8. scoTOPHILUS. 261 longer compared with the length of the head, and the terminal lobe at the base of the outer margin smaller; the outer margin is straight from a point opposite the base of the tragus to the tip, not curved inwards and upwards to meet the inner margin as in Sc. temminckii ; the tragus is conspicuously larger, and the transverse ridge on its anterior surface much less defined. The thumb is much shorter. The fur of the body is longer, and extendsefurther upon the Wing-membranes than in Se. temminckit, especially beneath, where fine hairs thinly cover the basal half of the interfemoral membrane.
Above olive-brown, pale yellowish-white beneath. The cingulum of the upper incisor on each side is greatly developed in a horizontal plane backwards and outwards, forming a broad shoulder on this side of the tooth, slightly raised above the level of the gum. Lower incisors indistinctly trifid, and slightly crowded. Lower premolars as in Se. temminckii. Length (of an adult preserved in spirits), head and body 2’7, tail 2'°2, head 0'°85, ear 0'°7, tragus 0'°35, forearm 2”, thumb 0:3, third finger 3”°6, fifth finger 2''4, tibia 0:8, foot 0'°4. Hab. Ethiopian Region (apparently generally distributed, from Senegambia and Nubia to Angola, Kaffraria, Natal, Mozambique, Cape Colony, Isle of Bourbon).
a. ad, sk. North Africa. Mr. Fraser [C.].
6. 9 ad., al. West Coast of Africa. Captain Speke [P.]. ce. o ad.,al. Abyssinia. Purchased.
d. & ad.,al. Angola.
e. 2 imm., al. Zanzibar. Purchased.
f. & ads, al. King William’s ‘Town. Lieut. H. Trevelyan [P. ]. g. ad. sk. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
(Se. dinganit, Smith.)
A. ad. sk. Mr. Bartlett [C.}.
z. skull of ec.
Jj» skull of fF.
3. Scotophilus gigas.
Scotophilus gigas, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 122. Ear-conch and tragus like those of S. borbonicus, Geoffr. ; but the internal basal lobe of the ear is more rounded and its inferior horizontal margin is straight, not in the least degree concave ; the upper third of the outer margin of the conch is slightly but distinctly concave; and the tragus has the narrow ridge, proceeding from the base of its inner margin across its front margin, as well developed as in S. temminckit.
Wings to the metatarsus near the base of the tocs; last two caudal vertebre and half the third last vertebra free. Fur above deep chestnut, beneath yellowish white. The fur on the upper surface is short and does not extend anywhere upon the membranes, terminating by a well-defined line, and not extending posteriorly as far as the root of the tail ; beneath, the wingmembrane is thinly covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and a band of fur passes outwards, posterior to
262 VESPERTILIONID.%.
the forearm, to the carpus, as in Vesperugo noctula. The face in front of the eyes is nearly naked.
Upper incisors with a posterior horizontal expansion of the cingulum, as in Sc. borbonicus ; lower incisors crowded. The other teeth as in Se. temminckit.
Length, head and body 4'"'6, tail 3'"6, free from membrane 0'35, head 1''-45, ear 0'€9, tragus 0'°45, forearm 3'°4, thumb 0'"7; third finger—metacarp. 3'°2, 1st ph. 1"°2, 2nd ph. 1°35; fifth finger— metacarp. 2'"9, lst ph. 0'65, 2nd ph. 0'"6 ; tibia 1':4, foot 0'-75. Hab. West Africa (Lagos).
a. Q ad, al. Lagos. Purchased.
4. Scotophilus emarginatus.
Nycticejus emarginatus, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 211. Scotophilus emarginatus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 123, figs. a, 6 (1876).
