3. CYNONYCTERIS. 77 Upper incisors arranged in an angular series between the canines ; last lower premolar placed on the commencement of the ascending ramus of the jaw, so that, although much smaller, its crown is higher than that of the antepenultimate molar.
In the following columns are given the measurements of an adult male (a dried specimen) and of a younger male (the type, preserved in alcohol) :— Length, head and body .........cccccscsessssescecreevessseseeres 3:5 Go| tA eciaesasvnvacnando4cnsecesead eases stenniceconten senor ee 0°35 + FGA Ces Serceyeeteciec wits os Aone cates beeen oe ease de 1:3 Distance of the eye from the nostril ................ccseeseeees we 0°45 Biength: Cars. cicvecncievcancerecdetesta ni gecaieistcscetnasaenees 06 06 - POLE ATI: Weare cies sak inane ae eae eae 2:3 2°15 pk.(UNUMaaueses.ccseeesueureseesecenntesunswesaceaeecuaene0°850°85 ss Second fingers aisrerteseveecseueneacceedeeess tossee eas 1-7 15 » third finger, metacarpal..............csscceeeceaseeeees 1:55 1:35 me > Tat: phalans sacsasesseresdeceunecureess 1:05 1:0 55 $5 Die tn tees as tecren etn Sete 1:55 14 a fifth finger, metacarpal ..............cceeeeseeeeeeenees 15 1:35 Pa 4 Ist: phalanx: ai scscavicssucesseviwarerees 0-7 0°65 ‘ 3 Dn fap Tense tees anc iannieaae ian 0°85 0-7 iaRADIASainccvesuccessscaidacesaedowseieacescnondoocescoeesueees0:8508 saePOOLwecauaeaecieseavaicecueasbeeenoeseuaonenetendouvelee0:50:5 Hab. Africa (Angola).
a, (type) g, al. (not full-grown). Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray. b. va Pe) sk, Africa. Sir J, Richardson.
7. Cynonycteris straminea, Pteropus stramineus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 95 (1810) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammai.i. p. 195 (1827), ii. p. 84 (1835-41). Xantharpyia straminea, Gray, List of Mammal. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1843); Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 116 (1870). Pachysoma straminea, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 44. Pterocyon paleaceus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 423. P Pteropus mollipilosus, Adlen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scr. Philad. 1861, .159.
Bacon stramineus, Peters, Jornal de Scien. Math. Phys. « Natur. Lisboa, no. x. 1870, Cynonycteris straminea, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866. Considerably larger than C. collaris, with a longer and narrower head, and with fur quite different in quality, colour, and distribution from that of any other species of the genus. The wings also arise from the sides of the back closer to the spine. The fur of the head and neck is, as in Pteropus, different in length and in colour from that of the back. Above, the face in front of the eyes and the ears are nearly naked; the head and neck are covered with rather short erect fur, which, however, is longer than that of the back, which is closely appressed, and occupies a space scarcely one and a half inch wide across the loins ; the humerus and three fourths of the forearm are clothed with short appressed fur,
78 PTEROPODIDE.
and the interfemoral membrane and the legs to the ankles are covered with longer hair; on the ventral surface the fur is very short, the antebrachial membrane is covered with short straight hairs, and similar fur clothes the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur, and extends outwards behind the elbow and forearm to the carpus, becoming narrower as it passes outwards. Head and nape of neck greyish yellow; fur of the back brownish or greyish yellow along the middle, bright straw-yellow on the sides ; anterior and posterior extremities also bright straw-yellow above. This peculiar bright yellow colour is different from that of any other Bat, and at once distinguishes the species. Skull and teeth similar in general characters to those of C. collaris, but the skull is proportionally longer, and the brain-case less vaulted. Upper incisors small, unicuspidate, separated from each other; lower incisors equal, close together, canine and second premolars in both jaws separated by a wide space, in the anterior half of which the first premolar is placed.
(For measurements see Table, p. 79.)
