INTRODUCTION. XXxili genus Megaderma are more closely related to each other than to the Oriental species. The distribution of Nycteris is remarkable: six species are limited to the Ethiopian Region, the seventh is found in Java, and differs from all the rest in the large size of the second lower premolar.
The general distribution of the Vespertilionide has been referred to above. Of the sixteen genera, five (Antrozous, Atalapha, Nycticgjus, Natalus, and Thyroptera) are peculiar to America, but these represent nine species only. Wyctophilus and Chalinolobus (subgen.) are limited to the Australian Region; Synotus, Otonycteris, and Plecotus (subgen.) to the Palearctic. A second species of Plecotus (the type of a well-defined subgenus Corinorhinus) is found in the Nearctic Region only. Of the fifty species of Vesperugo, eleven only inhabit the New World. Three species are especially remarkable for their wide distribution. Vesperugo serotinus extends throughout the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions, and also into the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions of the New World. Specimens of this species from Central America (see p. 193) are not distinguishable from European examples. Vesperugo abramus is recorded from all the zoological regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, and I have seen a specimen said to be from the Straits of Juan da Fuca, Vancouver’s Island, which I believe must be referred to this species. Miniopterus schreibersii is widely distributed throughout all the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere; adult specimens from Europe, South Africa, and Australia are not distinguishable. Of the fourteen genera recognised, half (viz. Furia, Amorphocheilus, Rhynchonycteris, Saccopteryx, Diclidurus, Noctilio, and Molossus) are peculiar to the Neotropical Region. Of the remaining half, Mystacina is limited to New Zealand, Coléwra to the Ethiopian Region, Rhinopoma to Africa and India; Taphozous is represented in all the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere; Emballonura appears to be specially an insular genus, as the species extend from Madagascar to the Malay Archipelago, and throughout the larger islands of the Polynesian Subregion, though they have not been found in any of the adjacent continents; while the species of Nyctinomus are distributed throughout the tropical and warmer parts of the temperate zones of both Hemispheres, except New Zealand and Polynesia.
- The Neotropical genera of this family are, on the whole, more closely related to each other than to any of the Old-World genera ; nevertheless there are certain peculiar forms of limited distribution
XXXIV INTRODUCTION.
in the Eastern Hemisphere which seem to have their nearest allies among Neotropical species. Thus the very remarkable species Chetromeles torquatus (Plate XXI. figs. 1, 1a), which has not been found beyond the Indo-Malayan Subregion, appears to be more closely related to some of the species of the Neotropical genus Molossus than to any of the Old-World forms; and the same remark applies to Nyctinomus australis (Plate XXII. fig. 9), which is characteristic of the Australian Region.
The Phyllostomide are strictly limited to the Neotropical Region, of which they are, therefore, eminently characteristic. No species, except Trachyops cirrhosus (which has been found in Bermuda, and is said to occur in South Carolina), extends beyond its limits. Few, if any, of the species of this family, in the present state of our knowledge, can be said to be characteristic of any of the subregions, but certain species appear to be limited in their distribution within the region. Thus, Mormops blainvillii is confined to the Antillean Subregion, and Mormops megalophylla to the Mexican and Brazilian Subregions. Artibeus perspicillatus inhabits the Antillean, Mexican, and Brazilian Subregions, but Artibeus planirostris appears to be limited to the Brazilian Subregion. Stenoderma achradophilum and Stenoderma falcatum have not yet been found beyond the Antillean Subregion, and Desmodus rufus and Diphylla ecaudata have not been recorded from it; but this may be accounted for by the absence of any of the larger warm-blooded animals on which these species prey.
