1. RHINOLOPHUS. 117 18. Rhinolophus blasii.
Rhinolophus clivosus, Blasius (non Cretzschmar), Fauna Deutschl. p- 33, figs. 10, 11 (1857), Rhinolophus blasii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1866, p. 17, and 1871, p. 809; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 51 (1876). Ears shorter than the head, acutely pointed, slightly attenuated towards the tips, but much less so than in Rh. ferrum-equinum ; antitragus separated from the outer margin by a very shallow emargination. Horizontal horseshoe-shaped membrane small, leaving the front and sides of the muzzle uncovered; vertical process of the sella short, abruptly narrowed at half its height, and terminating in a subacute point, its upper half thus presenting a triangular surface anteriorly ; upper margin of the posterior connectingprocess forming a long narrow acutely pointed projection, extending high above the summit of the vertical process of the sella; terminal nose-leaf moderately large, sides of the terminal triangular process slightly concave (Plate VII. fig. 7). Lower lip with a single groove. Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane square behind ; extreme tip of tail projecting.
Fur reddish brown above, light greyish brown beneath. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'°9, tail 1", ear 0'"7, antitragus 0':3, forearm 1'"8, thumb 0'°28; third finger—metacarp. 1'"15, 1st ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'-25, Ist ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0-5; tibia 0':75, foot 0"°35.
Hab. Europe (south of the Alps); Northern Africa; Asia Minor (Palestine).
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
a-c. 6 & 9 ad.,al. Cave of Adullam, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. d. skeleton. Cave of Adullam, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C. 19. Rhinolophus hipposideros.
Noctilio hipposideros, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. p. 1194 (1801). Vespertilio hippocrepis, Hermann, Observ. Zoolog. p. 18 (1804). Rhinolophus bihastatus, Geoffroy, Descript. de l Egypte, ii. p. 132 (1812).
Gey pusillus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 35 (1835- 41)* Rhinolophus hipposideros, Blasius, Fuuna Deutsch. 1857; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871 ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 52 (1876). ; Rhinolophus minimus, Heuglin, Séugeth. N.Ost-Afrika’s, p.6 (1861). Ears nearly as long as the head, very acutely pointed ; outer margin of the conch deeply concave beneath the tip ; antitragus separated * The types of Rhinolophus pusillus, Temm., in the collection of the Leyden Museum are, undoubtedly, examples of this species.
118 RHINOLOPHID&.
by a deep angular notch. Horizontal horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf not concealing the sides of the muzzle, finely crenate along its outer free margin; vertical process of the sella long, diminishing gradually in width from the base upwards, its anterior surface thus presenting the form of an isosceles triangle with a narrowly rounded-off vertical angle; the upper edge of the posterior connecting-process forms a narrow subacute projection, scarcely exceeding the summit of the anterior process of the sella; posterior nose-leaf long, its terminal process shaped like the vertical process of the sella (Plate VII. fig. 8). Lower lip with a single vertical groove.
Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane angular behind, the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.
Fur light brown above, beneath light greyish brown. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'°55, tail 1-15, head 0'-65, ear 0'-6, forearm 15, third finger 2'"2, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0'*7, foot 0:3, nose-leaf 0'°5 x 0'"3. Hab. Palearctic Region ; Southern and Middle Europe (Dalmatia, Italy, Southern Russia, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, France, Southern England, Ireland); N.E, Africa; Asia Minor (Caucasus range); and, if the “habitat” Java given by Temminck for 2h. pusillus be correct, extending also into, and perhaps throughout, the Oriental Region.
a. 2 ad., al. Devonshire. Mus. Leach.
b,c. 3 & @ ad, al. Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.]. d, ad. sk. St. Gothard.
e-g 3 & 9 ad., al. Sicily. Purchased.
h, ad. sk. St. Mauria. M. O. Galliard [P.].
a 9 ad., al. Tangiers. Mr. Fraser’s Collection. J & ad., al. Purchased.
kl. Q ad, al. No history.
m,n. 3 ad., al. No history.
o. 2 ad., al. Zool. Soc. Coll.
p,q. skulls. England. Mr. Yarrell’s Collection. r. skull. Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.}.
s. skull of d.
t-v, skulls. No locality. Old Collection.