Hab. Africa (West Africa, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Gaboon; East Africa, White Nile, Senegal, Senaar, Abyssinia, Zanzibar). a. 6 old, al. Sierra Leone. P. L. Strachan, Esq. [P.]. 6. 3 ad. sk. Gambia.
ce. fo ad, al. sare District,Ga- H. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. oon.
d. & imm,, al. Gaboon. Purchased.
e,f. d imm. & 9 ad.,al. West Africa. A. Murray, Esq. [P.}. g. & ad, al. Zauzibav. Dr. Kirk [C.].
A. ad. sk. Africa.
a 2 ad. sk.
Jj, &. imm. & ad. sks. Senegal. Purchased. Z. 2 imm. sk. Whydah. My. Fraser [C.].
m, Q ad. sk. Senaar. Mr. Parreys [C.].
n. Q ad. sk. — Shillinglaw, Esq. [P.].
o. ad. sk.
p. ad. sk.
q. skull. Senaar. Mr. Parreys [C.].
r. skull of m.
8. Cynonycteris dupreana.
Pteropus dupreanus, Pollen, Schlegel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 419. Cynonycteris dupreana, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866. Apparently similar to C. straminea in structure, but larger, and differing in the colour of the fur, which closely resembles that of the lighter-coloured specimens of C. collaris. Above, pale yellowish or greyish brown, paler on the neck; beneath similar, but paler and dull buff-brown on the sides. The fur also is thinner on the legs and feet. (For measurements see p. 79.)
Hab. Madagascar (Nossi-Bé).
a. @ ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 79 C. amplexi- C. egyp- C.col- C. stra- C. ducaudata. tiaca. laris, minea. ean.
Length, head and body ............ 5:0 48 5-5 65 sit i pis SCAU cee asain eee 0-7 06 08 05 07 a Headers cee seanetscctes 1-65 16 18 2°35 2-4 » eye from nostril ......... 06 06 0°75 0:95 10 Sr OATH ocnac dense eee sane 075 0-8 0°85 11 12 ju MOPORLM civ coehesae steers 3:35 3-2 3:8 4:8 i sp) CORUM Beta eeictons 1:0 1:35 12 15 17 » third finger, metacarpal 2:1 2:0 2°3 29 33 A ia Ist phalanx 1-4 14 16 21 24 - - 2nd, 1:85 18 2:5 3°25 34 _ fifth finger, metacarpal 1:9 19 2:25 28 3-2 ‘ Ist phalanx 1:0 10 1:2 1:3 15 e 5 2nd -s; 1-0 0°95 11 1-4 1:45 may <SMDIActrec andere seemennns 15 1:25 1:55 19 20 sie OOD csc herdccseencersces: 0°85 0:98 10 1:2 14 9. Cynonycteris grandidieri.
Cynonycteris grandidieri, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 394. Head short and broad; nostrils and upper lip as in Cynopterus marginatus ; ears longer than the muzzle, lower half of the inner margin of the ear-conch thickened, upper half convex, upper fourth of the outer margin flattened beneath the tip, a small acute projection near the termination of the outer margin below. Wings from the outer toe as in Cynopterus; tail very short, scarcely exceeding the interfemoral membrane. The last two molars in both jaws quite rudimentary, especially in the lower jaw, where they can scarcely be seen without cutting down upon them, the other teeth as C. amplexicaudata. Fur of the back rather long and dense, much longer than that of the under surface; legs clothed with a few fine hairs. Above brownish yellow, paler beneath.
The pectoral teats (in the single male specimen) are so large that at first sight the specimen from which this description is taken appears to be a female. I have found a similar development of the mamme in a male specimen of Cynopterus marginatus from Ceylon, referred to under the description of that species. It is probable that where two young are born at a single birth, the male relieves the female of the charge of one (as the weight of two might render flight difficult or impossible), and at the same time performs the office of a nurse. It is well known that many species of Bats have occasionally two young at a birth, but I have never found a mother with more than one clinging to her body. The size of the pectoral teats in many male specimens (though in none yet observed by me so large as in this species and in the other case referred to above) lead me to think that instances of the male performing the office of nurse are probably not uncommon among Bats.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body 3'°3, tail 0-35, head 1'-2, eye from end of nose 0'°4, ear 0'"7, forearm 2"-5, thumb 0'°8; third finger—metacarp. 15, 1st ph. 1", 2nd ph.
