1]. HARPIOCEPHALUS. 277 Muzzle elongated, conical; nostrils prominent, tubular, produced beyond the upper lip, opening laterally or sublaterally, emarginate between; crown of the head scarcely raised above the face-line ; ears thin, generally covered with glandular papille; tragus long, attenuated towards the tip, and inclined outwards; thumb very large, with a large strongly curved claw; wings broad, from the base of the toes or attached along the outer toe as far as the base of the claw; interfemoral membrane very hairy, or half-covered above. Skull thick, not vaulted; coronoid process of the mandible much developed vertically.
Dentition, Ine. 7, C. i pm. =. m. = Upper incisors on each side parallel, stout, and blunt; posterior upper molar small or consisting of a thin transverse lamina of bone, and sometimes absent in the adult.
The peculiarly shaped elongated tubular nostrils are at once characteristic of this genus. In no other genus of Bats, except Hurpyia (Pteropodide) is this peculiar elongation of the nostril beyond the muzzle found. In the different species the form and direction of the nasal tubes vary within short limits, but the general characters are the same.
Har piocephalus is evidently more closely allied to Kerivoula than to any other genus, and appears to occupy a position with regard to that genus similar to that occupied by Vesperugo with regard to Vespertilio.
Range. From the Himalayas to the Malay archipelago, inhabiting hill tracts.
Synopsis of the Subgenera and Species.
I. First upper premolar much smaller than the BECOMEVaasateecruntndeteoralesenonalatewleassensSubg.Murina. a. Upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch concave; forearm 1°35 .... 1... swillus, p. 278. b. Upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch convex or straight; forearm LOAD ig rg se esate ws oitrag: ontnaiery, areetacie as 2. H. auratus, p. 279. II. First upper premolar equal to or nearly equal to the second ............ eee ee eee Subg. HarPiocEPHALUs. c. Upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch concave.
a'. Ears narrow, pointed; forearm 13 .. 3. H. griseus, p. 280. b'. Ears broadly rounded off above; fore- ATI De reeres tor cays Sree ois Tae ee oe cetacean 4, H. harpia, p. 281. d. Upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch convex or straight.
c'. No spur near the base of the inner margin of the ear-conch; first upper premolar equal to the second; forearm :
EoheaadeANheeRpearigaasdyeleesmoiaReneces5.ZH.cyclotis,p.282. d’. A distinct horizontal spur-like projection near the base of the inner margin of the ear-conch; first upper premolar smaller than the second; forearm 1"°3, 6, ZH. leucogaster, p. 283.
278 VESPERTILIONIDE.
1. Harpiocephalus suillus.
Vespertilio suillus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 224 (1839). Vesperugo suillus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 741. Harpiocephalus suillus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 152 (1876).
Muzzle narrow, elongated; nostrils very prominent, consisting of two diverging tubes with an emargination between, opening laterally ; viewed from below, the projecting nostrils resemble in shape a small hour-glass placed horizontally at the extremity of the muzzle. Kars moderate, shorter than the head, rounded off at the tips; the upper third of the outer margin angularly emarginate as in Vespertilio emarginatus, the middle third commencing by a very abrupt convexity, then slightly concave opposite the middle of the tragus, and terminating in a convex lobe slightly in front of the base of the tragus. Tragus moderately long, attenuated above and slightly curved outwards; a small pointed lobule at the base of the outer margin, succeeded by a slight emargination, immediately above which the tragus attains its greatest width; inner margin slightly convex from the base upwards; outer margin straight below, upper half concave, causing the extremity to incline outwards ; tip subacutely pointed.
Wings from the sides of the outer toes, extending almost as far as the claws; extreme tip of the tail projecting; calcanea distinct, extending halfway between the ankle-joint and the extremity of the tail, ending abruptly.
The long fur ends in front between the eyes; but the face is clothed with short fur, which leaves the tubular nostrils alone naked. The wing-membranes on the upper surface are covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the kneejoint; the interfemoral membrane is naked, except at the base between the thighs. Beneath, the membranes are even less covered than on the upper surface. Fur moderately long; above light greyish brown, the extremities dark brown; beneath light greyish brown throughout.