Of all the families of Chiroptera the Vespertilionide have not only the widest geographical range, but also extend to higher latitudes both north and south of the Equator. The northern limit of the species appears to correspond to the isothermal of 32° or thereabouts. Vesperugo borealis, according to Nilsson, extends to the northern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, probably as far as the limit of the Arctic Circle ; and Blasius observed it in Northern Russia, where it appears to occur even as far north as the neighbourhood of the White Sea. Vesperugo (Lasionycterts) noctivagans has been taken on the shores of James’s Bay (Hudson’s Bay); Vespertilio lucifugus has been recorded from Lake Winnepeg, and Atalapha noveboracensis from the Aleutian Islands; and Mr. Darwin (‘ Naturalist’s Voyage,’ p- 236) notices the presence of a Bat (probably Vesperugo magellanicus) on the wind-swept island of Tierra del Fuego. The Emballonuride have the next widest northern and southern range, but they fall far short of the Vespertilionide in this respect.
INTRODUCTION. XXXV Their northern limit corresponds very closely to the isothermal of 55°. A specimen of Nyctinomus cestonii in the British Museum is said to have been sent from Jersey; but this is not quite certain, the highest northern locality in Europe from which it has hitherto been recorded being Switzerland, and in Asia, Amoy. Nyectinomus brasiliensis extends to Fort Lucas in California, and to Charleston in South Carolina. In the Southern Hemisphere Mystacina tuberculata occurs in New Zealand.
Among the remaining families which are limited either to the Eastern or Western Hemispheres, the Rhinolophide have the highest northern and southern range, two species extending into Southern England, Northern Germany, and Japan, and southwards to the Cape of Good Hope. The Pteropodide, Nycteride, and Phyllostomide scarcely extend beyond the tropical zones in both hemispheres. In bringing this Introduction to a close, I take the opportunity of acknowledging the very liberal manner in which I was permitted to examine the valuable collections of the Leyden, Paris, Berlin, and Stuttgart Museums, respectively under the care of Professors Schlegel, Milne-Edwards, Peters, and Krauss, to whom my especial thanks are due. At Leyden, Dr. Jentink very kindly personally assisted me when examining the unequalled collection of Pteropodide ; and at Berlin I had the great advantage of seeing the many rare specimens of species described and noticed in the valuable papers published during the past twenty-four years by Prof. Peters, to whom we owe the first attempt to arrange scientifically many of the genera of Chiroptera, more especially those of the leaf-nosed Bats of both hemispheres. At Berlin also, through the great liberality of Prof. Peters, I had the privilege of inspecting the beautifully executed series of unpublished plates representing the species of Chiroptera in the collection of the Royal Zoological Museum and other rare species.
Among many friends who have kindly assisted me by the loan of specimens, I am especially indebted to Mr. E. R. Alston, Dr. J. Anderson, Mr. C. Barron, Mr. W. T. Blanford, Mr. J. A. Clarke, Prof. W. H. Flower, Prof. A. H. Garrod, Messrs. Godman and Salvin, Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen, Dr. P. L. Sclater, Mr. R. B. Sharpe, Rey. S. J. Whitmee, Mr. J. Wood-Mason, and to Drs. J. J. Lamprey and T. W. Wright, of the Army Medical Department, who sent me several valuable specimens collected by them on the West coast of Africa.
XXXV1 INTRODUCTION.
To Dr. Allman and to Prof. St. George Mivart, who obtained for me from the Council of the Linnean Society the privilege of retaining books from the Library of the Society for a longer time than usually permitted, and to Dr. P. L Sclater, who lent me his valuable collection of scientific papers, my most particular thanks are due, for without this assistance the completion of the work must have been greatly delayed.
Finally, my very grateful acknowldgments are due to Sir William Mure Muir, K.C.B., M.D., for the opportunities he has so kindly afforded me during the past seven years for continuing my zoological work, of which this volume is the principal outcome. G. E. D.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Order CHIROPTER A.
Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA. Family PrerRopopip2.
Group 1. Prmroprt.