20. Rhinolophus landeri.
Rhinolophus landeri, Martin, P. Z. 8.1887, p.101; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 308.
Ears shorter than the head, not attenuated at their extremities, the inner margin of the ear-conch convex to the tip ; antitragus short, evenly convex, separated posteriorly by avery shallow notch; noseleaf about the same size as in Fh. affinis, the horizontal leaf broader than in Rh. euryale, but not concealing the muzzle; vertical process of the sella slightly narrowed in the centre, broader and rounded-off above, exceeded in height by the upper margin of the posterior connecting-process, which forms an angular elevation more or less acute,
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 119 but much broader at its base and much shorter than in Rh. euryale; posterior leaf rather short and acutely pointed (Plate VII. fig. 9). Wings from the ankles or from the tibia close to the ankle-joint. Interfemoral membrane short, slightly triangular behind. Fur varying from deep ferruginous brown, above and beneath, to sulphur or pale yellowish brown.
The first upper premolar blunt, in the tooth-row, but closely appressed between the canine and second premolar. Length (of the type specimen), head and body 16, tail 0’-85, ear 0'°65, nose-leaf 0-45 x 0'-28, forearm 1'°7, thumb 0'-28; third finger—metacarp. 1-15, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'2, 1st ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0-55; tibia 0'-65, foot 0-3. Hab. Africa (Fernando-Po Island, Gaboon, Damara Land). a. @ ad., al. (type). Fernando Po. Zool. Soc. Coll. 6. 2 ad, al. Elloby district, Gaboon. H. A. Ansell, Esq. ec. 2 ad., al. Dr. Livingstone [C.].
21. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum.
Vespertilio ferrum-equinum, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 174 (1775) ; Ercleb. Syst. Reg. Anim. p. 154 (1777); Gm, Lin. p. 50 (1788), Rhinolophus unihastatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xx. p. 257. Rhinolophus geoffroyi, Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 433. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Leach, Zool. Miscell. iii. p. 2; Jenyns, Brit. Verteb. p.19; Bell, British Quadrup. p. 68 (wdct.) (1837) ; Blasius, Fauna Deutsch, p. 31 (1857) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 310; Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 208; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 53 (1876).
Rhinolophus nippon, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 30 a (1835-41), Rhinolophus tragatus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. p. 699. Rhinolophus fumigatus, Riippell, Mus. Senckenberg. iii. p. 132 (vide Peters, l. c. 1871, p. 811); Peters, C. v. der Decken Reis. in Africa, Stugeth. pl. 2. fig. 3.
Rhinolophus deckenii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 705. Ears slightly shorter than the head, very acutely pointed and attenuated towards the tip, the outer margin of the ear-conch deeply concave in its upper third, the inner margin slightly concave in its upper fourth; antitragus not much developed, separated posteriorly by a shallow obtuse-angled notch. Nose-leaf rather small, the horseshoe-shaped portion not concealing the sides of the muzzle; vertical process of the sella narrow, concave on the sides, roundedoff above, the summit as broad as the base, narrowest in the centre, exceeded considerably in height behind by the superior margin of the posterior connecting-process, which, viewed laterally, is obtusely conical, and is clothed with a few fine straight hairs ; triangular terminal portion of the posterior leaf emarginate on the sides towards the apex, forming a narrow acutely pointed process (Plate VII. fig. 10). Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane slightly triangular behind; tip of the tail free; calcanea well developed. Fur, above, reddish brown with a greyish tinge; beneath pale grcy, almost white.
120 RHINOLOPHIDZE.
Second upper premolar close to the canine; first premolar minute and quite external to the tooth-row; second lower premolar not discernible in some specimens, in others always detected with difticulty, even with the aid of a lens, lying in the outer angle between the closely approximated first and third premolars. Length, head and body 2°35, tail 1°55, head 1”, ear 0-9, noseleaf 0-6 x 0'°35, forearm 2'°25, thumb 0-32; third finger—metacarp. 1-55, lst ph. 0'"75, 2nd ph. 1°35; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-6, 1st ph. 0'"45, 2nd ph. 08; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°65, Ist ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'°7; tibia 0'°9, foot 0°55. Hab. Europe, Africa, Asia. In Europe extending as far north as Southern England, and the Harz Mountains in Germany; in Africa probably generally distributed ; in Asia found in the Himalaya and in Japan. It has therefore by far the widest distribution of any species of the genus. In tropical countries it appears to be more or less confined to the elevated tablelands. Rh. ferrum-equinum is easily distinguished by the peculiarly attenuated and very acutely pointed extremities of the ears, by the form of the erect process of the sella, which is slightly expanded above and beneath, and by the position of the first upper premolar outside the tooth-row. The length of the ear varies slightly. a. 3 ad., al. Tubingen. Dr. Giinther [P.]. b. 2 ad, al. Turin.
