3. LONCHORBINA. 461 b. Muzzle shorter and broader, the distance between the eyes equal to or slightly greater than the length 2-2 of the muzzle; premolars 5—. f"". Nose-leaf well developed and free in front; chin with a deep Vshaped groove margined by small warts; wing-membrane extending to the ankles; skull narrower between the postorbital fossz than immediately behind the canines; inc, : RE eMt ne aoa orate RA 11. Puyiiostoma, p. 484. - Nose-leaf as in Phyllostoma in front, longer behind; chin with a naked longitudinal V-shaped space margined by small warts; wing-membrane extending to the base of the toes; skull much narrower between the postorbital fossee than behind the canines; ” inc. ; ieacdia ere since ab iareiai .... 12. TyLostoma, p. 488. h", Nose-leaf narrow in front, very large behind ; .chin with a broad naked space divided by a central groove; wing-membrane from the ankles; inc. ; Moceaita nets oo ...+. 13. Mrnon, p. 491. 3", Nose-leaf as in Schizostoma; chin with a central wart margined b small warts; molars narrow, wit obtuse-angled W-shaped cusps; skull wider between the postorbital fossze than in front behind the canines; zygomatic arches deficient ; inc. : Staaten he sete 14. Caroxtia, p. 492. . Nose-leaf and chin-warts as in Carolha’; molars very narrow, without distinct W-shaped cusps ; skull wider between the pestorhi: tal fossee than in front ; tail none. 15. Ruinopuy.a, p. 495. 3. LONCHORHINA.
Lonchorhina, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 81. Muzzle cylindrical ; nose-leaf very large, the horizontal portion developing a thickened crest in front of the nasal apertures, and a very long lancet-shaped leaf behind them ; lower lip grooved in front, with a raised naked cushion on either side ; ears large and separate, the outer margin terminating near the angle of the mouth; tragus much elongated; antebrachial membrane well developed ; tail long, contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane, as in the Vespertilionide ; wing-membrane from the cal-
462 PHYLLOSTOMID.
caneum and inferior surface of the tibia and ankle, as in the Mormopes.
4s 4 1—1 2—2 3—3 Dentition. Inc. 7, ¢. jj, pM. gy, mM. 5. Second lower premolar j— minute.
This genus, represented as yet by a single species only, appears to come most closely of all the genera of this subfamily to the Lobostomine. It agrees with Mormops and Chilonycteris in the peculiar attachment of the wing-membrane to the calcaneum, and in the very deep outer margin of the ear-conch, and with the latter genus, to a considerable extent, in the form of the skull. The projections also from the front surface of the horizontal nose-leaf recall the much smaller projections from the extremity of the muzzle in Chilonycteris, with which genus the single species also agrees in the concave frontal and arched nasal bones, and in the direction forwards of the nasal opening in the skull.
1. Lonchorhina aurita.
Lonchorhina aurita, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 83, pl. xii.; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1866, p. 673.
Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle cylindrical, obtuse in front: ears large and broad, longer than the head; inner margin of the ear-conch strongly convex, tip shortly rounded off, slightly inclined outwards owing to a concavity immediately beneath, below which the outer margin becomes convex, and, maintaining its convexity downwards, terminates abruptly near the angle of the mouth directly below the anterior angle of the eye: tragus long, reaching its greatest width opposite the base of the inner margin, above which it tapers to an acute tip slightly inclined outwards ; above the base of the outer margin, at the widest part of the tragus, a square lobe is placed (Plate XXIV. fig. 1): nose-leaf remarkably long, as long as the ear; the posterior erect leaf in shape like an isosceles triangle, with a very acute vertical angle, its posterior surface with a prominent central longitudinal ridge but slightly marked in front; at the base of the leaf on either side the valvular nasal apertures are placed, and directly in front of each a thickened acutely pointed process about one tenth of an inch in length, between which the horizontal nose-leaf develops a central thickened obtusely pointed process, having a horizontal offset at either side, and connected at its base posteriorly by a band with the base of the large terminal leaf; front margin of the nose-leaf distinct and free from the muzzle, slightly notched in front; lower lip with a small central transverse naked space above, and a narrow groove beneath in front, with a raised naked cushion on either side (Plate XXIV. fig. 1). Antebrachial membrane developed along the forearm, and enclosing the metacarpal bone of the thumb, which exceeds the first phalanx in length; first phalanx of the middle finger slightly more than one third the metacarpal bone ; wing-membrane sheathing the extremity of the tibia, and arising from the proximal extremity of the cal-
4, MAcROTUS. 463 caneum ; foot long and slender, two thirds the length of the tibia ; tail terminating exactly at the margin of the large interfemoral membrane, the posterior margin of which is angular, and when expanded extends beyond the feet.