Page I. Epomophorus .......... 4 1. monstrosus.......... 6, 552 2. macrocephalus ...... 8, 552 3. gambianus............ 10 3a. labiatus ............ 11 4, franqueti ............ 12 G. COMPBUS 4s. 5.6 ccc 34-4 gsi 13 G. pusillag vss eccecioe winrs.a oie 14 2, Pteropuss vce eeissecwere 15 LS vil paris! 5 ive save cece cets 23 2.rubricollis ............ 24 8. dasymallus............ 25 4.formosus ............ 26 5. pselaphon ............ 26 Gvetulus’ ssi ciene aie rae 27 7. aneiteanus ............ 29 8. molossinus ............ 30 9. poliocephalus.......... 31 10. leucopterus .......... 382 DPeraynerd 6 iiss eesti ds 33 12. lombocensis .......... 34 13. samoensis ..........35, 552 14. rodricensis ............ 36 15, brunneus ............ 37 16. personatus ..........4. , 38 17. capistratus............ 39 18. wallacei .............. 40 19.temminckii ...,...... 40 20. scapulatus ............ 4] Zl, MACKOIS.: ewes or ecsteuee a 43 22s PUISCUS: ~oecajeki sea belnes 44 23. melanopogon .,........ 44 a. degener ........4.4- 45 B. aruensis............ 45 y- neohibernicus ...... 46 24, chrysoproctus ........ 47 Page 25, pteronotus ............ 48 ABrOQUHS sissies cowie 49, 552 27. medius ......... ce eee 51 28. edwardsii ............ 53 29, nicobaricus............ 54 30. livingstonii .......... 55 Ble BlOChO iis skeceacaneager ove 56 32. hypomelanus.......... 57 38. tuberculatus .......... 58 34, fuscus............6. 59, 552 SO. COUN piesa cdstine ns 60 36. conspicillatus.......... 61 OE OCUIATIS cereecs sone aes 62 38. keraudrenii ........ 63, 552 > InsUlaIs sid oavciole a acs 65 B. loochooensis ........ 65 39, macklotii ............ 66 a. celebensis .......... 67 40, caniceps ........es eee 68 Al jubetus: svesos vine sie< ney 68 5. Cynonycteris ............ 70 1. amplexicaudata........ 7 QeTMIMNOL yy-naes etecnaears 73 3. brachyotis ............ 74 4. egyptiaca ............ 74 5. collavis ........00008. 75 6. torquata ........ee ees 76 7. straminea ............ te 8. dupreana .........06. 78 9. grandidieri............ 79 . Cynopterus..........008- 80 1, marginatus............ 81 2. scherzerl..... see ee eee 84 8. melanocephalus........ 85 4. brachysoma .......... 85 5. latidens ........0.000. . Ge JAP OT ass sine he ena sias 7. Soaulnwis bid ueiilar tessa 87 poPLATPYIBcsxeietieyaieeneeelecn§88 1. cephalotes ............ 88 QING OF sinewhers we Les 89 . Cephalotes ............4. 91 De Peromal’ i seacsuace caccerases oats 91
XXXVill Group 2. Macroauosst.
Page 7. Notopteris ..........65 92 1. macdonaldii.......... 93 8. Honycteris ............ 94 TV cepeleea we cconce eaciae 94 9. Macroglossus .......... 95 AL aMINUMNUS yond agains 96 10. Melonycteris .......... 97 1. melanops .........04- 97 Suborder II, MICROCHIROPTERA. Family RHINOLOPHID&.
