the forearm. Face reddish brown, with a few greyish or shining hairs; chin and throat darker brown ; top of the head and nape reddish or yellowish brown, passing into a band of bright yellow, which extends across the back of the neck from shoulder to shoulder, and downwards on the sides of the neck and thorax, limited by a longitudinal band of dark fur passing backwards from the chin along the thorax to the abdomen, which is clothed with dark brown fur, of which some hairs have greyish or shining extremities; fur of the back behind the shoulders dark brown, the extremities of the hairs more or less yellowish. In the male the extremities of the hairs on the head and back are much brighter-coloured than in the female.
First upper premolar deciduous; the second upper premolar and the second and third lower, also the first and second upper molars and the first lower, have each a small but distinct posterior basal cusp; even the small first lower premolar has an indication of a posterior basal cusp; last upper molar very small and circular, not as large as the first lower premolar; last lower molar slightly larger than the first lower premolar.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 7", head 2"-2, ear 0-9, ear from tip of nostril 2", eye from tip of nostril 0-8, forearm 4-9 ; thumb—metacarp. 0'-35, ph. and claw 1-6; third finger—metacarp. 3-3, 1st ph. 2!°4, 2nd ph. 3!-55; fourth finger—metacarp. 3!'-25, 1st ph. 2", 2nd ph. 1'-85; fifth finger— metacarp. 3/35, Ist ph. 15, 2nd ph. 1°45; tibia 2"-25, calcaneum 0-6, foot 1-15.
Hab. Island of Rodriguez.
a-d. 3 & Q juv. et ad., al. Rodriguez. Royal Society. e. Q ad. ve : Rodriguez. Royal Society.
f. ad. sk. Rodriguez. Royal Society.
g. skeleton. Rodriguez. Royal Society.
15. Pteropus brunneus.
Ears asin Pt. keraudrenii, but naked, scarcely as long as the muzzle, triangular above, obtusely pointed (Plate ITI. fig. 6). Interfemoral membrane very narrow behind, concealed by the fur in the centre.
Fur rather short throughout, longer on the neck than on the back, where it is directed backwards and slightly appressed, occupying a
38 PLTEROPODID.E.
space nearly two inches wide across the middle of the back; forearm clothed with a few short hairs only, but the legs are covered almost to the ankles; beneath, the thighs only are covered, and a few fine erect hairs occupy the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur and behind the forearm.
General colour yellowish brown: head yellowish brown, with a few shining hairs, the base of the fur dark brown; breast and abdomen somewhat similar, but the base of the hairs not so dark as on the upper surface; above, the neck is brighter yellowish brown ; the back similar to the head.
The skull is differently shaped from that of Pt. samoensis, the facial bones are longer, and the zygomatic arches less curved outwards; premaxillary bones more slender and incisors smaller ; first upper premolar very small, in the narrow space between the canine and second premolar; last upper molar as large as the first lower premolar; remaining teeth as in Pt. medius, without basal projections or cusps.
Length (of the type specimen, a nearly adult ¢), head and body about 8", head 2!-3, ear 0''-8, eye from tip of nostril 0-9, forearm 4''-5, thumb 1'-9, second finger 3'-4; third finger—metacarp. 31, Ist ph. 2!-35, 2nd ph. 3-8; fifth finger—metacarp. 3!"4, Ist ph. 1-45, 2nd ph. 1-5; tibia 2!"1, foot 1-5.
Hab. Percy Island, near east coast of Australia. This species is distinguished from Pé. polvocephalus by the very differently shaped ears, by the colour and quality of the fur, and by its conspicuously smaller size; from Pt. swmoensis, which it probably approaches most closely, by the naked ears, quite differently coloured fur, and by the much broader premolars and molars without basal projections, as well as by the very small size of the first upper premolar; from P#. gouldi, which inhabits the same island, by the quite differently shaped ears, by the colour and distribution of the fur, and by its much smaller size.
a. § nearly ad. sk. (type). Percy Island. Captain Denham [C.]. b. skull of a.
