27, CHIRODERMA, 533 Head with four very broad and very white streaks; no streak along the spine. Fur moderately long and dense. Above tricoloured, brown at the base, then pale yellowish brown, the terminal fourth of the hairs dark brown; beneath brown, the extreme tips ashy. The humerus and muscular part of the forearm are well covered ; the greater part of the antebrachial membrane is naked; on the wing-membrane the fur extends rather densely as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; the whole interfemoral is covered with soft fur, which thins out towards its posterior margin ; the legs and feet are clothed with short hairs. At the base of the thumb some short light brown hairs.
Upper middle incisors slender, unicuspidate, rather long and acutely pointed, each tooth separated by its base from the opposite tooth, but with its cusp directed obliquely inwards, so as to approach it near its extremity (Plate XXIX. fig. 3a); each outer incisor very small, in the centre of the space between the inner incisor and the canine; first upper premolar small, with a single very oblique cusp directed forwards, so as to touch the base of the canine by its anterior side, posteriorly the tooth is separated from the second premolar by a space; second upper premolar with a straight cusp, like that of a small canine, and a small posterior and external basal projection ; second (last) upper molar about a third larger than the first, both molars with a pair of cusps externally, with concave crowns internally not so broad as in Artibeus, and without internal projections ; lower incisors very small, slightly grooved on their crowns ; first lower premolar with an almost flat oval crown but slightly raised above the gum; second and last molar very large, nearly double the antero-posterior diameter of the first molar and almost three times its size, with a concave crown margined by five blunt elevations (Plate X XIX. fig. 3).
The distance between the outer cusps of the last molars in the upper jaw is slightly greater than the distance from one of the middle upper incisors to the posterior edge of the last molar. The nasal opening is prolonged backwards by a very distinct narrow cleft as far as a line corresponding to the anterior margin of the orbit (Plate XXIX. fig. 35).
Length, head and body 2':8, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0:7, head 1'°15, ear 0'°7, tragus 0'"25, nose-leaf 0'°45 x 0”-3, forearm 2", thumb 0:4; third finger—metacarp. 1-8, 1st ph. 0°-75, 2nd ph. 1-05, 3rd ph. 0''-8; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-75, lst ph. 0''-6, 2nd ph. 0-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"75, 1st ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 0'6; tibia 0'-65, calcaneum 0-25, foot 0'-4.
Hab. Costa Rica.
The white streaks on the head appear to be, in this species, wider and more distinct than in any other species of this group. The form of the first lower premolar, the large size of the interfemoral membrane, and the smallness of the feet at once distinguish the species.
a. dad, al. (type). Costa Rica.- O. Salvin, sq. [C.].
5384 PRYLLOSTOMIDAE.
2. Chiroderma villosum.
Chiroderma villosum, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 748. Ear-conch as in Artibeus perspicillatus; nose-leaf also nearly similar, smaller, and circular in front; a faint white streak on each side above the eye from the nose-leaf to the ear, no white line along the spine.
Fur moderately long, pale yellowish brown above, with darker brown extremities ; beneath darker brown, the extreme tips greyish. Above, three fourths the forearm is thickly covered, also portion of the wing-membrane posterior to it, and along the sides of the body as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, also upon the legs and interfemoral membrane, thinning out towards the ankles, and thinly upon the posterior margin of the interfemoral and upon the backs of the feet.
Interfemoral membrane about as large as in Artibeus perspicillatus, but much more densely clothed with hair. Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus.
Skull broadly conical in front, the width between the outer edges of the posterior upper molars slightly exceeds the length of the tooth-row, measured from the inner incisor to the posterior margin of the last molar. Frontal bones flat, with very short postorbital processes; nasal aperture continued backwards by an oval slit, which reaches as far backwards as a line drawn between the most anterior parts of the bony orbits; bony palate continued as far backwards as the posterior third of the zygoma.