c,d. f ad, al. Sicily. Purchased.
e. ad. sk. Europe. Leyden Museum.
Sig. ad. sks. Syria.
h,t. Q ad., al. Lake of Galilee. Canon Tristram [C.]. j-l. Q ad., al. Euphrates valley. Col. Chesney [C. ]. m-0. 6 & Qad., al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. p. & ad., al. Darjiling, India.
g. ad. sk. India. Capt. Boys.
r,s. 9 ad., al. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.}. t. ad. sk. Japan.
u. 2 ad., al. Gaboon. Purchased.
v. o ad., al, Port Natal. Rey. H. Callaway [P.]. w. & imm., al. King William’s Town. Lieut. Trevelyan [P.]. a. ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope.
y. © ad., al. Haslar Collection.
z. o ad., al. No history.
a’, b!. ad., sk.
c'-p'. skulls. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1. (Labelled Rhinolophus tragatus, Hodgs.)
q. skull of o.
r. skull of a’.
22. Rhinolophus clivosus.
Rhinolophus clivosus, Riippell, Atlas, Reise nord-ost Afrika, p. 47 (1824); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 16, 1871, p. 311. Ears considerably shorter than the head, acutely pointed; inner margin of the car-conch convex throughout, but less convex above,
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 121 tip not attenuated ; antitragus separated by an obtuse notch, short, evenly convex; nose-leaf not concealing the muzzle, divided by a simple notch in front ; horizontal plate of the sella with semicircular sides much broader than the vertical process, which is slightly narrower in the middle and similar to that in Rh. ferrum-equinum, its summit rounded-off above, considerably surpassed in height by the crest of the connecting-process, which forms an acute thickened projection ; terminal leaf rather short and acute; horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf not concealing the sides of the muzzle. Wings from the tibiz slightly above the ankles; last small caudal vertebree projecting.
Fur sulphur-brown above, beneath canary-colour.
First upper premolar in the tooth-row in immature specimens; in adults closely wedged in between the adjoining teeth. Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 175, tail 0-95, head 0'"8, ear 0'-65, nose-leaf 0:45 x 0'"28, forearm 1-75, thumb 03 ; third finger—metacarp. 1-2, Ist ph. 0"-55, 2nd ph.1"; fourth finger— metacarp. 1:3, 1st ph. 0'"28, 2nd ph. 0''65 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-25, Ist ph. 0°38, 2nd ph. 0°55 ; tibia 0'7, foot 0”°4, Hab. N.E. Africa (Kordofan).
This species is very closely allied to Rh. landeri and to Rh. ferrwn-equinum. It is distinguished from the former by the form of the upper margin of the posterior connecting-process of the sella, by the smaller size of the horseshoe-shaped membrane, and by its larger feet; from the latter by the form of the ears and of the upper margin of the same connecting-process, by the position of the first upper premolar in the tooth-row, and by its conspicuously smaller size.
a. 3 & 2 imm,, al. Kordofan. Dr. Riippell [C.].
b. 9 ad., al. ? Europe. Dr. Heckel [P.].
ec. ad. sk. North Africa. Frankfort Museum.
23. Rhinolophus capensis.
Rhinolophus capensis, Lichtenstein, Vers. Zool. Mus. Berl. p. 4 (1823) Keys. § Blas. Wieym. Archiv, v. p. 828 (1889) ; Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 310.
Rhinolophus geoftroyii, Smith, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 433 (1829). Rhinolophus clivosus, Smith (non Riippell), African Zoology, part i. Mammalia, p. 23 (1834).
Rhinolophus auritus, Victorin, Sundevall, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. Stockholm, p. 18 (1858) (vide Peters, 1. c.).
