18.
14. Mystacina SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page Molossus .............. 407 1. temminckii.......... 408 2. planirostris .......... 408 3. bevensmuelee digs ea eae 410 As utUs ss osha vet naccavnt 410 a. obscurus .......... 412 §. MAsutus. evs vnca ews 414 Ga brasuss.c ec cece ers 415 7. perotis ........., 416, 553 8. glaucinus............ 417 9. bonariensis .......... 419 Nyctinomus............ 420 Ae GAGA UB 38, bass scaeaes 422 DQ COStON: Casseareaceais oe 423 3. egyptiacus ......... . 424 4, tragaius nics coon. 424 DB. plicatus: 4.6 60s 425 6. bivittatus .......... 426 7. brachypterus ........ 426 8. pumilus ............ 427 9. limbatus ......0...05 428 10. angolensis .......... 429 11. miarensis............ 430 LZ. MOPS visevcsscvenee 431 13. johorensis .......... 432 14. australis ............ 43 15. megalotis............ 434 16. macrotis ............ 435 Li BraChS asic. ogc 0s a 436 18. brasiliensis .......... 437 19, norfolegnsis.........- 439 20. albiventer .......... 440 21, acetabulosus ........ 440 Group 2. MysTacinz.
1. tuberculata Family PHYLLOSTOMIDS. Subfam. I. Losostominz. Group MorMOPES.
. Chilonycteris .......... 447 1. macleayli............ 449 2. personata............ 451 SePSUlOtisedestaeipvessnvees451 4, parnellii ............ 452 5. rubiginosa .......... 452 GB. Gavyl ctcka uses 453 Mormops «....ceeceecee 454 1. megalophylla ........ 455 2. blainvillii............ 456 Subfam. II. PHyLLosTominz. 3.
Group 1. VaMPYRI.
Lonchorhina 1. aurita Page 4, Macrotus ic ccsscicecoes 463 1. waterhousii.......... 464. 2. bocourtianus ........ 467 5. Macrophyllum.......... 468 1. neuwiedii............ 468 G.. VaMpyrus sceescen ness 469 1. spectrum ............ 470 2. OUritus ss acisaenes eos 471 7. Lophostoma,............ 473 Lbidens: ccessacxk ee evs 473 2. brasiliense .........- 474 3. amblyotis............ 475 8. Schizostoma .......... 476 1. hirsutum ....600.000 477 2. megalotis..........4. 478 3. minutum ..........6. 479 4. behnit wisiccicwrsees 479 9. TYAChyOPs: cvieses acinar 481 1. cirrhosus'............ 481 10. Phylloderma .......... 482 Li Stenopas vac cweav satis 483 11. Phyllostoma .......... 484 Te bastatum < .:i3-35.0965:< 484 DeGiscolor™ 4 sessions os 487 3. elongatum .......... 487 13. Tylostoma ....5.02600: 488 1. crenulatum .......... 489 2. longifolium .......... 490 es MAMON is a. gyre acernee ers 491 Ly benniettil 64 sca ceed 491 14: -@arollige cxeee a svtees 492 1. brevicauda .......... 493 15. Rhinophylla............ 495 Lsspumtlio. s.cn0c4e0% 495 Group 2. GLOSSOPHAG®. 16, Glossophaga .......... 499 DL, SOTICINE, 6 neve eek ees 499 17. Phyllonycteris.......... 501 Te pOBYA: | sinndieneeg seers 501 2. sezekorni............ 502 18. Monophyllus .......... 503 J. redmani............. 504 19. Ischnoglossa .......... 505 Tenivalis “23 calcacnecnes 505 20. Lonchoglossa .......... 506 1. caudifera.........05. 506 Du WIeI, siaie sates osreb 507 21, Glossonycteris.......... 508 1. geoffroyii.........46. 508 22, Cheeronycteris.......... 509 1, mexicana............ 510 ApAMINOT5.5.6cleacsrestares2611 23. Artibeus Group 3, STENODERMATA. she sibas neesmen setts 514 1. planirostris .......... 515