Head broad and flat; muzzle thick and obtusely conical; glands of the upper lip largely developed, forming rounded prominences between the nostrils and eyes; nostrils opening level with intervening space; ears large, with broadly rounded tips; inner margin of the ear-conch convex, with a rounded lobe at the base directed backwards and slightly outwards, passing in front of the inner margin of the tragus and resting on part of its anterior surface ; outer side abruptly flatly emarginate beneath the tip, causing it to project outwards, again angularly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a rounded lobe with a wart in front between it and the angle of the mouth; tragus moderately long, slightly curved inwards and obtusely pointed, maintaining almost the same breadth from the base to within a short distance from the tip, where it suddenly diminishes in width.
Thumb long, armed with a large and strong claw ; terminal phalanx about twice as long as basal. Tail of nine vertebre, the last free. The wing-membranes are completely devoid of hair, except in the immediate neighbourhood of the sides of the body, above and beneath ; behind the fur of the back extends upon the interfemoral membrane, covering about half its surface, rather densely at the root of the tail, but quickly thinning out into a few short scattered hairs, which also extend on the backs of the tibiz to the feet ; beneath, the membrane is naked, except at the root of the tail, where a few scattered hairs occur.
The body is clothed with short close fur, above tricoloured, at the base dark ferruginous brown, then buff, the tips light yellowish brown ; beneath dark ferruginous brown at base, the remaining portion buff. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'-9, tail 2':2, head 0':95, ear 0:85, tragus 0'"3x0'"1, forearm 2'"2, thumb 0:45, third finger 3'°7, fifth finger 2''8, tibia 0''85, calcaneum 0)'°8, foot 0'°55.
Hab. India, precise locality unknown.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
8. ScoTOPHILUs. 263 5. Scotophilus rueppellii.
Nycticejus riippellii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 18. Scotophilus rueppellii, Dodsen, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 371. Ears about the same length as in Se. temminckii; the internal basal lobe short, rounded ; lower half of the inner margin of the ear regularly convex, upper half straight; tip obtusely rounded, outer margin commencing abruptly by a small concavity beneath the tip, causing it to project slightly outwards, then slightly convex downwards, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a convex lobe. ‘Tragus shorter, subacutely pointed, and less curved inwards and forwards than in Se. temminckit, the lobule at the base of the outer margin succeeded by a shallow emargination, terminated above, slightly below the middle of the outer margin, by a prominent tooth, above which the margin becomes slightly convex ; inner margin straight. below, slightly concave in upper third; no transverse ridge on the outer surface of the tragus (Plate XV. fig. 2).
Fur similar in distribution to that of Se. temminckii, but somewhat longer and of a darker shade. Some specimens are very dark brown above, the extreme tips slightly ashy; beneath dark brown, the terminal one fourth of the hairs ashy. In others the fur has a chestnut tinge throughout.
The cingulum of each upper incisor develops a minute cusp posteriorly and externally. The lower incisors are more crowded between the canines than in Sc. temminckti, forming by their arrangement an acute angle.
Length (of an old 2 with worn teeth), head and body 2'"8, tail 1-9, head 0'"9, ear 0'-7, tragus 0'"3, forearm 2", thumb 0'"4, third finger 3'"5, fifth finger 2'"25, foot 0'-48.
Hab. Australia (Sydney, New South Wales).
a. 9 ad., al. Port Jackson, Australia. Purchased. b. & ad., al. Sydney. Purchased.
6. Scotophilus greyii.
Scotophilus greyii, Gray, List of the Specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum, 1843 (not described); Voy. ‘ Erebus’ and ‘ Terror,’ 1844, pl. 20 (not described) ; Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 372. Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle flat above, rather broad, glandular prominences on the sides of the face moderately developed: ears short, triangular, shortly rounded off above; basal lobe of inner margin rounded, ascending portion slightly. convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a distinct rounded lobe. Tragus broad, obtuse, with a triangular lobule near the base ; inner margin straight, outer straight below, sloping inwards above from a point opposite the middle of the inner margin (Plate XV. fig. 4).
Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe small, but distinct, rounded, placed on the calcaneum at a distance from the ankle equal to the breadth of the foot ; last caudal vertebra free.
264 VESPERTILIONIDZ.
Above chestnut-brown throughout ; beneath similar, the extreme points of the hairs ashy.