The upper incisors on each side are nearly equal in size, stout, and obtusely pointed, lying close together by their whole length, the base of the outer incisor close to the canine; the outer inciser is, if any thing, longer, with a distinct cingulum, from which a small blunt cusp projects outwards and touches the canine. The first premolar is small, scarcely one third the bulk of the second premolar, which very nearly equals the canine in vertical extent, and exceeds it considerably in cross section; the last molar is a simple transverse plate. In the lower jaw the incisors are trifid and slightly crowded, those next the canines longest; the canines are very short; the first and second premolars are shorter than the canine, and the first premolar is slightly less than the second in vertical extent.
Length, head and body 2”, tail 1:3, head 0’7, ear 0’°53, tragus
ll. HARPIOCEPHALUS. 279 0'-3, forearm 1-35, third finger 2'-45, fifth finger 1-9, thumb 0'-35, tibia 0-65, caleaneum 0°45, foot 0'"3.
Hab. Malayan Archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Flores). a, ad, sk, Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. ].
2. Harpiocephalus auratus.
Murina aurata, Alph. Milne-Edwards, Mammif. du Tibet, p. 250, pl. xxxvii®. fig. 1, and pl. xxxvii‘. fig. 2 (1872). Harpiocephalus auratus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p.153 (1876). Head and muzzle as in H. suillus; but the nostrils are differently shaped. Each nostril forms a distinct tube directed sublaterally, with a circular aperture marked by a very small notch on the outer and upper margin. ‘The central part of the upper lip is cut off by a small but distinct groove beneath each nostril, the centre is concave, the sides project and support the base of the nasal tube on each side. Lars small, almost regularly oval; the inner margin of the conch evenly convex, the outer margin similarly convex in the upper two thirds, the lower third slightly flattened opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a small but very distinct rounded lobe. Tragus very acutely pointed, tapering, slightly curved outwards ; lower fourth of outer margin straight, sloping slightly outwards, with a rounded projection opposite the base of the inner margin, and a second point slightly higher up, where the tragus attains its greatest breadth (Plate XVII. fig. 1, ear, enlarged 23). Thumb very long, armed with a large strong claw. Wings to the base of the claws. Interfemoral membrane large; last caudal vertebra and half antepenultimate vertebra free.
The whole body is thickly covered with hair; both surfaces of the ear-conch are clothed, the inner surface less densely ; the fur on the muzzle is short; but the short fur extends almost to the ends of the nasal tubes, and between them a few hairs pass down to the lip. Upon the wing-membrane the fur is thin but long, extending as far as a line drawn from the elbow to a point on the free margin of the membrane nearly half an inch from the ankle; the back of the forearm, as far as the base of the claw of the thumb, is covered with short golden-yellow fur, which also extends upon the third finger as far as the end of its second phalanx, and upon half the metacarpal bone of the fifth finger; the interfemoral membrane is covered with very long hair, which forms a dense fringe along its free margin, extending also upon the legs and backs of the feet, and projecting beyond the extremities of the toes. Beneath, the wingmembrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; and the whole interfemoral membrane is clothed with short ight silvery hairs.
ae ee on the upper surface black, with bright golden-yellow extremities, more distinct in the middle of the back ; beneath black, the extremities of the hairs silvery white, the white being most conspicuous beneath the lower jaw and upon the neck and pubis.
280 VESPERTILIONID-E.
Outer upper incisors considerably larger than the inner ones. First upper premolar much smaller than the second, but not minute; second premolar long and pointed, exceeding the canine both in cross section and in vertical aspect; last molar a narrow transverse lamina. Lower incisors small, equal, and trilobate. Lower canine scarcely exceeding the first premolar in vertical extent; second premolar not equal to the first molar vertically. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1-4, tail 1'"2, head 0”-6, ear 0'-45 x 0'"3, tragus 0°26, forearm 1'°1, thumb 0°35, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1'°6, tibia 0''°5, foot 0-26, calcaneum 0°45.