xlii SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page Page a. concolor ........+. 518 2, villosuim 4,36 is oe ets 534 2; Dilobatus e.ccaccc sce cae 518 8:-pusillum: ois case ceva 535 3. perspicillatus ........ 519 4. bidens ...........06. 535 4, cinereus ............ 520 | 28. Pygoderma ............ 536 5. quadrivittatus........ 521 1. bilabiatum .......... 536 24, Vampyrops ........e0e- 522 | 29. Sturnira .......-.eees 538 1; lineatus: syaisauccsaterss 522 Do Miliams, csvecsvso te eves 5388 2 helleri: pasascnsiey-ocns 524 | 30. Brachyphylla .......... 540 Sc VIttAtUS) ice dareancasre 524 1. cavernarum .......... 541 25. Stenoderma..........5+ 526 | 31. Centurio ..........000. 542 l. achradophilum ...... 527 L,j8ONOX: sins wives ee eee 543 DVL secs aveepes eran 529 S falcata <6 cin vas 529 Group 4, DESMODONTES. 26. Ametrida ........+.8. 5380 | 32. Desmodus ............ 546 Lconturle) sd anes 530 DePULUS sos secs areorns 547 27. Chiroderma.,.......... 581 | 88. Diphylla .............. 550 Ac isal yan Acc vcciausncecan 532 1. ecaudata .........5., 550
CATALOGUE OF CHIROPTERA.
CHIROPTERA.
Volant mammals, having their fore limbs specially modified for flight. ‘lhe forearm consists of a rudimentary ulna, a long curved radius, and a carpus of six bones supporting a thumb and four greatly elongated fingers, between which, the sides of the body, and the hinder extremities, a thin expansion of the integument (the wing-membrane) is spread out. The knee is directed backwards, owing to the rotation of the hind lhmb outwards by the wing-membrane ; a peculiar elongated cartilaginous process (the calcaneum), rarely rudimentary or absent, arising from the inner side of the ankle-joint, is directed inwards, and supports part of the posterior margin of an accessory membrane of flight, extendingfrom the tail or posterior extremity of the body to the hinder limbs (the interfemoral membrane). The mammary glands are thoracic and generally postaxillary; the uterus simple or two- B
2 CHIROPTERA.
horned; and the smooth cerebral hemispheres do not extend backwards over the cerebellum.
The dental series consists of four kinds of teeth— incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; and the dental formula never exceeds, 4 1—1 3—3 a :
Inc. g © 7-7 PO- gop H- gp = 38 teeth.
Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA.
Crowns of the molar teeth smooth, marked with a longitudinal furrow; bony palate continued behind the last molar, narrowing slowly backwards; second finger* generally terminating in a claw ; sides of the ear-conch forming a complete ring at the base ; pyloric extremity of the stomach elongated.
Frugivorous.
Limited to the tropical and subtropical regions of the eastern hemisphere.
Suborder II. MICROCHIROPTERA.
Crowns of the molar teeth acutely tubercular, marked by transverse furrows; bony palate narrowing abruptly, not continued laterally behind the last molar; second finger not terminated by a claw ; outer and inner sides of the ear-conch commencing anteriorly from separate points of origin; stomach simple, or with the cardiac extremity more or less elongated.
Carnivorous, feeding principally upon insects ; rarely frugivorous. Inhabiting the tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres.
* Tn accordance with the custom of the older zoologists and anatomists the writer has, hitherto, in his published papers, used the term “thumb” to indicate the first finger, denominating the succeeding fingers as “first,” “second,” “third,” and “fourth” respectively. This custom he now abandons, adopting instead the terminology of most modern writers on zoology and anatomy, in which the thumb is counted as the first finger, as it has the advantage, not only of being more generally used, but also of being absolutely required when treating of the homologies of the limbs.
PTEROPODIDE. 3 Suborder I. MEGACHIROPTERA. Family PTEROPODIDAL.