Subfam. I. RainoLoPHIN2. 1. Rhinolophus .......... 100 1. celophyllus.......... 104 2s \UCtUS:. zest ne ee eee 105 Sctrifoliatus J. ges a eens 106 Av MiPaAbus. \caskuecwas 8 107 5. philippinensia ........ 107 6. ae eiutonins mieeneee 108 45 POATRODIL: gavecto an cate 168 SePULUSeonouiiarsetentateses109 Oomacrotis: es iaked waco 110 10. megaphyllus ........ 110 a. truncatus.......... 111 Biante eg bone wecstohe 111 WV adhinisis on aces eee 112 12. andamanensis ........ 113 13. acuminatus .......... 113 Las peters id cs cncs acca 114 LO; minor® sccaauceeracs 114 16. garoensis .........-.. 115 TZ euryaler ais ann oe es 116 TSS aBIIy cient eae ease eee 117 19. hipposideros.......... 117 20, Aandert. 04 Aocak cen 118 21. ferrum-equinum ...... 119 D2 ClVosus: ass seen 120 23. capensis ............ 121 24, ethiops ............ 122 Subfam. II. Poy_LLoruinin®. 2. Trizenops Ce ee i ee ee ee | a De Persicus: cscs een yds 124 De Abed 6 etna aes scion es 125 3. Rhinonycteris .......... 126 PeAUPANDIA.gets.hjcnirqarce126 4, Phyllorhina.....,...... 127 WL ANIM ONS #6 aie es aces 31 2. tricuspidata .......... 131 3. stoliczkana ........., 132 4. commersonii ......., 133 De CY COPS irvine etnias 134 Gearmiseray sick secs awry § 135 Joleptophylla- coi sscceacs 136 SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page 8. diadema .........055 137 is MOSONI 6. ssc eareice eee 138 9. nicobarensis.......... 188 10. pygmeea ............ 139 VV Palig nose vs < c2e5 cxcdas 1389 Wveativa cacsete peace: 140 TS. galeritas ie so cces cca es 141 L4, COnVING svi de aos oe 142 15. speoris .......... 143, 553 LGiclarvataneng.0re cysecco ie 146 MPSODSCULDscsmract-oeelnetka146 SSQOTSOs,Srecscessesaccratee146 19. coronata ......2.. 005 147 20. calearata ........0.65 147 21 DICOlOP 24). eae toe bere 148 GLulVii so ees 149 B. arvensis .......... 150 y. amboinensis........ 150 22. megalotis............ 161 DsCOplopsicviacssiarmactinivcesies152 1. frithii Family NycTEeRip.
Subfam. I. MegapERMINZ. 1. Megaderma ............ 154 Li AVIO yoke cara seo 156 2. spasma........., 157, 553 COL” Spano are nunca ee 159 As FPONS eevee ee nee 159 Subfam. II. Nycrzrinz. QZ ON YCters: s4.5 we aka a ens 161 We hispid agi. cclewnevcoiies 162 a. Villosa ........ sane 163 2, grandis ......... eee 164 B.Javanlea ...eee sce es 164 4, eethiopica............ 165 5. macrotis ....,....... 165 6. thebaica ............ 165 CCRPODSIS. “5. sgh senan e's 166 Family VESPERTILIONIDS. Group 1. Puxcorti.
1, Antrozous.............. 170 pallid iy wioiicioeec, 171 2. Nyctophilus..........., 171 1. timoriensis ....., 172, 553 3. Synotus ............,, 175 1. barbastellus ........., 176 2. darjelingensis ......., 177 Ae PICCOME explora aah: 177 yee) bv). ear 177 2.macrotis ..........., 180 5. Otonycteris ..........., 181 1, hemprichii ........., 182
