16. MINIOPTERUS. 349 Thumb moderate; terminal phalanx of longest finger flexed forwards, in repose, on the under surface of the metacarpal, reaching as far as the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of that bone ; wings to the ankles, or to the extremity of the tibie; feet long and slender, the outer toe (corresponding to the hallux, or inner toe, in other five-toed mammals) nearly on a level with the extremities of the other toes ; tail slightly longer than the head and body, wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane ; no postcalcaneal lobe.
The face in front of the eyes is covered with short fur interspersed with longer hairs arising from the glandular prominences on the sides of the muzzle; on the wing-membrane the fur extends as far as a line drawn from the end of the proximal third of the humerus to the middle of the femur, and upon the interfemoral to a very small extent, about as far as the end of the first caudal vertebra. Beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; the interfemoral has a few long hairs about the root of the tail, but about half the surface of the membrane is covered with a very fine pubescence; a band of fine short hairs passes outwards on the wingmembrane behind the forearm to the carpus.
The colour of the fur varies very considerably. In European specimens it is generally light greyish all over, or sometimes reddish, the basal half of the hairs dark greyish brown. In specimens from Northern Africa, inhabiting dry sandy regions, the fur is light grey all over, while those from South Africa are much darker, the extremities of the hairs generally reddish grey. In the European and North-African specimens with pale fur, the ears and interfemoral membrane are white and the integument generally of a pale whitish colour, the wing-membranes light greyish brown. In the darker-coloured specimens, especially in those from South Africa, the ears and integuments are dark brown.
The inner upper incisor, on each side, is but slightly longer than the outer incisor, and slants inwards and forwards, on its outer side near the base a small blunt cusp; the outer incisor unicuspidate, blunt, and slanting less inwards than the inner one. Canines moderately long and straight, with a horizontal slightly raised cingulum, without a second cusp or basal projection. First upper premolar unicuspidate, with a small narrow acutely pointed cusp and a broad cingulum, more developed posteriorly, touching the cingulum of the second premolar, which is also horizontally expanded, but in an anterior direction ; a wide space 1s thus caused between the summits of the canine and second premolar, and the extremity of the first premolar is much closer to the canine than to the second premolar; the whole tooth is also slightly pushed inwards. The last molar is somewhat more than half the anteroposterior diameter of the second premolar. In the lower jaw the four front incisors are nearly equal in size and are trilobed, those next the canines larger, with rounded summits, and a single furrow on the inner side cutting off a low blunt cusp. ‘The cingulum of the
350 VESPERTILIONIDE.
lower canines is horizontal behind, directed upwards, forwards, and inwards in front, forming a small blunt projection above the inner incisor. The first and second lower premolars are small and nearly equal, less than half the size of the third premolar. (For measurements see p. 352.)
Hab. Southern Europe and Asia, Africa, Madagascar, and Australia. In Europe inhabiting Spain, Switzerland, Lower Austria, Italy, and Sicily; in Asia, Syria, India, Ceylon, Burma, Southern China (Amoy), Japan, Philippine Islands ; extending through the Malay Archipelago to Australia; probably generally distributed throughout Africa and Madagascar.
Although so widely separated, specimens of this species from Europe and Australia differ to no appreciable extent, except in the colour of the fur. This difference in colour evidently depends upon the latitude of the country inhabited, as examples from colder countries have fur of a much paler shade than those from warmer regions.
a,b. 3 & G,ad., al. Seville. Lord Lilford [P.]. ch. 3 & Q,ad., al. Spezia. Marquis Doria [P.]}. az fo ad, al. Sicily.
j,k. ad. sk. Algiers. M. Parzudaki [C.]. Z, ad. sk. Algiers. Purchased.
m. o ad., al. King William's Town. H. Trevelyan, Esq. [P.]. n. skull. Cape of Good Hope. G. Ford, Esq. [P. }. v. 2 ad, al. Madagascar. Purchased. p,q. ad. sks. Madagascar. Purchased. r-v. ad. sks. Japan. Purchased.
w. ad. sk. Japan. Purchased.
a-z. 2 ad. sks. Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe, Peet a',b'. 6 & 9 ad.,al. Tsagine, Upper Burma. Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. c,d’. § ad., al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming [C.]. e. ad. sk. Java.