16. Pteropus personatus.
Pteropus personatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 189; Gray, (iro Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 111, with a woodcut 0).
Fars slightly longer than the muzzle, oval, rounded off above. Interfemoral membrane narrow behind, concealed by the fur. Face pale buff-white, marked by conspicuous well-defined brown streaks: on each side a brown streak extends from the nostril to the eye, where it divides, one half passing upwards and backwards above the eye to the crown of the head (being separated from the posterior half of the eyelid by a white patch), the other half passes along the margins of the upper and lower eyelids, and reappears at the posterior angle of the eye, behind which it extends for a short distance, where it joins at right angles the commencement of a
2. PIBROPUS. 89 broad band, which passes directly downwards, and meets beneath the jaws the corresponding band from the opposite side. Head and neck yellowish white, the extremities of the hairs on the back of the neck more or less bright yellow; back brownish grey, the extremities of the hairs almost white ; beneath pale brown, the terminal half of the hairs pale yellowish.
Fur everywhere very soft and dense (as in Pt. temminckii), though not long, widely covering the loins, and extending thinly upon the humerus and forearms, and upon the backs of the legs and the adjoining wing-membrane to the ankles, and concealing the very narrow interfemoral membrane in the middle.
Outer lower incisors much longer than the inner ones, which are separated by an interval; molars. feeble, narrow, the internal cusp scarcely developed ; first upper premolar closer to the canine than to the second premolar, as large as one of the inner lower incisors ; a wide space between the lower canine and second premolar, in the anterior half of which the first lower premolar is placed; last lower molar scarcely larger than one of the outer lower incisors. Length (of an adult 9), head and body about 5'-5, head 1-8, ear 0-7, eye from tip of nostril 0-7, forearm 3!'-6, thumb 1!-6, second finger 3"; third finger—metacarp. 2/7, lst ph. 2", 2nd ph. 2''-8 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 2/55, 1st ph. 1!-55, 2nd ph. 1-6; fifth finger—metacarp. 2!'-6, 1st ph. 1-2, 2nd ph. 1-2; tibia 1-7, caleaneum 0"'-4, foot 1/25.
Hab. Ternate.
a,b. § & Q ad. sk, Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. e o ad. sk, d. skull of e.
17. Pteropus capistratus.
Pteropus capistratus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 816 (with a coloured plate) ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 116. Closely allied to Pt. personatus, but distinguished immediately by the different character of the facial streaks, and by its conspicuously larger size. -_ Ears as in P?. personatus, as long as the muzzle, and similarly rounded off at their extremities. Face pale yellowish white ; between the eyes and the ears a black ring surrounds the muzzle, meeting above on the forehead a black longitudinal streak, which extends backwards from the nose between the eyes, and on either side behind the angle of the mouth a similar black streak, which passes downwards and backwards from the upper surface of the muzzle in front of the eye, while a much smaller and narrower dark line of fur extends forwards from the anterior and backwards from the posterior commissure of the eyelids. _ The colour of the remaining parts of the fur is generally similar to that of Pt. personatus, but the hairs are longer and extend even more thickly upon the membranes and posterior cxtremities.
40 PreKOPUDIDE.
Teeth as in Pt. persunatus.
Length (of an adult 9), head and body about 7", head 2", ears 0-8, eye from nostril 0-8, forearm 4'-4, thumb 1'8, second finger 3'-25 ; third finger—metacarp. 2!'-85, Ist ph. 2'-3, 2nd ph. 3!"6 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 2!-85, lst ph. 1-8, 2nd ph. 1-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 3!'-1, Ist ph. 1-4, 2nd ph. 1/3; tibia 1-85, foot 1!-4.
Hab. New Ireland, Duke of York Island, and New Britain. Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
a,b. Q ad. sks. Duke of York Island. Rey. G. Brown [C.] 18. Pteropus wallacei.
Pteropus wallacei, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866 (with a woodcut of the head) ; Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats.