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Group 2, VESPERTILIONES. Page z Pepe | f Chalinolobias—expiv.a. O46 . Vesperugo .........00. 183 1. tuberculatus ........ 248 Li cwelatus) 22.4: 4.501sccgns 188 QD SIOMILCL 5 <-v.u stay anion 250 2. macrotus ............ 189 OL POW MIL ing aise: creas 250 3. montanus............ 189 4, nigrogriseus .......... 951 4. magellanicus ........ 190 5. argentatus .......... 262 5. eae ochre atan an te 191 6, variegatus ........-. 254 we dide stents lessger ton iet ene 192 7. poensis ...,........... 255 B. ASCE Cs ee 192 8. Scotophilus adhere emits 256 6. andersoni..,......... 195 1. temminckii ...... 258, 553 Ppa wo ees , 196 a. heathii ........ 260, 553 8. platyrhinus .......... 196 2. borbonicus ......+.+. 260 9. minutus .......00.05 197 Os BUEAS a) 3 saeisiaaate bose veya lose 261 10. capensis .........005 198 4, emarginatus.......... 262 11. megalurus .......... 199 5. rueppellii ............ 263 12 masutiiseec seis pacnses 200 OG. GOV sau sain ase ts 263 18. tenuipinnis .......... 200 Me PAGUS <5. cc: seadiecora ss 264 14, PUMEUB sce ves n sess 201 B, ONATUS ...50ceres eee 265 15, grandidian . 5... 00505 202 | 9. Nycticejus ........+.5. 266 16. propinquus ...... 208, 553 1. crepuscularis ........ 266 17. ai Rab ident Minis QE 903 | 10. Atalapha .............. 267 18. discolor..........0002 204 1. noveboracensis........ 269 TO satratiis:.«.ocsces certains 206 a. frantzii...........- 97] 20. pachyotis.........64- 206 B. pfeifferi .......... 271 21. albigularis .......... 207 Ye VATA... eee eee eae 271 22. pachypus .........-+- 208 2, cinerea... 6. eee ee eee, 272 OS. NOCH iis: soa carees ae 212 Gs BIBYL se ciececase canis 273 a. lasiopterus ........ 214 3. intermedia .......... O74 D4 Neisleri sac: eerie ees 5 215 4, egregian ......eee eee ee 275 25. stenopterus .......--- 216 BORO Oi telane es cuuuatelee or ors 276 26. imbricatus ........-. 217 | 11. Harpiocephalus ........ 276 27 WAROTUS sch cea sees 218 Vegutl lus’ ee sige dicen wen aes 278 QB. affinis. vs saiegvns a nie 220 2 AUPAtUS 4.96.94 ncece « 279 29. circumdatus.......-+- 221 3. griseus areca aisles Aeeok 3 280 S0.indious: .....c0eaae ies 222 A Nerpid. ease avates oo ess 281 81. brachypterus ......-. 223 5. cyclotis... 6... s+ eee. 282 $2. pipistrellus .......++. 993 6. leucogaster ........., 283 Ye eet ee ee are og ee 926 | 12. Vespertilio ..........-. 284 84, abramus ......-.000% 926 1. pilosus Sretaelerel ete sree 289 a. irretitus ........-- 929 2. macrotarsus.......... 290 OR Vaihlit. so ceeicuse ian Gite 230 8. hasseltii ........0eee 291 36. maderensis ....-.+5:: 23 4, adversus Gsecwrahrimen naa 292 37. krefftii ........-.+-++ 232 5. capaccinii SPacie ep ieeceenan ee 293 38, pulcher........+++++5 233 G, longipes ...+++.-+ +++ 294 89. temminckii ........+. 933 7. dascyneme ........+, 295 40. annectens........++++ 234 8, ferrugineus .......... 296 Al. georgianus ........-- 235 9. daubentonii.......... 297 AQ. tylopus ......0.2 seers 236 10, megalopus .......--. 298 AS. NaNUs. esse a v0 08 e wos 237 1]. fimbriatus .......... 298 44, noctivagans .......-+> 238 12, davidii ..........4eee 300 WS Dente ade ece ve ee 239 13. bocagii......- 6.55... 300 aa 21 240 14, goudotii ........ 3801, 553 47. blanfordi ........+.++ 949 15. nipalensis Sige seeN seats 302 48. dormeri .....-+-+-+- 248 16, emarginatus ........ 308 49. schliefenii .....-+++: 244 a, desertorum ........ 304. 50. parvulus .....--+ +++: 245 Tee ARMOR Io Secsriaee cs 305