Fur light reddish brown, not extending upon the membranes. Skull narrow and moderately long, the brain-case vaulted and raised above the face-line; frontals depressed, a deep but short concavity occupying this part of the skull; nasal bones arched, their extremities projecting in front over the nasal orifice, which is directed forwards (Plate XXVI. fig. 1); basioccipital deeply excavated on each side between and in front of the cochlez, the excavations separated by a narrow central longitudinal osseous lamina; bony palate extending as far back as the centres of the zygomatic arches. Central upper incisors obliquely chisel-shaped ; outer incisors filling up the space between them and the canines, each with a short acutely pointed cusp directed inwards and downwards, not equalling half the inner incisor in vertical extent; first upper premolar very small; last upper molar nearly half the antepenultimate molar ; lower incisors small, chisel-shaped, equal, not crowded; first lower premolar nearly equal to the third in cross section at its base, but one third less than it in vertical extent; second lower premolar minute, in the tooth-row, almost concealed by the adjoining teeth. Length, head and body 2'4, tail 2-2, head 0-9, ear 1-15 x 0'"8, tragus 0-7, nose-leaf 1”:05, forearm 2", thumb 0'"35; third finger —metacarp. 1-8, 1st ph. 06, 2nd ph. 1”, 3rd ph. 0-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"7, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'°55; fifth finger— metacarp. 1-65, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0:55; tibia 0'8, foot 0'5. Hab. ? Trinidad, West Indies.
The only specimen of this very remarkable species as yet obtained is preserved in the collection of the Museum of the Army Medical Department at Netley.
4. MACROTUS.
Macrotus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 21.
Muzzle conical, elongated ; nose-leaf small, at the extremity of the muzzle, horseshoe-shaped in front, triangular behind, the nostrils pierced in the centre of the anterior leaf, not depressed ; lower lip grooved in front, with a raised naked cushion on each side; ears large, united, tragus elongated ; first phalanx of the middle finger not exceeding half the metacarpal bone in length; antebrachial membrane well developed ; tail long, contained in and produced to the posterior margin of the large interfemoral membrane, beyond which it projects. apes Dentition. Inc. 4 C. = pm. — m. 5 Upper middle incisors unicuspidate and long; lower premolars nearly equal in vertical extent. — :
Range. The Mexican and Antillean Subregions of the Neotropical Region.
464 PHYLLOSTOMID.%.
Synopsis of the Species.
a, Kars longer than the head; front margin of the nose-leaf raised above the front of the muzzle; the last caudal vertebra free ]. JW. waterhousit, p. 464. b. Ears as long as the head ; front margin of the nose-leaf scarcely defined, continuous with the upper lip ; last caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra MOOS saga ain ekoueiaen ven aman wes Da bocourtianus; p: 467: 1. Macrotus waterhousii.
Macrotus waterhousii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 21. ? Macrotus californicus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p- 117; Allen, Monogr. Bats of North America, p. 3, figs. 2, 8 (head and ear), 1864.
’ Macrotus mexicanus, Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zoolog. xii. p. 486 (1860).