The only specimen of this species as yet obtained is an example of a very young individual, in which the epiphyses of the fingerbones are quite separate, and the permanent teeth have not appeared. Dr. Peters believes it to be the young of Pt. personatus, and in the absence of other equally immature specimens of that species I am unable to confirm or reject his hypothesis. However, as the peculiar markings of the fur of the face are very different from those of Pt. personatus, I think it better to consider Pt. wallacei a distinct species until the question can be decided by the inspection of equally young specimens of Pt. personatus.
The face and crown of the head are reddish brown; a small oblong patch of white hairs directed backwards appears above the eye on each side; a narrow but very distinct streak of similarly coloured fur extends along the centre of the muzzle as far back as the space between the eyes, and a band of white hairs margins the upper lip; the remainder of the fur is soft and woolly, and resembles that of Pt. personatus in colour, quality, and distribution. Hab. Macassar, Celebes.
a, imm. sk. (type). Macassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 19. Pteropus temminckii.
Pteropus griseus, Temminck (non Geoffroy), Monogr. Mammal. ii. p-. 81 (1835-41) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 381); Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 110. Pteropus temminckii, Peters, 1. ¢.
Ears about as long as the muzzle, narrowly rounded off above, naked ; the outer and inner margins of the conch converging almost equally towards the tip. Wings from the back near the spine, scarcely one third of an inch apart at their origin. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the middle, completely concealed by the dense fur. The fur of the upper surface extends thinly and very short upon the arm and forearm, but thickly clothes the thighs, and passes along the tibie almost to the ankles; beneath, the thighs are
2. PrEROPUS. 41 also clothed, and fine long hairs extend upon the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur and behind the forearm. Fur everywhere soft, very dense and woolly, and moderately long, even on the back, where it is directed backwards, occupying a space nearly two inches wide across the loins. Above shining buff, the basal two thirds of the hairs reddish brown; beneath dull buff, the base of the hairs brownish; on the back of the neck the terminal half of the hairs bright yellowish buff. On the whole, the fur on the upper surface is like that of Pt. personatus without the black streaks on the face. Membranes light reddish brown. In the type specimen in the Leyden Museum the fur and membranes are much paler throughout, the back silvery grey with a few intermixed light brown hairs, head above and beneath pale buf, back of neck yellowish buff, wings half an inch apart, but the fur occupies a space two and a half inches wide across the loins. Skull with a long and narrow facial portion ; zygomatic arches moderately curved outwards, with a small ascending process ; dentition as in Pt. medius.
Length (of a not quite adult ¢), head and body about 6", ear 0"-75, eye from nose 0"-75, forearm 3/8, thumb 1-55, second finger 2!'-65; third finger—metacarp. 2!5, 1st ph. 1/-9, 2nd ph. 2"-8 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2!'-65, lst ph. 1-1, 2nd ph. 1"; tibia 1-6, foot 1'"1.
The type in the Leyden Museum is an example of a quite adult individual. It has the forearm 4 inches long, so that the specimen from which the above measurements have been taken is evidently nearly full-grown.
Hab. Semao, Timor, Amboina, Ceram.
This species is easily distinguished by its soft and almost unicoloured pale buff silky fur, which, though not long, thickly covers the back, and descends upon the legs almost to the ankles ; also by its teeth, which are like those of Pt. medius, but smaller, and by its smnall size.
a. imm. sk. Ceram. Purchased.
b. Pad. sk. Timor. Purchased.
c. skull of a.
20. Pteropus scapulatus.
Pteropus scapulatus, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1862, p. 574. Pteropus elseyi, Gray, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 67; Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 108 (1870).
Ears narrow and subacutely pointed, longer than the muzzle, naked, the upper third of the outer margin of the conch slightly concave ; muzzle long and rather narrow, as in the group Macrolossi.
‘ Interfemoral narrow behind, but its posterior margin beneath is not concealed by the fur ; wings about an inch apart at their origin from the back.