4. 1-1 2-2 2—2 Inc. ro Cc. Trop pm. 5 In. 33° Upper middle incisors slender, unicuspidate, their oblique cusps directed inwards towards the middle line and close together by their extremities ; outer incisors unicuspidate, conical, slightly exceeding the cingulum of the canine, not filling up the space between the canine and the middle incisors; first upper premolar small, with a very oblique cusp directed forwards and touching the canine, but separated from the second large premolar by a space; last upper molar exceeding the first in size; lower incisors equal, not crowded, not grooved; first lower premolar with a broad base, the cingulum projecting considerably behind, forming a small posterior cusp ; second with a broad base and a long slender anterior cusp; last molar nearly double the length of the antepenultimate molar, with a flat crown margined by five small cusps (Plate X XIX. figs. 2, 2a). Distance between outer edges of posterior upper molars 0'’-52, distance between summits of cusps of canines 0'':2, length of upper tooth-row 05.
Length, head and body about 2:4, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0'°3, ear 0'"65, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°5; third finger— metacarp. 1-9, Ist ph. 0-8, 2nd ph. 11, 3rd ph. 0'"8; fifth finger —metacarp. 19, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"65; tibia 0’7, caleaneum 0°35, foot 0'"5.
The above measurements haye been taken from a skin and skull
27. CHIRODERMA. 535 from Minas Geraes in the Collection, and are slightly larger than those of the type specimen.
Hab. Brazil.
a. ad. sk. Minas Geraes.
b, skull of a.
3. Chiroderma pusillum.
Phyllostoma pusillum, Wagner, Abhandl. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 178 1843) ; sae Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 6384 (1855). Chiroderma pusillum, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 395. Much smaller than the preceding species, and with four very distinct white streaks on the head.
Wing-membrane from the base of the toes; interfemoral membrane very deeply concave behind.
Upper middle incisors separated at their bases and directed obliquely inwards, each tooth with a broader cusp than in either of the preceding species, and on its outer side near its extremity a blunt projection; the other incisors as in Ch. villosum ; first upper and lower premolars with broad bases, each with an oblique, anteriorly directed, acutely pointed cusp; last lower molar one half greater than the first in antero-posterior diameter. The skull of the adult, as shown by Dr. Peters, has not the cleft between the nasal bones which is present in all other species of the genus.
Length, head and body about 2”, forearm 1'4, thumb 0-44; third finger—metacarp. 1'°25, Ist ph. 0'"52, 2nd ph. 07, 3rd_ ph. 0"-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1°23, Ist ph. 0'°48, 2nd ph. 0'5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"24, 1st ph. 0'"33, 2nd ph. 0'"36; tibia 0":5, foot 0"-4 The above measurements are taken from a specimen in the Leyden Museum, referred to by Dr. Peters in MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 393.
Hab. Brazil.
4. Chiroderma bidens.
Ears as in Ch. pusillum ; nose-leaf rather narrow and long, the lancet-shaped leaf with a very prominent central longitudinal ridge, which is produced upwards and terminates the leaf in a narrow needle-shaped projection; horseshoe small, almost quite circular, front margin distinct from the muzzle.
First phalanx of the middle finger one third the length of the metacarpal bone, and slightly more than half the second phalanx ; metacarpals of the last two fingers equal in length, slightly shorter than the metacarpal of the middle finger. Wings from the metatarsi; interfemoral membrane moderately deep behind, the emargination behind not extending further forwards than a line deve from the middle of one tibia to the other.
Fur moderately long and dense ; on the upper surface dark brown,
536 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.
the basal three fourths of the hairs pale shining brown; beneath, greyish brown. On the face four very distinct longitudinal white bands—two superior extending from either side of the posterior margin of the base of the nose-leaf directly backwards to the back of the head; two inferior passing backwards along the upper lip and below the eyes to the ears. On the back a narrow but distinct white stripe commences at the back of the head and extends along the spine to the termination of the fur behind. The fur of the body extends upon the back of the forearm and adjacent wing-membrane for more than half its length, and upon the wing-membrane almost as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; the interfemoral, the legs, and the feet are almost quite naked.