On both surfaces the fur of the body is short: the face in front of the eyes is nearly naked, and the wing- and interfemoral membranes are clothed with a few thinly spread hairs along the sides of the body only.
Upper incisors close to base of canines, inclined forwards and inwards ; lower incisors not crowded, indistinctly lobed; lower canines without internal basal cusp; first lower premolar small and blunt, crushed in between the canine and second premolar and pushed slightly inwards ; posterior upper molar equal to half antepenultimate molar.
Length (of an adult male specimen, the type), head and body "75, tail 12, head 0'"6, ear 0'"5, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1'"2; third finger—metacarp. 1'"2, Ist ph. 0'-53, 2nd ph. 0°65; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"2, 1st ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0'"2; tibia 0'45, foot 0°25 *.
Hab. Australia (Port Essington, Liverpool Range). a. & ad., al. (type). Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.]. b-d. ad. sks, Port Essington.
e. ad, sk. Liverpool Range.
7. Scotophilus pallidus.
Scotophilus pallidus, Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 186 (1876). Head and muzzle as in Se. temminchii. Ears shorter than the head, the internal basal lobe convex, evenly rounded ; the ascending inner margin slightly convex; tip rather broadly rounded off; the. outer margin straight for half its length, concave opposite the base of the tragus and terminating in a convex lobe; tragus moderately long, and rounded at the tip, not attenuated above, anterior surface smooth, inner margin straight or faintly concave, outer slightly convex, a prominent triangular lobule near its base (Plate XV. fig. 3). Wings from the base of the toes ; caleaneum weak : postcalcaneal lobule long and very narrow ; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free. Fur, above, light chestnut-brown; beneath, brownish buff; the base of the hairs on both surfaces pale buff. In some specimens, the fur is pale buff throughout, and the integument of the body and the volar membranes are of the same light colour. Dentition as in Se. temminchii.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”, tail 1'-4, head 0’°7, ear 0°55, tragus 0'°23, forearm 1'°4, thumb 0-25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph. 0':45, 2nd ph. 0'°7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0'°35, 2nd ph. 0'"2; tibia 0'-48, foot 0'°28., Hab. Peninsula of India (Mian Mir, near Lahore ; Scinde). Type in the collection of the Indam Museum, Calcutta. a. imm, 6, al. ? India. Purchased.
* In my Monograph of the genus Scofophilus in P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 372, the measurements of a different species were accidentally given instead of the above.
8. scoroPHILus. 265 8. Scotophilus ornatus.
Nycticejus ornatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p.517.
Scotophilus ornatus, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 371; Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 124, figs. a,b (1876).
Muzzle broad and obtuse; glandular prominences of the upper lip well developed, seminude, bounded behind by a deep groove passing backwards and outwards on either side from the nostrils ; in front of these grooves the long hair covering the head does not pass ; ears moderate, triangular, with broadly rounded tips, outer side with a slight concavity beneath the tip, then convex, again emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a broadly rounded lobe ; the small wart near the termination of the outer margin is not so well defined as in other species of the genus, and in some specimens is either absent or very small; tragus long, slightly narrowed above the small triangular lobe at the base, then somewhat expanded and again narrowed towards the tip, which is rounded off or subacutely pointed, with a faint concavity immediately beneath on the inner margin. Tail long; last vertebra free.