fig. & ad., al. Philippine Islands. kh’. Q ad., al. Philippine Islands. z. ¢ imm,, al. Luzon, Philippine Islands. J. Q ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll. kK. 9 ad, al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll. (Type of Vespertilio eschscholtzii, Waterh.) ’. ° ad., al. Philippine Islands. Purchased. m', 9 ad., al. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.]. n'. ad. sk. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. o', p'. 3d ad., al. Islds. of Torres Straits. Rev. J. Macfarlane [C.]. q'. ad. sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.]. r'. ad. sk. Australia.
s',t'. ad. sks. New South Wales. Earl of Derby [P.]. u',v'. ¢d & Qad.,al. New South Wales. Purchased. w'. 9 ad, al. Clarence River. Purchased. (C.}. a’, ad. sk. New Guinea. Rev. W. Y. Turner, M.D. y'. ad, sk. Sir A. Smith [P.].
a’, ad. sk. Stockholm Museum.
a". ad. sk. M. Parzudaki (C.].
b". ad. sk.
ec". skull of h.
ad". skull of 2.
16. MINIOPTERUS. 351 Var. a.
Miniopterus pusillus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 162 (1876). Miniopterus australis, Tomes (in part), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 125. Quite similar in structure to I. schreibersii, but considerably smaller, and the distribution of the fur is slightly different. In perfectly adult specimens the length of the head does not exceed 0"-6 inch and that of the forearm 1’"6. (See Table of measurements at p. 352.)
On the upper surface the fur extends upon the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra ; in other respects the distribution is similar to that of A/. schreibersit. Fur intensely black throughout, the extreme tips of the hairs sometimes greyish.
(For measurements see next page.)
Hab. India (Madras) ; Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; Philippine Islands (Erumango).
a. Q ad, al. Madras, Sir A. Smith [P.}.
b-d. fg ad., al. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.]. 2. Miniopterus australis.
Miniopterus australis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 125. About the same size as the small form of M. schreibersit (AL. pusillus), but differing in the greater length of the muzzle and in the distribution of the fur. The interfemoral membrane is clothed as far back as a line drawn from one ankle to the other; the tibize are also covered with fine hairs, and a small patch of short fur appears upon the wing-membrane between the elbow and forearm. Above, dark reddish brown throughout; beneath, darker brown at the base of the hairs, the extremities greyish. (For measurements see next page.)
Hab. Australia; Loyalty Islands.
a-d. §& 9 ad., al. (types). Loyalty Islands. Sir G. Grey [P.]. e. 2 ad., al. Lifu, Loyalty Islands. Rev. S. J. wee .].
3. Miniopterus scotinus.
Miniopterus scotinus, Sundevall, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. 1846, .119; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 127; Peters, C. von der Decken, ets. in dquat. Ost-Africa, Stiugeth. p. 7, pl. iil. (1869). Miniopterus minor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 885. Much smaller than M. schreibersii ; about the size of M. australis, from which it is distinguished by the shorter head and by the distribution of the fur. :
On the upper surface a distinct band of short hairs extends backwards from the elbow to the ankle, while inside the space between the outer half of the humerus and the tibia, and knee is almost quite naked ; half the interfemoral membrane is clothed with short,
352 VESPERTILIONIDE.
thinly spread fur, which also extends in a band on each side internal to the legs to the base of the caleaneum. Above bright reddish brown or dark brown, almost black, the lower surface always paler.
(For measurements see below.)
Hab, 8.E. Africa; Madagascar.
a. ad. sk. Port Natal. Stockholm Museum. b-e. ad. sks. Manavimena, Madagascar. Purchased. tig. ad. sk. Manavimaity, Madagascar. Purchased. 4. Miniopterus tristis.
Vespertilio tristis, Waterhouse, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 50 (1845); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 743 (1855). Miniopterus tristis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 124. In general form and in the very black colour of the fur closely resembling the dark-coloured examples of M. schreibersii, found also in the same country. The muzzle, however, is comparatively shorter, broader, and more obtuse; the outer margin of the tragus has a distinct triangular lobule near the base, which, taken with the very much larger size of the animal, at once distinguishes the species. The fur is very dark brown throughout, which, when moistened in spirit, appears intensely black. The distribution of the fur is similar to that in M. schretbersit. (For measurements see below.)