General colour of the fur reddish or yellowish brown. Face and under surface of muzzle dark brown with some greyish hairs, on the
42 PTEROPODIDZ.
crown of the head the extremities of the hairs are yellowish brown ; throat reddish brown, a much paler or yellowish-brown collar surrounds the neck; on each shoulder (in adult males only) a tuft of light buff-coloured hairs, and the fur of the antebrachial and wing-membrane beneath is of the same pale colour; back, breast, and abdomen dark reddish brown.
Fur of the back short and appressed, occupying a space in the middle of the back about two inches wide, and short appressed hairs appear upon the humerus and upon the fleshy part of the forearm, also extending thinly outwards upon the legs almost as far as the ankles. Beneath, the extremities are nearly naked, but the antebrachial membrane and the wiug-membrane between the humerus and femur and along the forearm are covered with long woolly hair. The types of Pt. elseyi, Gray, all appear to be immature individuals. In them the general colour of the fur is reddish or yellowish brown throughout, the neck surrounded by a collar of paler coloured fur, without any trace of white shoulder-tufts. The dentition is very peculiar, the teeth resembling those of the species of the genera Honycteris and Macroglossus. The canines are remarkably long and slender, and deeply grooved longitudinally in front ; all the teeth are very narrow and unicuspidate ; the central pair of upper incisors are slightly separated, and a wide space exists between the middle pair of lower incisors; the first small premolar in both jaws is placed in the anterior half of the wide space between the canine and second premolar; the last lower molar is scarcely as large as the small lower outer incisor. The mandible is correspondingly slender, and the symphysis menti very deep from before backwards, as in the group Macroglossi (Plate IV. fig. 3). Length (of the type specimen), head and body 9", head 2''-6, ear 1-2, forearm 5!"4, thumb 2!-1, second finger 3-9, third finger 11-5, fifth finger 7", tibia 2!'-6.
Length (of one of the types of Pt. elseyz), head and body about 7", eye from nostril 0'-95, ear 1-05, forearm 5!-3, thumb 2!-1, second finger 3-7; third finger—metacarp. 3!-6, 1st ph. 2'-7, 2nd ph. 3-9; fifth finger—metacarp. 3-6, 1st ph. 1-65, 2nd ph. 1!"6 ; tibia 2'-2, foot 1°75.
Hab. N.E. Australia (Cape York, Claremont River and Island). Pt. scupulatus differs so much from all other species of this genus, and resembles the long-tongued Macroglossi so closely in the form of the skull and in dentition, that we should expect to find that it feeds on similar fruits, and that the tongue is similarly lengthened and provided with long brush-like papille. This, however, cannot be determined from an examination of the specimens hitherto obtained, which are dried skins from which the tongues have been removed. a. G ad.sk. N. Australian expedition. Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.]. (Type of Pteropus elseyi, Gray.) .
b. QP ad.sk. Claremont Island, N.E. Australia. Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.}. ce. 9 imm.sk. Claremont Island, N.E. Australia. Dr. J. R. Elsey Pa, d. skull of a. 7 e. imm, skull.
2, PrEROPUS. 43 21. Pteropus macrotis.
Pteropus macrotis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 327. P Pteropus epularius, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1877, ii. p. 8 Kars long, narrow, and attenuated towards the subacute extremities, much longer than the muzzle (Plate III. fig. 3). Interfemoral membrane very narrow behind, concealed by the fur in the centre; wings about half an inch apart at their origin from the back. Sides of the face and under surface of lower jaw dark brown, almost black ; crown of the head greyish yellow, the bases of the hairs brown, a streak of the same light-coloured hairs extends forwards upon the face between the eyes; back of the head, neck, and shoulders bright pale straw-colour, as in Pt. keraudrenii; in front of each shoulder an epaulet of longer and coarser yellow hairs over glands, and the fur across the back of the neck between these glands and around their posterior and superior sides is deeper strawcolour; sides of the neck beneath and breast black, the black fur surrounding anteriorly and inferiorly the bright-coloured tufts on each side; abdomen and sides dark brown, the fur of the centre of the abdomen shorter, and mixed with a few greyish hairs; back behind shoulders dark brown.