4 1—1 2—2 2—2 Inc. ? c. Top pm. 55) MM. 3-3.
Upper incisors as in Ch. pusillwm, the extremities of the central incisors slightly notched, the two lower incisors faintly grooved ; premolars also as in Ch. pusillum; second upper molar scarcely larger than the first molar; third lower molar very small and circular (not discernible without the aid of a lens), placed directly behind and close to the second molar.
Length, head and body 2':25, ear 0'':55, nose-leaf 0'°35, forearm 1-4, thumb 0'°45; third finger—metacarp. 1'°4, Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'°8, 3rd ph. 0:45 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0”55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph. 0'°3, 2nd ph, 0-45; tibia 0'°5, foot 0'°4.
Hab. Peruvian Amazons.
a. 9 ad. sk. Huallaga. E. Bartlett (C.].
28. PYGODERMA.
Pygoderma, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 357. Muzzle very short and much thickened in a vertical direction ; ears and nose-leaf generally as in Artibeus; interfemoral membrane short.
Dentition. Inc. re C. —s pm. a mn. — General character of the teeth as in Stenoderma, but the last molars in both jaws (corresponding to the large second molars in other genera of Stenodermata) reduced to a very small size; facial bones greatly expanded laterally and vertically. 1. Pygoderma bilabiatum.
Phyllostoma bilabiatum, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, p. 366; Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, Sdugeth. p. 47 (1854). Arctibeus leucomus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 57. Stenoderma (Pygoderma) microdon, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1863, p.83 Muzzle short and very thick; nose-leaf higher than broad,
28. PYGODERMA. 5387 lanceolate, the front edge of the horseshoe bound down to the muzzle; ear-conch and tragus as in Artibeus cinereus; eyes large, not concealed. From either side of the front margin of the noseleaf a slightly raised, very narrow, but well-defined ridge passes backwards to the angle of the mouth, appearing like the margin of an upper lip, below this ridge the fur of the face does not pass; lower ~ lip with a central wart, margined on either side by a similar wart, and five small warts in a semicircle beneath (Plate XXX. fig. 3). Interfemoral membrane circularly emarginate behind, about 0-3 inch deep in the middle; wings from the metatarsus close to the base of the toes.
Fur moderately long and dense; above, dark brown at the base, then pale buff, the extremities of the hairs dark brown; beneath, greyish brown throughout; on each shoulder, at the origin of the antebrachial membrane, a small patch of white hairs. On the upper surface the fur extends thickly outwards upon the forearm to within a short distance from the carpus, ending rather abruptly, densely clothing the wing-membrane behind the humerus and forearm, extending more thinly upon the legs to the ankles and upon the adjoining wing-membrane; the interfemoral membrane is well covered with moderately long hairs, which form a fringe along its posterior margin ; the proximal third of the last metacarpal is clothed with hair.
Facial bones greatly enlarged vertically, forming large rounded eminences above the orbits with a broad flattened intervening space above, bebind which the crown of the skull is slightly elevated (Plate XXVIII. fig. 46) ; incisors as in Ametrida, the central incisors unicuspidate, triangular, directed vertically downwards, the cingulum of each tooth with a small basal projection externally; outer incisors scarcely elevated above the gum, flat-crowned, filling the space between the canines and the inner incisors; upper premolars nearly equal in size, almost equal to the canine in transverse section and equalling three fourths its vertical extent ; first upper molar slightly larger than the second premolar in cross section; second molar minute, similar in form and size to the outer upper incisors (Plate XXVIII. figs. 4,4 a); lower incisors equal, deeply grooved above and in front, placed in a straight line between the canines ; lower premolars equal to the upper, with posterior basal projections ; first lower molar larger than the second premolar in cross section, flat, with acute projections along its inner edge; last lower molar scarcely one third the size of the first molar (Plate XXVIII. fig. 4). Length, head and body 2':4, nose-leaf 05 x0"28, ear 0'"7, tragus 0'°28, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0"°5; third finger—metacarp. 1-4, 1st ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 1”, 3rd ph. 05; fourth finger— metacarp. 1”-4, Ist ph. 0’-45, 2nd ph. 0"-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-45, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0-6; tibia 0°65, foot 0-45. Hab. Mexico; Brazil.
a, ad, sk. Brazil. Purchased.