Hab. Philippine Islands.
a. 9 ad. sp. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Collection. The following are the measurements of the different species and varieties of this genus :— : 4 e Pa ie oe 4 e\ 2/2) 8 3 d ala || & a F A 2/Fleg)ialg ca eee = an a PS E sla \}s Pat eee sie/S)/ se ele/2/2/si2/2/413 =2lBjal(a S/8/8(/SlsglSlagisis as sz] A rs eet Uae ou Uren Oro (ec tl eo 4 iM.schreibersii(Spain).........20(230-510°231°750°3|3°5[0-4512°55|2°110-75|o°4 ‘+O (Madagascar) ./2°2 |2 0°55 |0°25 |1°9 [0°83 | 3°6 [0°45] ... |2°L ]0°75 [038 ase ” Pr (Burma) ......|2°3 rate 0°53 \0°23 |2-0 |0°3 | 3°8 [0°45] ... 12°25 }0°8 jo-4 ale05|0°22|1°75j0°3|3°5|0°452-4|2°0[0-75|0-38 ” ” (N. 8. Wales) .|2'2 r » » Var. pusillus1},. , : “6 lo “0 |o- ; . ‘ cates bs pare 0:4 |0°2 |1°6 |0°2 | 3:0 [0°38) ... |1°85]0°6 |0'3 M.australis(LoyaltyIslands)|1°71-7.650°45|0°2|1°6|0°2|310-4(22[1-7510610:33 : | AL.scotinus(Madagascar)...../1°751°75'o-6!0°4|0°2|1°5{0°25|2:8i38)...|1°710°550°33 | ioe ee 03 |2*1 vee 41 ius 29 2°2 10°75 jose M. tristis (Philippines)......... 2426
EMBALLONURID. 353 Family EMBALLONURIDZ.
Brachyura et Molossi, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 257. Noctilionide e¢ Vespertilionide (in part), Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist, 1866, xvii. p. 89.
Emballonuridee, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 847; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 164 (1876).
Bats with nostrils opening by simple or valvular apertures at the projecting extremity of the muzzle, not surrounded or margined by distinct cutaneous foliaceous appendages*; with generally large, often united ears, arising by their inner margins from the sides of the forehead, with short, occasionally minute tragi, usually expanded above, with two phalanges in the middle finger, of which the first is folded (in repose) forwards on the upper surface of the metacarpal bonef; with the tail partially free, either perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing upon its upper surface, or produced far beyond its posterior margin.
The number of the teeth varies so much that no general dental formula can be given. The upper incisors are, in most genera, large, are separated from the canines and also in front, and have their extremities directed slightly forwards and inwards; molars well developed, with very distinct W-shaped cusps. The Emballonuride are generally easily distinguished by the peculiar form of the muzzle, which is obliquely truncated, the nostrils projecting more or less in front beyond the lower lip{; by the manner in which the first phalanx of the middle finger is folded (in repose); by the tail, which either perforates the interfemoral membrane or is produced far beyond it; and by the upper incisors, which are generally a single pair separated from the canines and also in front.
Distribution. Generally distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres; rarely extending north or south of the thirtieth parallels of latitude. Subfam. I. EMBALLONURIN &.
Tail slender, perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing upon its. upper surface, or terminating in it; legs long, fibulee very slender ; upper incisors weak.
* The nostrils open on the front surface of a fleshy prominence resembling a small nose-leaf in Rhinopoma.
+ Except in Noctilio and in Mystacina. In the Jattor genus, represented by a single species only, the first phalanx of the middie finger is folded forwards on the re seen surface of the metacarpal bone.
+ Except in Taphozous and in Dielidurus, P aA
354 EMBALLONURID&E.
Synopsis of Groups and Genera. I. Tail shorter than the large interfemoral membrane ; index finger formed by the metacarpal alone. ; A. First phalanx of the middle finger folded (in repose) on the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone. a. Tail terminating in the interfemoral membrane, a'. Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line ; thumb and first phalanx of the middle finger ee 2-2 very short; inc. 3, pm. 7-3 .. a", Nasal apertures oval, close together in front ; bony palate not produced backwards behind the lastimolad cc. eicsisewe ayes b". Nasal apertures triangular, widely separated; bony palate produced as far back as the middle of the zygomatic arches. b. Tail perforating the centre of the large interfemoral membrane, and appearing upon its upper surface. b'. Part of the tail included in the basal half of the interfemoral membrane, which it perforates simply.
6". Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line ; thumb and first phalanx of the middle finger moderately long; 2-2 premolars 5-5... eee eee 6", Lower incisors 6; premaxillaries osseous; upper incisors persistent.
u. No pouch in the antebrachial membrane.
a’. Upper incisors 2—2, a". Extremity of the muzzle more or less produced beyond the lower lip; forehead HAE A erueeiy amin oe B'. Upper incisors 1—1, B". Extremity of the muzzle broad, slightly produced beyond the lower lip; forehead CONCAVE:46ahiscanss y"'. Extremity of the muzzle narrow, much produced beyond the lower lip; forehead Hate sia deatawecce Group FURLA.