80 PTEROPODID®.
1-55; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"4, 1st ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 0°85; fifth finger—metacarp. 1':5, 1st ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 0'"75 ; tibia 0'°85, foot 0''°6, Hab. Zanzibar.
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
In external form this Bat is a Cynopterus. In fact no zoologist could during life say that it belonged to the genus Cynonycteris. Remembering the presence of an additional upper molar in a specimen of Pteropus medius from Nipal (vide p. 51), I would at once consider the additional teeth of no importance, and place this species in the genus Cynopterus. But the antepenultimate molars are also small, so that it seems that they are the rudimentary condition of previously well-developed teeth. Is this form, then, an example of a species of Cynonycteris passing into Cynopterus, or can it be a hybrid ?
4. CYNOPTERUS.
Cynopterus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. p. 39 (1825); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866; Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruiteating Bats, 1870, p. 121; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1873, p. 200; Monogr. Astat. Chiropt. 1876, p. 23.
Pachysoma, Js. Geoffroy, Dict. Class. Hist, Nat. p. 705 (1828). Muzzle much shorter than in Cynonycteris, and comparatively thicker ; nostrils projecting, deeply emarginate between ; upper lip with a narrow vertical groove in front bounded laterally by naked prominences as in Pteropus; index finger with a distinct claw; metacarpal bone of the middle finger longer than the index finger; wings from the sides of the hairy back and from the first toe; tail short, distinct (except in Megerops).
Dentition. Inc. ; or s. C. = pm. = tne = General form of the teeth as in Cynonycteris, but less in number than in that genus, the last upper and last two lower molars being absent *.
Range. The Oriental Region; one species only found slightly beyond the limits of this region, in Morty Island (Jilolo). This genus appears to be most closely allied to Pteropus, even more so than Cynonycteris, which agrees with that genus in the dental formula. The form of the nostrils and of the narrow groove on the upper lip, bounded by naked, raised, prominent margins, are quite similar to the same parts in Pteropus; while in Cynonycteris the groove on the upper lip is deep and wide, with slanting sides. The absence of a tail in one of the species C. (Megarops) ecaudatus, gives further indication of its natural affinities. * The rudimentary condition of these teeth in the transitional form Cynonyeteris grandidiert shows that this is the correct view of the homologies of the teeth in Cynopterus.
4. CYNOPTERUS. SL Synopsis of the Subgenera and Species. a. Tail distinct.
a'. Incisors 4 sydauanssen euaceiy cabo win ermmte aa Se Subgenus CynoPrTeErus., 2", Molars narrow, much longer than broad ; upper incisors nearly equal.
a", Base of the outer margin of the earconch straight or faintly convex. a‘, Ears nearly double the length of the muzzle, margined very distinctly . Wath Wife! osc oinsd-os5 eta ney wee 1. C. marginatus, p. 81. b*, Ears not much longer than the muzzle, no white margin.
a’, Fur of the head scarcely differing in colour from that covering the back; ears narrow; forearm 2’°7, 2. C. scherzert, p. 84. b°, Fur of the head black, contrasting with the much lighter-coloured fur of the body; ears oval; foreeS U1 ELLY ee ce oP MaR Ere eri 3. C. melanocephalus, b'", Base of the outer margin of the ear- p. 85. conch forming a distinct rounded projection.
e*, Ears not much longer than the muzzle,: no white margin; forearm 2’-2.... 4, C. brachysoma, p.85. 6", Molars very broad; upper incisors nearly equal.
d*, Earsnot much longer than the muzzle. ce’, Fur of the head dark brown, of the body reddish brown ; forearm 2”"8. 5. C. latidens, p. 86. DMCS 6 os ain. wekeigetesenaeees Subgenus Prenocuirvs. ec”, Molars as in C. marginatus; inner upper incisors much longer than the outer ones; forearm 3'"1 . 1... ccc eee eee eee 6. C. jagorit, p. 87. b. Tail none.
e. Incisors $ Se Ree ea IE ERO Subgenus Mze rors, e+, Ears as in C. melanocephalus; fore- BPM 2 Foe ede yeaah ake cee aee 7. C. ecaudatus, p. 87. ae eee eee | Tail distinct : incisors 3. Subgenus CyNOPTERUS. 1. Cynopterus marginatus.