(Type of Arctibeus leucomus, Gray.)
538 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.
29. STURNIRA.
Sturnira, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 (1842). Nyctiplanus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 57, Muzzle short and conical; nose-leaf and ears as in Artibeus; chin with three warts in front, margined below by smaller warts in a semicircular series; tail none; calcaneum indistinct; interfemoral membrane very narrow; wing-membrane extending to the ankles. Dentition. Inc. 4 c. = eae = Upper middle incisors unicuspidate, oblique; molars rather narrow and longitudinally grooved, their longitudinal equalling their transverse diameters; last molar in both jaws small. This genus differs from all the genera of Stenodermata in its longitudinally grooved molars, and resembles Brachyphylla alone in the conical shape of the muzzle.
The molars resemble those of the frugivorous Pteropi more closely than those of any other Bats; and the only known species, S. Lilium, no doubt lives chiefly if not altogether on fruit, though Tschudi (‘Fauna Peruana’), while describing its frugivorous habits, remarks that a specimen was caught in the act of sucking the face of a drunken Indian sleeping under a plantain tree. It is very probable, however, that the truly sanguivorous Desmodus rufus, which this species resembles closely in the colour of the fur and in general external form, was mistaken for it.
In the presence of tufts of longer and differently coloured hairs over glands on the sides of the neck in the males of S. Lilium (Ph. erythromos, Tschudi, and Ph. chrysocomos, Wagner), another point of resemblance to the frugivorous Pteropi may be observed, which is even more remarkable than the form of the teeth, as the latter is evidently the result of adaptative changes.
1. Sturnira lilium.
Phyllostoma lilium, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p.181; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Sdugeth. 1. p. 411, v. p. 631.
Phyllostoma spiculatus, Lhger, Lichtenst. Verz. der Doubl. p. 3. Sturnira spectrum, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 257; Voyage ‘ Sulphur,’ Mammal. p. 22, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1844). Phyllostoma excisum, Wagner, Wiegm. Archww, 1842, p. 858. Phyllostoma albescens e¢ fumarium, Wagner, Abhand. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 178 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 524). Phyllostoma erythromos e¢ oporaphilum, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 64, pls. i. & ii, (184446).
Stenoderma chilense, Gervais, Gay, Hist. de Chili, Mammal. p. 30, pl. i. fig. 1 (1847).
Nyctiplanus rotundatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 57. ee chrysocomos, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 6385 ( 5 Sturnira hlium et chilensis, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 39, pl. viii. fig. 5, and pl. ix. figs. 5& 6 (1855); Peters, l.c.
29, STURNIRA. 539 Muzzle short, obtusely conical ; nostrils opening in the centre of the horizontal portion of the nose-leaf, the front edge of which is straight and continuous with the integument of the muzzle beneath, separated by a rather wide space from the margin of the lip; vertical portion of the nose-leaf ovate-lanceolate, arising by a narrow stalk between the nasal orifices, then convex on the sides and narrow lanceolate in the upper third (Plate XXX. fig. 4, front of muzzle, enlarged) ; immediately behind the nose-leaf on either side in front of the eyes a prominent obliquely situated glandular elevation is placed. ars much shorter than the head, narrow, and narrowly rounded off or subacutely pointed at the tips ; upper half of the outer margin of the conch straight, the lower half convex, slightly notched opposite the middle of the tragus, terminating opposite the base of the inner margin: the tragus reaches its greatest width opposite the base of its inner margin; the outer margin immediately above that point is notched, then slants upwards and inwards ; the inner margin is straight, the tip truncated, and terminating in three small points. Inner margins of the lips fringed with very distinct papille, as in Artibeus; lower lip with three warts in front, whereof the central is largest, bounded laterally and beneath by a row of small warts (Plate XXX. fig. 4). Wing-membrane extending to the ankles; interfemoral membrane rudimentary, forming a narrow band along the legs and extremity