1. Furia, p. 356.
2, AMORPHOCHILUS, p. 357, Group EMBALLONUR, 3. EMBALLONURA, p. 359. 4, CoL#uRA, p. 364.
[p. 366, 5, RHYNCHONYCTERIS,
EMBALLONURID. 355 8. Antebrachial membrane with a pouch opening on its upper surface.
y'. Upper incisors 1—1.
6". Extremity of the muzzle more or less produced beyond the lower lip; forehead HAG i set petinet aie azote Coe 6. SaccopTERYX, p. 369. e''. Lower incisors 4; premaxillaries cartilaginous; yas incisors deciduous.
3. hy incisors 1—1.
«". Extremity of the muzzle not produced beyond the lower lip; forehead deeply con- CAVOi ike ceunas ... 7, Tapnozous, p. 378. ce’. Part of the tail suspended in a fold derived from the inferior surface of the basal half of the interfemoral membrane, the terminal portion perforating the bottom of a pouch formed in the centre of the membrane.
o''". Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; thumb very short; extremity of the muzzle not produced beyond the lower lip; forehead deeply BODCAVES 6525 .leais are erantiaraian Group DICLIDURI. e''. Incisors as pm. = arate 8. DicirpuRUvS, p. 390. B. First phalanx of the middle finger extended (in repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone; premaxillaries united ; upper incisors strong ...... Group NOCTILIONES. u. Upper middle incisors close together in the centre of the space between the canines; ears very narrow; chin with transverse cutaneous ridges ; inc. ;, PID gg) fos sel acer e ane ets 9. Nocr1x10, p. 893. Il. Tail much longer than the short interfemoral membrane; index finger with two phalanges. ; C. First phalanx of the middle finger incompletely folded (in repose) on the dorsal surface of the ryt bone ; illaries united ; incisors ver ee Nan wee ” Group RHINOPOMATA. a. Upper incisors small, very slender, iverging outwards; ears united; a small nose-leaf behind the valvular 1-1 nostrils; inc. i pM. Hover eee 10. Rurnopoma, p. 399. DR 2
356 EMBALLONURIDE.
Group FURL.
Furie, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1877, p. 185.
Ears arising separately by their inner margins from the sides of the forehead; outer margin of the ear-conch terminating abruptly near the base of the tragus; tragus short, triangular; muzzle very obtuse; nostrils opening anteriorly by oval or triangular apertures ; thumb very short, inclosed in the antebrachial membrane to the base of the very feeble claw ; tail terminating in the centre of the large interfemoral membrane, not perforating it or appearing upon its upper surface.
Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line, even more so than in Miniopterus ; no postorbital processes ; horizontal plate of the maxillary bones produced forwards as a slender pointed process terminating between the premaxillaries.
Dentition. Inc. 2, C. os pm. — m. —.
Range. The Neotropical Region (Brazilian and Chilian Subregions).
1. FURIA.
Furia, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. xvi. p. 150.
Furipterus, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, i. (1832-41). Muzzle obtuse in front, its superior front margin not elevated above the nostrils ; nasal apertures oval, close together ; bony palate terminating behind in a line with the posterior molars. Ztange. Brazilian Subregion.
1. Furia horrens.
Furia horrens, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. xvi. p. 150; Temminek, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 264 (1835-41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 549 (1849); Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 70, pl. xi. fig. 2, xiv. figs. 6, Ga-Gc (skull and teeth) (1855).
Furipterus horrens, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica (1882-41). Furipterus horrens e¢ cerulescens, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 176, pl. xii.
Ears rounded and very broad, like those of Kerivoula papillosa, the inner margin of the ear-conch so convex as to extend forwards in a line with the end of the muzzle, the side of the ear concealing the eye; upper third of the outer margin slightly concave, lower two thirds convex, terminating abruptly ; tragus very peculiar, triangular, rising from a narrow base, above which it immediately expands, forming the base of the triangle whereof the outer and superior angles are narrow and long, the inner angle short and thickened ; concave surface of the ear-conch with numerous glandular elevations (as in Kerivoula), from which small hairs arise ; upper and lower lips very thick, fringed with long hairs. Nostrils opening close together by oval apertures directed downwards and