Hab. Thibet. Type in the collection of the Paris Museum. This very interesting species, which possesses the dentition of one section of the genus and the form of ears peculiar to the other, has been well described by M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards ; and the description is accompanied by an excellent plate. There is nothing more striking than the form of the nostrils, which are quite different from those of any other species of Bat.
3. Harpiocephalus griseus.
Murina grisea (Hutton), Peters, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 711; td. MB. Akad. Berl, 1872, p. 258.
Harpiocephalus griseus, Dobson, Monogr. <Asiat. Chiropt. p. 164 (1876).
Head and muzzle as in A. suillus. Ears small, narrow, and pointed, the tip narrowly rounded off; outer margin of the conch as in H. suillus, the upper third angularly emarginate, the middle third abruptly convex, the lower third straight, ending opposite the base of the tragus; tragus acutely pointed, moderately long and slightly curved outwards.
Thumb long, with a strong claw; the last (small) vertebra of the tail free; wings from the base of the toes.
The interfemoral membrane is densely covered above with rather long hair, which, however, thins out towards the posterior margin ; and a few rather short fine hairs only appear upon the feet. Fur, above, dark brown with yellowish-brown extremities ; beneath, similar, but the extreme points of the hairs are ashy. Upper incisors large, with acute summits, almost equal to the canine in vertical extent; inner incisors somewhat larger than the outer, with a second, blunt, posterior cusp arising from the cingulum; upper premolars equal to each other and also to the canines in vertical extent; the second premolar slightly exceeds the first in the antero-posterior diameter of its base; last upper molar nearly equal to half the antepenultimate molar. The vertical cusp of the lower * Capt. Hutton’s remarks on the habits of . leucogaster were appended to the description of this species in my ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera.’ This mistake arose from transposition of one of the sheets of the MS. when in the printer’s hands, and the error was not perceived by me in time to make the necessarycorrection.
11. HARPIOCEPHALUS. 281 canine is very short, scarcely exceeding the blunt cusp of the cingulum projecting in front; lower premolars equal, thick and blunt, larger than the canines, but not equal in vertical extent to the anterior cusp of the first molar.
Length, head and body 1'°4, tail 1-1, ear 0'-45 x 0'"3, tragus 0-26, forearm 1''-3, thumb 0'"-35, third finger 2''-4, fifth finger 1'8, tibia 0"°45, caleaneum 0-45, foot 0':33.
Hab. Jeripanee, N.W. Himalaya; elevation 5500 feet. Type in the Museum of the E. I. Comp. at South Kensington. 4. Harpiocephalus harpia.
Vespertilio harpia, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p- 219, pl. 55 (1839).
Vesperugo harpia, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm Archiv, vi. (1840) p. 2; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 740 (1855). Harpiocephalus rufus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259 (1842). Noctulinia lasyura, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 1847, p. 896. Lasiurus pearsonii, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E.-Ind. Co. p. 36 (1851); Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xx. p. 524; Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p. 40 (1867).
Vespertilio pearsonii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 87; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. A. § Beng. 1873, p. 109.
Murina harpia, Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1873, p. 109. Harpiocephalus harpia, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 155, figs. a, b, ¢ (skull) (1876).