Macrotus minor, Gundlach, Peters, MB. Akad. Bert. 1864, p. 381. The crown of the head is slightly elevated above the face-line ; muzzle narrow, cylindrical ; the distance between the eyes less than the distance of the eye from the end of the muzzle; a very deep groove on the side of the face immediately beneath and extending slightly in front of the eye; ears large, oval, longer than the head, conjoined by a deep band arising above and between the eyes ; inner and outer margins of the ear-conch slightly convex, broadly rounded off above; the outer margin shortly notched opposite the tragus: tragus much longer than broad, narrowed in upper third and acutely pointed; inner margin convex, becoming straight above; outer margin with a square lobe above the base with a projecting upper angle, above this slightly concave or straight: nose-leaf small, at the extremity of the muzzle, the horizontal anterior portion circular, the front margin bound down to but distinct from the upper lip (Plate XXV. fig. 1); the nostrils in the centre of each lateral half, not depressed ; nasal apertures lunate ; the posterior erect leaf arising directly from the posterior margin of the horizontal leaf, triangular, the vertical angle narrowly rounded off, the front surface smooth, naked, in length equal to the breadth of the horizontal leaf ; lower lip deeply grooved above and in front, the sides of the groove margined by naked raised edges (Plate XXV. fig. 1). Fi irst phalanx of the middle finger less than half the length of the metacarpal bone. Volar membranes well developed ; the antebrachial membrane extends the whole length of the forearm and includes half the thumb. Wings from the tibie near the ankles. Tail long, contained in and produced to the posterior edge of the large interfemoral membrane, projecting by the last caudal vertebra beyond it ; interfemoral membrane concave between the extremities of the calcanea, which are equal to the foot in length. Fur long, scarcely extending upon the membranes; the interfemoral is almost naked; the forearm and legs are quite naked.
4. MACROTUS. 465 The face is thinly covered with short hairs. Above, yellowish white at the base of the hairs, then dark reddish brown; beneath paler reddish brown ; females always darker.
Upper middle incisors narrow, close together, moderately long and unicuspidate; outer incisors very short, scarcely raised above the gum, occupying the space between the middle incisors and the canines ; first upper premolar narrow and long (in antero-posterior diameter at the base), with an oblique cusp directed forwards and downwards towards the canine, against which it is closely approximated; second premolar with a single conical cusp directed downwards and slightly backwards, so that a considerable space exists between the cusps of the first and second premolars, though their bases are close together ; molars with W-shaped cusps much broader than the internal flat projecting base; last molar scarcely one third the antero-posterior diameter of the antepenultimate molar ; lower incisors very small and equal, forming a semicircle across the narrow space in front of the canines; lower premolars nearly equal in vertical extent, but the first premolar is greatest in cross section, and the third is nearly equal to the second.
The space between the last molars is less than half the length of the bony palate, which does not extend as far backwards as the middle of the zygomas ; roof of the mesopterygoid fossa divided by a prominent longitudinal bony ridge, which is traversed by a canal ; basisphenoid not excavated between the auditory bulle, no postorbital processes of the frontals.
Length, head and body 2’°55, tail 1':4, tail free from membrane 0-2, head 1”, ear 12, tragus 0'°45, nose-leaf 0'°35, forearm 2'-15, thumb 0'"5; third finger—metacarp. 1'°5, Ist ph. 0’°68, 2nd ph. 0'°7, 3rd ph. 0'"55; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 0''-6, 2nd ph. 0'"6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°6, 1st ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0'°5 ; tibia 0''85, calcaneum 0':5, foot 0'"5. Hab. California; Mexico ; Jamaica; Cuba; Hayti.