Fur light isabelline brown, remarkably pied with white spots ; on the top of the head a small longitudinal patch of pure white ; from the back of the head for two thirds the length of the spine a narrow band of white extends; at the base of the ears posteriorly a patch of white; on each side of the body two white patches, one in front of, the other behind the head of the humerus ; on the under surface a band of white round the neck connects the spots behind each ear, this is succeeded by a band of isabelline brown, followed by a band of white and succeeded by pale brown, which extends to the root of the tail. In a young specimen the general colour is dark isabelline brown, and the narrow band of the same colour round the neck on the under surface is succeeded by glistening silvery white fur, which, becoming greyish posteriorly, extends over the whole ventral surface, interrupted only by a small patch of isabelline brown, on each side, immediately beneath the head of the humerus. The position of the white patches is generally very constant ; but their size varies, being greatest apparently in individuals of a pale rusty red colour; and these I have always found to be males ; the females have much darker fur, and the white spots and bands are of less size and are occasionally altogether absent in some places. Tf the skull of S. ornatus be compared with that of a fullgrown specimen of S. temminckit, the following differences may be observed :— In S. temminckii the superior angle of the occipital crest forms with the sagittal crest a prominent projection ; in S. ornatus this rojection is small, the sagittal crest is more developed in front, and the postorbital processes are larger. The frontal in S. ornatus is grooved in the centre ; in S. temminckti it forms a plane surface. In S. ornatus the premaxillary bones are much more developed, and the nasal opening is not half the size of that in S. temminckti ; the incisors also are placed at the inner side of the premaxillaries, and
266 VESPERTILIONID.©.
separated from the canines by a space. In S. ornatus the bony palate is much broader behind the last molars, and does nob extend so far backwards (Plate XV. fig. 6 a).
In the upper jaw the teeth (with the exception of the incisors, which are separated from the canines, and have an acute short posterior cusp) are very similar in both species ; in the lower jaw the first premolar is less crushed in between the canine and second premolar than in any other species of the genus; it is, however, similarly flattened from before backwards, and has two short cusps arising internally from the cingulum which are not found in the other species (fig. 6 6).
Length, head and body 3'"1, tail 2':5, head 0-9, ear 0°95 x 0"-55, tragus 0'°4 x 0""1, forearm 2':35, thumb 0'°5, third finger 4""2, fifth finger 3”, tibia 0'-9, calcaneum 0'"9, foot 0'°5. Hab. India (Darjiling, Khasia hills); Burma (Ponsee and Kakhyan hills) ; Yunan (Mantin and Sanda valley). Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. a. f ad., al. Darjiling. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. 9. NYCTICEJUS.
Nycticejus, Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, xxviii. p. 417 (1819); Allen, Monogr. Bats of North America, p. 11 (1864). Head and ears as in Vesperugo; crown of the head scarcely elevated above the face-line ; wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobule indistinct.
Dentition. Inc. a c. =. pm. lee an, = Upper incisors close to the canines ; the first lower premolar not crushed in between the canine and second premolar as in Scotophilus ; last upper molar equal to half the antepenultimate molar. Range. The Nearctic Region (Alleghany and Rocky Mountain Subregions).
hicrithates 1. Nycticejus erepuseularis.
Nycticejus crepuscularis, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingd. (ed. M‘Murtrie) i. p. 432 (1831) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1855, p. 433 ; Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America (1864), p. 12, figs. 9-11. Vespertilio creeks, F. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 18 (1882). Vere znobarbus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 247, pl. 58. fig. 4 (1835-41), wide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 681.
Vesperus cubanus, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 681. Head flat; muzzle broad; glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils large, causing a depression on the face between and behind them. Ears triangular, internal basal lobe rounded, ascending part of inner margin faintly convex; outer margin straight, slightly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating without forming a lobe in front, separated from the angle of the mouth by a small wart. Tragus rather short, inner margin
10. aranapna. 267 straight, outer margin straight below with a distinct triangular lobule, sloping inwards to form the tip from a point slightly above the middle of the inner margin. ; Wings from the base of the toes; toes slightly more than half the length of the foot; postcalcaneal lobe small, indistinct ; calcaneum weak, termination indistinct; the last caudal vertebra quite free. The fur is rather short; the face in front of the eyes is nearly naked, and the wing-membranes are covered only along the sides of the body ; a triangular patch of hair extends from the back upon the upper surface of the interfemoral.
Above brown, with yellowish-brown tips; beneath similar, with paler or ashy extremities.