Muzzle rather short, obtusely conical ; end of nose projecting considerably beyond the lip, consisting of diverging tubular nostrils opening laterally with a slight emargination between as in H. suillus ; ear-conch nearly as broad as long, broadly rounded at the tip; outer side flatly emarginate beneath the tip, then slightly convex, again emarginate opposite the base of the inner margin, terminating in a small lobe at a short distance in front of the base of the tragus; inner margin very convex forwards about the junction of its lower and middle thirds, slightly convex and almost horizontal in upper two thirds; tragus with a very small lobe at base of outer margin, attaining its greatest width opposite the base of the inner margin, thence narrowing towards the tip, which is subacutely pointed ; inner margin straight or very slightly convex, outer convex below, slightly concave above (Plate XVII. fig. 2). Thumb long, the distal phalanx very long, armed with a large claw. Terminal phalanges of fourth and fifth fingers bifid at their extremities. Wings from the base of the toes. ; The face is very thinly covered with hair; the inner side of the ear-conch is thinly clothed with very short fine hair. On the wingmembrane the fur extends somewhat beyond a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the outer toe when the limbs are extended as in flight; the whole of the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is clothed with long thinly spread hairs, which also cover the legs and the wing-membrane for a short distance beyond, extending also more densely upon the calcanea and backs of the feet,
282 VESPERTILIONID.
and projecting beyond the toes. The backs of the forearms are covered with a few short hairs. Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with fine hairs as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint ; the interfemoral has a few very short hairs, chiefly along the tail.
Outer upper incisor shorter than the inner one, and wedged in between it and the canine; upper premolars well developed and nearly equal; posterior or third molar small, deciduous, less than one quarter the size of the second molar, and generally absent in adult animals; third lower molar much smaller than the second, but elevated slightly above it by its position on the root of the ascending ramus of the jaw.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'"5, tail 2”, head 0°95, ear 0’°7 x 0'"5, tragus 0''4, forearm 2”, thumb 0":6, third finger 3'°8, fifth finger 3”, tibia 0'°85, calcaneum 0-7, foot 0-4.
Hab. Himalaya (Darjiling; Khasia hills); Sumatra; Java; Amboina. Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum. (For description of the skull and dentition of this species, and remarks on its food &c., see ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera’ referred to above.) ' a. 9 ad., al. Malabar coast. Purchased.
6, ad. sk. Amboina. Purchased.
5. Harpiocephalus cyclotis.
Murina cyclotis, Dobson, P. A. S. B. Dec. 1872, p. 210; J. A. S. B. 1873, pt. ii. p. 206, pl. xiv.
Harpiocephalus cyclotis, Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 158, figs. a, 6, ¢ (skull) (1876).
Muzzle and nostrils as in H. harpia,Temm. The ears are nearly as wide as long, and almost quite circular—the only interruption to the regular convexity of the external margin being a very faint flattening of the upper and outer portion, and a slight convexity opposite the base of the tragus (Plate XVII. fig. 3, head, enlarged). The tragus is shaped like that of H. swillus, but is considerably longer, and tapers to a much finer point.
Wing-membrane attached along the whole length of the outer toe to the base of the claw; feet small, toes of nearly equal length ; extreme tip of tail alone free.
The upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is covered with hair, which is most dense at the root of the tail, along the tibiz, and on the calcanea; it also extends across the tibia to the wingmembrane. The backs of the feet are thickly covered with hair which exceeds the toes in length.
On the upper surface the fur is bicoloured, dark brown at the base, with bright ferruginous tips; beneath paler brown throughout. The upper incisors are long and slender; the outer incisor is shorter than the inner, and almost touches the canine at its base, but is widely separated from it at its extremity: at the outer side
1]. HARPIOCEPHALtS. 283 of its base a small cusp projects outwards, as in H. suitllus. The first premolar is scarcely equal to half the canine in vertical extent, but is nearly equal to the second premolar; the second molar is equal to the first: but the third is very narrow, forming a simple bony lamina as wide as the preceding molar, but less than half its antero-posterior diameter. In the lower jaw the last molar is smaller than the preceding one, but possesses the same number of cusps ; the other molars and premolars present about the same relative proportions as in the upper jaw.
On the whole the teeth are similar to those in H. harpia, agreeing in this respect with H. griseus and H. leucogaster, but differing remarkably from H. suillus and H. auratus, in which the first upper premolar is much smaller than the second, which equals the canine in vertical extent.
Length, head and body 1"°7, tail 1-5, head 0’"7, ear 0’°6, tragus 0-35, forearm 1'°3; thumb—metacarp. 0'"1, ph. 0'"2; third finger —metacarp. 12, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-25, 1st ph. 0’-4, 2nd ph. 035; tibia 0'°6, calcaneum 05, foot 0''3.