Pteropus marginatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xiv. p. 97; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 202, pl. xiv. ; Cynopterus marginatus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. ? 39 (1825) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice, p. 28 (1852); Blyth, ibid. p. 37 ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 866; Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p. 20 (1867); Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p, 122 (1870); Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 200, pl. xiv. fig. 4 (ear) ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 24. : Pteropus titthecheilus, Temm. 1. c. 1. _ 198, Pachysoma diardii e¢ duyaucellii, Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 705; Temminck, |. c. 11. pp. 95, 96. Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Js. Geoff. l.c.; Temminck, l. e. p. 92. @
82 PTEROPODID.E.
Pteropus pyrivorus, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 36. Cynopterus horsfieldii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1848) ; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus, E. I. Comp. p. 30 (1851). Pachysoma luzoniense, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 708. Eleutherura marginata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 64. Fars large, rounded at the tip, with a slight but distinct concavity of the outer margin immediately beneath the tip; both the outer and inner margins of the ear-conch are bordered with white; the white border along the inner margin is one twelfth of an inch wide, and contrasts strongly with the dark brown colour of the ear; the outer margin terminates below without forming a lobe at the base. Nostrils projecting, with a deep emargination intervening. The upper lip marked in the centre, as in Pteropus, with a narrow vertical groove, bounded laterally by naked prominences continuous with the integument of the nostrils.
Ears naked posteriorly, except at their bases; anteriorly a few hairs appear upon the conch along the outer side of the white border of the inner margin, and, similarly, along the inner side of the white border of the outer margin. On the upper surface the fur extends upon the wing-membrane nearly as far as a line joining the elbowand knee-joints, also thinly upon the humerus, the femur, and proximal end of the tibia; beneath, the antebrachial membrane is covered with moderately long, thinly spread hairs, and the wingmembrane is clothed to about the same extent as upon the upper surface, the hairs also passing outwards in a narrow band posterior to the forearm. The colour of the fur is extremely variable—dark brown, reddish brown, snuff-brown, or olive-brown, sometimes with a bluish tinge throughout. The fur of the male is distinguished from that of the female, especially during the rutting-season, by a collar of stiff radiating reddish-yellow hairs, the coarseness and colour of which appear to depend upon the presence of glands on the sides and on the inferior surface of the neck, similar to those on the shoulders of most species of Pteropus.
Upper incisors close together, short, equal in length, placed in a straight line in the space between the canines, from which a slight interval separates them on each side; lower incisors somewhat smaller, forming a slightly arched row, the outer incisors on each side separated as above by a small space from the canine*. First upper premolar minute, in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar, and slightly to the outer side of the tooth-row ; second premolar nearly equal to the lower canine in vertical extent.
Length (of an adult ¢ recently killed), head and body 44, tail 0”-4, head 15, ear 1" x 0'5, ear from tip of nostril 1-2, eye from tip of nostril 0-5, forearm 3", third finger 5”, fifth finger 3”-7, thumb 1'"1, tibia 1'"1, foot 07.
* In old individuals the lower inner incisors are occasionally found wanting, and their place partially occupied by the outer incisors (see Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 25).