I have not seen the types of M. californicus and M. meaicanus, but, judging from the descriptions, they appear to be quite identical with this species. Of M. californicus Mr. Allen remarks (J. c. p. 4) that, compared with M. waterhousw, “the chin-plates are less acutely defined ; the internal border of the tragus is much thickened, and the revoluted portion at the base of the external border is slightly swollen. The fur is bicoloured ; central portion dark brown instead of fawn. The nose is about the same height; the tail, however, is 0-25 inch shorter. The dentition is similar.” M. minor, Gundlach, Peters (subspecies), appears to be a small variety, or perhaps a small example only of this species, with the forearm 1'-85 long, the ear 1'', and the nose-leaf 0'-2. This species in external form resembles Megaderma lyra of India, agreeing with that species and with the other species of the subgenus Megaderma in the long conical muzzle, in the deep groove in the front of the lower lip bounded by raised naked cushions, in the large rounded ears, in the large eyes, and in the great development of the volar membranes. So great, indeed, is the general resem- 2u
466 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.
blance of the species of Megaderma to Macrotus that Wagner united this genus with Meyaderma, Rhinopoma, and Nycteris in his subfamily Megadermata.
This resemblance in structure between species of such widely separated genera indicates some similarity in habits; and the observations of the late Mr. Osburn on M. waterhousii appear to show some agreement at least between its habits and those of Aegaderma lyra, as described by Mr. Blyth (vide supra, p. 155). Mr. Osburn having obtained several females of M. waterhousti with and without young, placed a young Bat which had lost its mother in the same cage with a female that was not giving milk. When the young animal tried to cling to her, as to its mother, she seized it in a savage manner, biting it and holding the head between her teeth. Afterwards on examining the stomach of this female, it was found full of coagulated blood, part of which was entering intestine. This agrees closely with Mr. Blyth’s account of the habits of an individual of Megaderma lyra, which he caught in the act of sucking the blood from a small Bat, which it afterwards devoured. As Megaderma lyra has been shown to feed also upon frogs and grasshoppers, and probably on other insects, so Macrotus waterhousi was found to vary its diet still more, its food consisting not only of insects, and probably of small Bats, but also of fruits. Mr. Osburn, writing from St. Ann’s, Jamaica, remarks :—‘ My host, in an open verandah, showed me a number of spirts on the wall, on examining which I could detect seeds of the fustic berry (Morus tinctoria) sticking to the wall in the dried pulp by which they were surrounded. These, he said, were, to his great annoyance, produced by the Long-eared Bat (Macrotus). They came in at night, hitched themselves up, when a chewing might be distinctly heard, and then these splashes on the wall. One let the wings and legs of a large grasshopper drop. The berries Dr. Rose particularly mentioned were the fustic, the bread-nut (Brosimum alicastrum), and the roseapple (Eugenia jambos).”
In the stomach of one individual “ a yellowish mass, with fragments of harder parts of insects interspersed,” was found, among which two short legs with powerful double claws attached belonging to some species of Orthoptera.
This species, as in all species in which the antebrachial membrane is well developed, margining the forearm, is quite unfitted for walking on a flat surface. Mr. Gosse remarks that when placed on a horizontal surface they do not run, but leap into the air at once, readily taking to flight; and Mr. Osburn found that three or four hours on a flat surface had made the wrists of the specimens observed by him inflamed and sore. He also notices that Macrotus is especially a cave-haunting genus: ‘“‘ when inhabiting houses these Bats always live in the cellars below ground, they are never found in the roofs.”
The specimens of this species observed by Mr. Gosse were found infested with Strebla vespertilionis, which flew away from among their fur even while yet alive.
4. MACROTUS. 467 a. 3 ad., al. (type). Hayti. J. Hearne, Esq. (Zool Soe. Coll.).
b,c 9 ad, al. St. Domingo, M. Sallé [C.].
d-f. ad. sks. Jamaica, R. Parnell, M.D. [P.]. g Q ad, al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
A. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C. ].
ik. 3 ad., al. Bluefields, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. “4. f imm,, al. Cape St. Lucas. Smithsonian Institute[P.]. m. skull. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C. ].
2. Macrotus bocourtianus.
mary bocourtianus, Dubson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. p. 436 76).
Ears as long as the head; front margin of the nose-leaf scarcely defined, continuous with the upper lip; terminal leaf narrow and subacutely pointed ; last caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free; the free portion of the tail nearly equal to the thumb in length.