of the body; tail none; caleaneum indistinct. Fur moderately long and dense; on the upper surface extending forwards upon the muzzle as far as the base of the nose-leaf; also upon the humerus and half the forearm, but leaving the antebrachial membranes naked; posteriorly, the hinder extremities and the narrow interfemoral membrane are covered with fine rather long fur, which also clothes the backs of the feet; on the wingmembranes the fur extends as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and on a small portion external to the tibia; beneath, the antebrachial membrane, the forearm, and the wing-membrane posterior to the forearm are clothed with fine hairs, and the fur of the body extends for a short distance upon the wing-membrane. Colour of the fur variable and different according to sex and age. In the adult male the head, neck, and shoulders are generally yellowish brown, the back and extremities dark brown with reddish tips, base of the hairs yellowish white; between the head and the point of origin of the antehumeral membrane, on either side of the neck, a bunch of longer and more closely set hairs of a brownishred colour with golden-red tips; beneath greyish brown, slightly washed with reddish ; throat paler. In the adult female the head, neck, and shoulders are greyish brown, on the back and extremities dark brown, the base of the hairs darker than in the male ; beneath, paler throughout, and whitish with a reddish tinge towards the centre of the body.
Incisors like those of Carollia brevicauda; the central upper incisors unicuspidate, with oblique cusps; the outer incisors short and broad, their anterior surface concave, their summits broadly
540 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.
conical, on each side and close to the inner incisor, and also lying partly against the inner side of the front surface of the base of the canine; lower incisors equal or the middle incisors slightly larger with straight faintly notched cutting-edges ; first upper premolar exceeding the second in antero-posterior diameter at the base, but less than it in vertical extent; last molar scarcely one third the size of the antepenultimate molar, with an oval crown of which the longer diameter is transverse; first lower premolar considerably exceeding the second in size, but equal to it in vertical extent ; last lower molar about equal to the last upper, but its longer diameter is placed in the direction of the jaw; inner three fourths of the crowns of the molars longitudinally concave, the outer one fourth forming a notched cutting-edge (Plate XXVIII. fig. 5, upper jaw). Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2'4, head 09, ear U'"'7 x 0''4, tragus 0':28, nose-leaf 0’-35 x 0"-22, forearm 1'7, thumb 0-45; third finger—metacarp. 1':55, 1st: ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0”-75, 3rd ph. 0”'7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1”-6, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0”-6 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”-6, Ist ph. 0’-35, 2nd ph. 05; tibia 0-65, foot 0'°5.
Hab. Neotropical Region (tropical and subtropical parts, apparently generally distributed), a. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
b, ad. sk. Jamaica. J. Gould, Esq. ‘BS ce. ad. sk, Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.].
d. § ad., al. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq.
e, f. ad. sks, Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [P.}.
g-t. ad. sks, Rio Janeiro. Earl of Derby [P.].
J-q. ad sks. Sta. Catherina. Purchased.
r, s. ad. sks. Minas Geraes.
t. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
wu. ad. sks. Brazil. Purchased.
v. fo ad, al. Brazil.
w. ad. sk. Rio Napo, Brazil. Purchased.
(With very dark-coloured fur.)
a. ad. sk. Huallaga. Mr. Bartlett [C.].
y-a'. ad. sks. Earl of Derby [P.}.
6’. ad. sk. St. George Mivart [P.].
e'. skull of ¢.
d', skull of e.
e', skull. No history.
30. BRACHYPHYLLA.
Brachyphylla, Gray, P. ZS. 1833, p. 123; Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 489 (1838).
Muzzle conical, longer and narrower than in other genera of this group; nose-leaf small, near the extremity of the muzzle, bounded posteriorly and laterally by a deep groove; nasal apertures uncovered, in the centre of the nose-leaf; ears as in Phyllostoma; lower lip with a V-shaped groove in front margined by warts ; inner margins of the lips with few conical papilla; interfemoral membrane well