4. cYNorrervus, 83 Hab, India generally, from the Himalaya to Cape Comorin; Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Arracan, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Java, Billiton Island, Borneo, Philippine Islands. This Bat is very common in India, and extremely destructive to fruit of all kinds, especially to guavas, plantains, and mangoes. To a specimen of this Bat, obtained by me at Calcutta, uninjured, I gave a ripe banana, which, with the skin removed, weighed exactly two ounces. The animal immediately, as if famished with hunger, fell upon the fruit, seizing it between the thumbs and the index fingers, and took large mouthfuls out of it, opening the mouth to the fullest extent with extreme voracity. In the space of three hours the whole fruit was consumed. Next morning the Bat was killed, and found to weigh one ounce, half the weight of the food eaten in three hours! Indeed the animal when eating seemed to be a kind of living mill, the food passing from it almost as fast as devoured, and apparently unaltered, eating being performed alone for the sake of the pleasure of eating. This will give some idea of the amount of destruction these Bats are capable of producing among ripe fruits. ‘In Nipal this Bat is a perfect pest, from the havoc it makes among the ripe pears and guavas. Mr. Hodgson says they are only seen in Nipal about midnight, when they come to feed from very considerable distances. In the plains it is noted of them that they will travel from thirty to forty miles, and as many back, in the course of a single night, in order to procure food ” *. One of the specimens in the collection, an adult male, from Ceylon, has well-developed mamme, the teats being as large as in any female during lactation. I have observed an abnormally large size of the mamme in some male specimens of other species of Bats also, and think it probable that where two are born at the same birth, the male may relieve the female of the charge of one of the young ones, and act to it as a nurse. This supposition is strengthened by the consideration that the weight of two young ones would seriously affect the flight of the female (wide anted, p. 79). a-e. 6 & Pimm. et ad. India. sages of State for India 7. ad. sk. India. Leyden Museum.
gy. & ad, al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.], (Eleutherura ellioti, Gray.)
h. fo ad., al. Madras. T. E. J. Boileau, Esq. [P.}. a,j. ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
(Eleutherura ellioti, Gray, P type.)
ke Q ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
1. 2 ad, al. Ceylon. Purchased.
(With foetus in utero.)
m. fo ad, al. Ceylon. Purchased.
(With well-developed mammez.)
n, 0. ad. sks. (one inal,). Pinang.
p. & ad. sk. Pinang.
* Hutton, P. Z, 8. 1872, p. 693.
42
8+ PTEROPODID H.
gq. @ ad. sk. Malacca.
r—v. ad. sks. Malacca.
w. ad. sk. Sumatra.
(Labelled “Type of Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Geoft.”’) z-a'. 6 & Qad. sks. Java. E. India House Coll, b'. 2 imm., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll. e'. fo ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll. d',e'. 2 juv. etad.,al. Philippine Islands. f-h'. 9 ad. sks.
a, ad. sk.
j'. ad. sk.
ki-n'. 3 & O ad., al. Sir A. Smith.
o'. fo ad, al. Lieut. Strickland.
p'. o imm,, al.
qg’. ad. sk. St.George Mivart,Esq.[P.]. r', s'. ad. sks, t’, ad. skeleton. Sumatra. Purchased, w', ad, skeleton, Java. Purchased.
v', imm. skeleton. ? Java. Purchased.
w'. imm. skeleton. India. East India House Coll. x'. skeleton, Ceylon. Purchased.
y'. skeleton.
2. Cynopterus scherzeri.
Pachysoma scherzeri, Fitzinger, Sitzungs. Wien. Akad. 1860, p. 389 (nom. nudum).
Cynopterus marginatus, var. Pachysoma scherzeri, Zelebor, Reise der ster. Freg. ‘ Novara, Sdugeth. p. 11 (1868). Cynopterus scherzeri, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 26, fig. (ear). This species, like Pt. nicobaricus, was named but not described by Fitzinger ; and Zelebor regards it as a variety of C. marginatus, It is at once distinguished from that species by its small and narrow ears, which are also not margined with white. When adult specimens of C. marginatus and of this species are compared together, the difference in the size and shape of the ears is very striking. The muzzle is thicker in front and the colour of the fur much darker than in any specimen of C. marginatus. Length (of an adult @ preserved in alcohol), head and body 3’7, tail 0'°55, head 1'3, ear 0'°63 x 0'"32, eye to tap of nostril 0':45, forearm 2'"7, thumb 1", third finger 4°75, fifth finger 3’-5, tibia 1", foot 0'6.
Hab. Car-Nicobar Island ; found beneath the leaves of the cocoanut palms.
Zelebor mentions that the ears of the specimens obtained at Car- Nicobar are margined with white ; but I have been unable to detect even the slightest trace of a white border in the ears of several specimens from the same locality examined by me. Therefore either Zelebor has been mistaken, or the white bordering of the ears is not a constant character in this species, or I have wrongly identified the species here described with C. scherzeri. But, although it is quite impossible to identify the species here described with that obtained during the ‘ Novara’ Expedition at Car-Nicobar Island from