Teeth as in M. waterhousti. Fur dark brown above, paler beneath.
Length (of a specimen not quite full-grown), head and body 2"-15, tail 1'-35, tail free from membrane 0’"4, head 1”, ear 1”, tragus 0':4, nose-leaf 0'°3, forearm 2'-05, thumb 0'°5; third finger—metacarp. 1'"5, Ist ph. 0'°68, 2nd ph. 0'7, 3rd ph. 0'°6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"°4, Ist ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0°55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°6, Ist ph. 0’°6, 2nd ph. 0'"45; tibia 0°85, calcaneum ()':35, foot and claws 0'°45.
Hab. Guatemala (Vera Paz).
The above description was taken from the largest of four specimens preserved in the Paris Museum, obtained by M. Bocourt in Vera Paz, Guatemala, which, through the kindness of M. Alph. Milne-Edwards, I was enabled to examine and describe. All the specimens agree in the remarkable length of the projecting portion of the tail, and in other characters described above. Both M. californicus, Baird, and M. mexicanus, Saussure (evidently synonyms of M. waterhousii), are described as having the last caudal vertebra alone free; and in Mr. Allen’s description* of M. californicus the length of the free portion of the tail is given as 0''-2. I have examined many specimens of WM. waterhousit of different ages ; and in all I have found the last caudal vertebra alone free. Although the specimens in the Paris Museum are not full-grown, as the extremities of the finger-bones show, yet the metacarpal and phalangeal bones are as long as those of perfectly adult specimens of M. waterhousii. It follows, therefore, that this species is larger than M. waterhousii.
* Op. cit. p. 3.
2 2
468 PHYLLOSTOMIDA, 5. MACROPHYLLUM.
Macrophyllum, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 489 (1838); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 504.
Muzzle cylindrical, elongated; horizontal nose-leaf well developed, posterior erect leaf large; ears separate, moderate, tragus long, acuminate; lower lip with a central circular wart surrounded by smaller warts; antebrachial membrane well developed, continued along the forearm to the thumb; first phalanx of the middle finger considerably less than half the length of the metacarpal bone; tail contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane ; wing-membrane from the distal extremity of the tibia.
aa 4 1-1 2-2 3-3 Dentition. Inc. ogi Coq Pi Sy Mee 1. Macrophyllum neuwiedii.
Phyllostoma macrophyllum, Weed, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii. p. 118 (1825); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. 1. p. 434 (1844), v. p. 622 (1855). ; Macrophyllum nieuwiedii, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 489 (1838). Macrophyllum neuwiedii, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 50, pl. viii. fig. 2, pl. x. figs. 8, 3a (1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 504; Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 113. Ears slightly longer than the head; inner margin of the earconch regularly convex, tip rounded off, upper third of the outer margin concave, then gradually convex and continuing so to the base; tragus attenuated upwards and acutely pointed, the outer margin with two small tooth-like projections above the base ; horizontal horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf extending almost to the margin of the upper lip though rather small; the erect lanceolate leaf equals in length nearly double the width of the horseshoe, and is as broad as it at its base, its front surface is marked by a strong and broad raised ridge; lower lip with a central circular wart surrounded by small warts; thumb short, the metacarpal bone equals the first phalanx in length; tail produced to, and terminating exactly at the margin of, the interfemoral membrane, which forms a straight line between the extremities of the long calcanea; calcaneum longer than the tibia and equal to half the forearm in length ; feet very large.
Fur, above, soot-brown, slightly paler beneath ; wing-membrane naked.
Middle upper incisors unicuspidate, converging forwards and inwards ; outer incisors very small, with oblique cusps directed inwards (Plate XXIV. fig. 2); first upper premolar scarcely one third the size of the second, with an oblique cusp directed forwards ; lower incisors equal, in a semicircle, summits slightly pectinate ; first and second lower premolars nearly equal in cross section, the second exceeding the first in vertical extent.