The characters of the single Family are those of the Suborder. Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Tongue moderate: molars well developed .. Group I. PTEROPI. A. Tail very short or none, when present quite free from the idtentoaintel ani brane; second finger with a distinct claw ; wings from the sides of the back ; premaxillary bones united in front; fur of the nape of the neck and shoulders not differing from that of the back. Re emit 2-2 J—1 Ine. ¢ or 7, ¢ [, pM. gy, M. 5.... 1. Epomopuorvs, p. 4. V3. Tail very short or none, when present partly contained within the interfemoral membrane.
a, Second finger with a distinct claw; premaxillary bones united in front. a', Nostrils simple, their inner margins alone projecting.
a". Tail none; fur of the nape of the neck and shoulders differing in colour or quality from that of the back.
a”. Ine. ‘, c. = pm. =, m. aes . 2, PrEnopvs, p. 16. b”. Tail distinct; fur of the nape of the neck and shoulders not differing from that of the back.
4 1-1 3-38 28 b'. Inc. 3, ¢. 75, pm. s=y, M. gg . 3. CyNonycTeERIS, p. 70, 4 4 1-1 2-2 Ua aa —_— ec". Inc. GZ or 3 ¢ To, PM. 3=3 22 Mh. FH cee e nee e eens 4, CYNOPTERUS, p. 80. b'. Nostrils tubular, projecting abruptly from the muzzle ; tail distinct. ae 2 d". Ine. 3, c. = pm. = m. = . 5. Harpyia, p. 88. b, Second finger without a claw; wings from the spine; tail distinct; premaxillary bones separate in front. ay I 2 1-1 2—3 2-2 6. C 91 el". Inc. 3 ©. jj) PM. 3% M. gg . 6. CEPHALOTES, p. 91. BQ
4 PLEROPODIDS.
If. Tongue very long, muzzle narrow, elongated; molars very narrow, scarcely raised above tHe! PUMA shor testa eects aeatetueace Group II. MACROGLOSSI. ce. Second finger without a claw ; premaxillary bones separate in front.
c'. Wings from the spine; tail long.
fi". Ine. = Gs —s pm. _ m. a 7. NoroPreRis, p. 92. d'. Wings from the sides of the back; tail short.
2—2 = 3S 2-2 Qe ANG aaa C i= pm. =, m. 5-3 8. Eonycrrris, p. 94. d. Second finger with a distinct claw; premaxillary bones united in front.
e'. Wings from the sides of the body.
ce". Tail short; wing-membrane from the base of the fourth toe.
d am 3 2-2 kh". Ine. 5 u. = pm. = m.3—5 .- 9, Macroatossvs, p. 95. ad". Tailnone ; wing-membrane from the base of the third toe.
—l 3—3 a by ed 2-2 :
a", Inc. 4, & 7a pm. g=3, mM. 3=3 .. 10, MRLONYCTERIS, p. 97. 1. EPOMOPHORUS.
Epomophorus, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1835, ii. p.88; Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. 1838, p. 504 ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 869. Head long ; muzzle conical or thickened and obtuse in front; lips very expansible, more or less largely developed and pendulous in males; ears simple, separate, with (in all the known species) a tuft of white hairs near the base of the anterior margins of the earconch ; second finger with a well-developed claw ; metacarpal bone of the middle finger equal to or shorter than the second finger ; wings from the sides of the hairy back and from the base or back of the second toe; tail very short, wholly separate from and inferior to the short interfemoral membrane, or altogether absent. Dentition. Ine. ft, Cc. = pm. = m. = Upper incisors weak, unicuspidate, the outer pair often deciduous ; premolars and molars feeble, narrow ; first upper premolar separated by a wide space from the canine.
Skull very long and narrow; crown of the head less vaulted than in any other genus of Pteropide, scarcely elevated above the muzzle; cranio-facial axis horizontal ; occipital crest prominent ; postorbital processes of the frontals short, not half circumscribing the orbits behind; bony palate much vaulted behind, extending as far back as a point opposite the centres of the zygomatic arches; premaxillary bones united in front; all the bones very thin and translucent. Range. That part of the Ethiopian Region included within the continent of Africa.
* Inner upper incisors rudimentary, not visible in recent specimens. Cae eet :
t > in adult individuals of EZ. comptus only.