The upper incisors are acutely pointed, separated by a narrow interval from the canines, directed forwards and slightly inwards. Space between the canines, both in the upper and lower jaws, very wide, much wider than in the Old-World Scotophili. Lower incisors distinctly trifid and crowded. The canines develop no internal basal cusp. First lower premolar small, in the tooth-row, not crushed in between the canine and second premolar, acutely pointed, about half the vertical height, but not half the transverse diameter of the second premolar. Posterior upper molar equal to half the second molar.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirits), head and body 2”, tail 1-4, head 0''65, ear 0'-55, tragus 0'°22, thumb 0":3, forearm 1-4, third finger 2'5, fifth finger 1'°75, tibia 0'°45, foot 0'28. Hab. North America; from New York to the Rocky Mountains, and southwards to New Orleans and to the West-Indian Islands (Cuba).
a. ad. sk. No locality or donor.
b. ad. Q, al. Georgia, N. America.
ec. ad. sk. Central America.
10. ATALAPHA.
Atalapha, Rafinesque, Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques, p. 12 (1814); Desm. Mamm. p. 146 (1820); Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mammif. i. p. 214 (1854); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 907. Scotophilus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 498 (1888). Lasiurus, Gray, List Mammalia Brit. Mus. (1843); Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 34; Allen, Bats of N. America, p. 14 (1864). Muzzle obtuse, the broad extremity of the nose projects slightly beyond the lower lip; nostrils simple, opening sublaterally in front by lunate apertures, and rather widely separated ; head scarcely raised above the face-line; ears generally broad and rhomboidal, the outer side prolonged forwards and ending in a lobular projection near the angle of the mouth; tragus narrow at the base and much expanded above, the upper half suddenly curved inwards so that its general shape is that of a reversed L; this peculiar shape of the tragus is very characteristic of the genus.
268 VESPERTILIONID&.
Interfemoral membrane more or less densely covered with hair on its upper surface. In some species the whole of the upper surface of the interfemoral is densely clothed with fur, which also extends upon the wing-membrane for a considerable distance, and passes outwards in-a broad band behind the forearm to the carpus (see Plate XVI. fig. 1).
Dentition. Inc. as Cc. =, pm. 5—> cee 508 — m. — Upper incisors unicuspidate and acutely pointed, close to the canine on each side, directed forwards and inwards. In the species with two upper premolars the first premolar is very small, and is placed in the inner angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar. Skull broad and flat, frontal bone slightly grooved (Plate XVI. fig. 1a).
Range. The Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, from Canada to Southern Chili.
The species of this genus with a single upper premolar agree in the number of their teeth with Vycticejus, and also with Scotophilus, which is limited to the Eastern Hemisphere, but are easily recognised by the peculiar form of the ears and especially of the tragus, and by the distribution of the fur.
The relative development of the minute first upper premolar has been used to distinguish some forms; but itis evident that, in a genus where this tooth is altogether absent in certain species, its relative size in those species which possess it can scarcely be considered of sufficient importance to lead to the formation of new species. Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.
I. Premolars —; the whole upper surface of the interfemoral membrane clothed WALD Nair: eu, c ans aateteuttan se ound acooarais apie ATALAPHA. a. Forearm quite naked; furreddish ashy 1. A. noveboracensis, p, 269. 6. Forearm with a small patch of hairs near the elbow ; fur generally brownish Bye aa nncsvas aurora A Siaasee owes 2. A. cinerea, p. 272. II. Premolars 55 ; the posterior half or third of the iniecemorl membrane naked .. Subgen. DAsypTERUS*. e. The posterior third of the interfemoral naked.
a’, Tragus obtuse, curved inwards; fur Olive-brown ........eeeeeeeees 3. A. intermedia, p. 274. b'. Tragus subacute, straight, the ti only curved inwards; fur bright et GBIcisssciielversessawrautiereroissetecinmiia4.A.egregia,p.275. d. The posterior half of the interfemoral naked, c'. Tragus subacute, curved inwards; fur pale yellowish brown........ 5. A. ega, p. 276. * Dasypierus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 904.