Above and beneath, the forearms and legs are naked, and the wing-membrane has only a few long scattered hairs beneath; the bases of the ears in front and behind are alone clothed. Fur across the middle of the back occupying a space about two inches wide. First upper premolar minute, persistent, in the wide space between the canine and second premolar ; first lower premolar about the same size as the last upper molar, all the teeth much smaller and narrower than in any other species, except Pt. scapulatus. The following measurements are taken from the skin of an adult male preserved in alcohol, and are greater than those of the type which I have examined, and believe to be an example of an immature female.
Length, head 2/5, eye from tip of nostril 0'-85, ear 1'"45 x 0'"7, humerus 4", forearm 5!-4, thumb 2", second finger 3-5; third finger—metacarp. 3!-3, 1st ph. 2!''5, 2nd ph. 3-6; fourth finger— metacarp. 3-25, Ist ph. 2'-1, 2nd ph. 2'-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3-45, Ist ph. 1!-7, 2nd ph. 16; foot 1-5.
Hab. Aru Islands ; Yule Island, New Guinea.
This species resembles Pt. alecto very closely in the colour of the fur, but the ears are much longer and acutely pointed, like those of Pt. medius, and the remarkably small size of the premolars and molars not only at once distinguish it from that species, but from every other species of the genus as yet known except Pt. scapulatus, in which the teeth are even smaller. The large development of the shoulder-tufts over glands is also noticeable, and this, as well as other corresponding characters, lead us to believe that Pt. epularius, P. Ramsay, from Katow, N. Guinea, is identical with this species. a, ¢ ad. sk., al. Yule Island, N. Guinea. Purchased.
44 PTEROPODIDZ.
22. Pteropus griseus.
Pteropus griseus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 94, pl. 6 (1810); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 326, Pteropus pallidus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 184 (1827) (vide Peters, . c.).
Ears rather short, scarcely as long as the muzzle, narrowly rounded off above, the upper third of the outer margin slightly flattened. Wings close together, scarcely half an inch apart at their origin from the back. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the middle, concealed by the fur.
Head and neck bright yellow, muzzle slightly paler; back blackish brown, mixed with many grey hairs; breast and abdomen greyish yellow, the bases of the hairs black. Younger individuals are darker throughout. Membranes pale brown.
Fur generally short, scarcely extending upon the extremities or upon the wings, occupying a space about an inch wide across the loins, where it is closely appressed.
Teeth as in Pt. medius.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body 8", ear 1!"1, forearm 4"-5, third finger 9!'-5, fifth finger 6-2, tibia 2!-2, foot 1-5, Hab. Timor; Banda; (? Sumatra, Malacca, Temm.). Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
23. Pteropus melanopogon.
Pteropus phaiops, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 65 (1885-41) (excel. i. p. 178).
Pteropus melanopogon, Schlegel, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 330. Eunycteris phaiops, Gray (in part), Catal. Monkeys and Frutt-eating Bats, p. 118 (1870).
Ears shorter than the muzzle, triangular above, with a rounded-off vertical angle. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre. Wings from the back close to the spine, in old individuals naked across the back *, or the fur reduced to a narrow longitudinal streak ; legs and forearms naked.
Head brownish yellow, brighter yellow between the eyes and on the crown of the head; throat and sides of throat dark brown; neck and shoulders bright yellow, also under surface of neck and anterior part of the breast; breast and abdomen pale yellowish buff, axilla dark brown ; above, the line of fur along the spine dark brown with a few greyish hairs. The female is darker throughout. Skull and teeth as in Pt. medius, but the molars much larger. (For measurements see Table, p. 47.)
Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion ; Celebes (Macassar); Bouru, Amboina, Ceram (Goram, Boano, Manavolka, Saparua, Peters). b. 2 juv. et ad. sks. * Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. @ ad. sk. Ceram. Purchased.
? imm. sk, Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
* See remarks on this character at the bottom of next page.