xl 18, OTrelas 5 aac Renee 305 19. welwitschii .......... 306 20. nattereri .........06- 307 21. bechsteinii .......... 308 22 -Murinus: .. sise ecw 809 23.GIMCADUSsetesedavertisiats310 24, murinoides .......... 310 95. chinensis ..........-+ 311 26. formosus ........006- 3ll 27. insularum .....,.... 313 28. montivagus.......... 315 29, mystacinus .......... 314 80. muricola .........00. 316 31. australis ............ 317 BPs MILLAUS! 0.9: bdesn hee aes 318 33. nigricans ........ 319, 553 34, oxyotus .........00 320 35. polythrix..........4. 321 36. chiloensis............ 322 OU LOVIS sive eeahtene dia Soe 323 BO. OVOUS aries faveas oe nes 324 39, subtllatus:..cc.. ceca es 324 40, carolii ..........0005 B20 4]. albescens ............ 326 42, arsinoé..........005- 328 43, lucifugus ............ 328 18, Kerivoula ............ 33 MIG tants caesar scans 382 2. bees eaten Hears 334 So AAVICANE: eis eek eee ee 335 4, hardwickii .......... 335 5. papillosa ............ 337 6.pellucidaaidstaatnteatStouehs337 Ts JARO: copes sia aes sta: OBO 8. papuensis............ 339 D:PBEOSA: ana aose eee 339 LO lanosas tvs.) acces bacaane 340 Group 3. MINIOPTERI. - 14s Niaitalia® etree fae 341 J. stramineus .......... 342 2D,LOPIdUS:5:9:030i1esareebees344 15. Thyroptera ............ 345 1. tricolor.......... 345, 553 16. Miniopterus............ 347 1. schreibersii.......... 348 a, pusillus .......... 351 2: australis: .i4.44-00c0s0 68 351 OBCOUNUSG:5duacuceosscne351 Ai WiIStiSs aida aru we 352 , Family EMBALLONURID&. Subfam. I. EMBALLONURINA. Group 1. Fura.
Te SHUT Stes cee ae tena Ui MOLTENS sins aoe estas E SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page 2. Amorphochilus ........ 357 1. schnablii ..........4- 358 Group 2, EMBALLONURZ.
8. Emballonura .......... 359 1. semicaudata ........ 360 2. monticola .......... 3861 85 AbrAta. cca csiaina wre were 362 4, nigrescens .......... 363 4. Coleutan ccmicnexeiss 364 1. seychellensis ........ 364 DiGATEcsnutazecaysacdcateaioe365 5. Rhynchonycteris ...... 366 Te NAS0.-4/seee isis seas 367 G. Saccopteryx..........4. 369 iL lepturaicics occ eee 871 2. bilineata..6 vei ec 372 SeCanina)s acaen es Ween 373 a. kappleri .......... 874 4. leucoptera .......... 374 Op plicatay seed divgsnie es 376 6. calcarata .........085 376 Cormura: sind ceteckicees 375 1. brevirostris .......... 375 GeAPHOZOUS”Gos.saverserkecte378 1, melanopogon ........ 380 D2: theobald tc caca sen seee 381 Os BUBEPALIS! wesc Soc ame 382 da. flaviventris ........ 382 4, perforatus oo... .a.ce 383 5. longimanus.......... 384 a. leucopleurus ...... 885 6. mauritianus.......... 3886 7. nudiventris .......... 387 u. kachhensis ........ 388 8. saccolemus.......... 388 OG AIMS); cue ad yee Sis eahe 3889 TO. peli: swe avian ears .. 890 Group 3. DicLipuRI.
S.. Dielidunis:: 6) anes 391 Walbuse rcecummeecnare 391 2. BCULAtUS: 6cts ean tk 392 Group 4. NocTILionEs.
De NOCH a srr weds 393 1. leporinus............ 894 a. mastivus.......... 396 2. albiventer .......... 398 Group 5. Rurwopomata.
10. Rhinopoma............ 399 1. microphyllum........ 400 Subfam. IJ. Monossrnz. Group 1. Mouosst.
Il. Cheirvomeles .......... 405 1. torquatus..........., 405