Hab. Himalaya (Darjiling); Ceylon. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
(For description and figure of the skull of this species, see ‘Monograph Asiat. Chiroptera’ referred to above.) a, 2 imm,, al. Ceylon. Purchased.
6. Harpiocephalus leucogaster.
Murina leucogaster, Alph. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 91 (1871); Mammif. du Tibet, p. 250, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2, pl. xxxvii‘. fig. 3 (1872).
Harpyiocephalus huttonii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 257; P. ZS. 1872, Pp. 711. } Harpiocephalus leucogaster, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 167 (1876).
Head, muzzle, and nostrils as in H. cyclotis; ears also very similar but larger, and near the base of the inner side of the ear-conch, opposite the posterior angle of the eye, a small but distinct spurlike process projects abruptly forwards from the convex margin (Plate XVII. fig. 4, head, enlarged). ; Fur long and dense. Above brown, greyish at the base; beneath, the throat, chest, and abdomen are whitish, the sides of the body light brown. Distribution of the fur as in H. cyclotis. Outer upper incisors longer than the inner ones ; first upper premolar about three fourths the size of the second premolar, and in a plane slightly internal to the canine and second premolar ; other teeth as in H. cyclotis. rere relan This species resembles H. cyclotis in size, n the general form of the ears, and in the distribution of the fur. ; It is easily distinguished, however, by the presence of the small projecting tooth on the inner margin of the ear-conch, near its base, by the relatively small size of the first upper premolar, and by the colour of the fur, which,
284 VESPERTILIONID.
though by no means a reliable character in Chiroptera, appears to be quite constant in these species, the bright ferruginous red fur of H. cyclotis contrasting strongly with the plain brown fur of JZ. leucogaster.
Length, head and body 1:9, tail 1-5, head 0'°75, ear 0-7, tragus 0°35, forearm 1":3, thumb 0'°35, third finger 2’-5, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0'-6, foot 0'3.
Hab. North-western Himalaya; Thibet.
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
uw. fo ad.,al. Thibet. G. E. Dobson, MB, [E.].
12. VESPERTILIO.
Vespertilio, Keys. & Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1889, p. 306; Fauna eutschl, p. 78 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 126 (1876).
Muzzle long; glandular prominences between the nostrils and eyes small, scarcely increasing the width of the face; nostrils opening sublaterally by simple crescentic apertures, crown of the head vaulted, slightly elevated above the face-line; ears separate, oval, longer than broad, generally equalling at least, often exceeding, the length of the head; the internal basal lobe angular, the external margin of the ear-conch terminating opposite the base of the tragus or very slightly in front of it; tragus long, generally acute, and attenuated upwards.
Tail less than (or very rarely equal to) the length of the head and body ; postcalcaneal lobe absent or very small. Face hairy. Incisors =; the upper incisors nearly equal, in pairs on either side close to the canines; the cusp of the outer incisor directed vertically downwards or curved slightly outwards, that of the inner incisor directed slightly forwards and inwards, so that these teeth appear to diverge from each other; lower outer incisors much larger than the inner incisors; premolars = the first and second upper premolars very small, the second always smaller than the first, often minute and more or less internal to the tooth-row ; the first and second lower premolars smaller than the third, the second considerably smaller than the first ; molars = the last upper molar rather less than half the antepenultimate molar. Range. Temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. This genus, which has probably-the widest distribution among the genera of Chiroptera, is easily recognised by the large number of teeth and the peculiar character of the incisors, wherein all the species agree and differ from those of the nearly allied genus Kerivoula. The long and narrow muzzle thickly covered with hair, the simple crescentic nasal apertures, the oval elongated ear and narrow attenuated tragus, the slender and rather long extremities, the thin, almost naked, membranes, the peculiar dentition referred to above, and the quality and distribution of the fur are characters in which most of the species agree together, while the few points in