Ears as long as the head, broad, subacutely pointed, not attenuated near the tips as in Rh. ferrum-equinum; the inner margin of the ear-conch convex in its upper third, the outer margin concave for a short distance immediately beneath the tip, then convex ; the antitragus separated by a very shallow notch; horizontal horseshoeshaped membrane not concealing the muzzle though covering it anteriorly, the remaining parts of the nose-leaf similar to those in Rh. ferrum-equinum (Plate VII. fig. 11).
122 RUINOLOPHID.
Interfemoral membrane short, straight along free margin; tip of the tail very slightly projecting. Wing-membrane from the tarsus. Fur as in Rh. ferrum-equinum.
First upper premolar minute, in the very narrow space between the canine and second premolar, half external. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”-15, tail 0'"85, head 0-9, ear 0'"9, nose-leaf 0'°55 x 0'"3, forearm 1'9, thumb 0':3; third finger—metacarp. 1'°3, Ist ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 1-1; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"5, Ist ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0°65; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0':45, 2nd ph. 0'55; tibia 0'-75, foot 0’°45.
Hab. South Africa (Zanzibar, Cape Colony).
This species resembles Rh. ferrum-equinum very closely in the form of its nose-leaf, but may be at once distinguished by the very different form of the ears, and by the position of the first minute upper premolar.
a, b,c. 2 ad., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [P.].
d-n. 6 & Qad,al. Cape Town. Trustees 8. African Mus. [P.]. o, p. ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope.
gq. skull of e.
r, skeleton. Cape Town. Trustees 8, African Mus, [P.]. 24. Rhinolophus ethiops.
Rhinolophus eethiops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1868, p. 687. Resembles Rh. ferrum-equinum closely in size and in the general form of the ears; the ear-conch, however, is less attenuated above and quite obtusely pointed, and the nasal cutaneous appendages are much larger; horseshoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf broad, concealing the muzzle laterally and in front when viewed from above; central erect part of the sella as in Rh. ferrum-equinum, but the posterior connecting band is more broadly rounded off above and scarcely rises above the level of the extremity of the sella; sides of the terminal lancet-shaped leaf straight, not emarginate (Plate VII. fig. 12); lower lip divided by a single vertical groove. Wings from the ankles or tarsi; interfemoral membrane straight behind, between the extremities of the extended calcanea; last caudal vertebra projecting.
Colour and distribution of the fur and dentition as in Rh. ferrumequinum.
Length, head and body 2'"4, tail 1"-2, head 095, ear 0'9, nose~ leaf 0-65 x 0'"4, forearm 2'°2, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 1-5, 1st ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 1"°3; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-55, 1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0'"8; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-55, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0°55; tibia 0-9, foot 0"-5. Hab. West Africa (Benguela, Otjimbingue).
a. 9 ad, al. Benguela, Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. b. f ad., al. Benguela, Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray tp ; ce, d. ad., al. Benguela, Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.}. e. 9 imm., al. Benguela, Angola. F. F, Monteiro fp :
2. TRLENOPS. 123 Subfam. II. PHYLLORHININ#.
Toes equal, of two phalanges each ; ilio-pectineal spine united by a bony isthmus with a process derived from the antero-inferior surface of the ilium, forming a, large preacetabular foramen *. Synopsis of Genera.
a. Horizontal anterior nose-leaf horseshoe-shaped; metacarpal bone of index finger equal to or scarcely exceeding the metacarpal of the third finger in length.
a", Centre of the upper surface of the horseshoe supporting the base of a horizontal crest extending backwards between and above the nasal apertures.
a", Outer margin of the ear commencing near the posterior commissure of the eyelids.... 2. TRLmNops, p. 123. b'". Outer margin of the ear commencing at a point distant from and on a much lower level than the eye .......... 3. RHINonycTERIS, p. 126. 6”, Centre of the upper surface of the horseshoe uncovered; no horizontal crest extending backwards between and above the nasal aper- CULES iva ar serene Peters siete 4, PHYLLORHINA, p. 127. b. Horizontal anterior nose-leaf lobate; metacarpal bone of the index finger very long, extending to the first phalanx of the middle finger.......... 5. Castors, p. 152. 2. TRIZNOPS.
Trizenops, Dobson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. (1871) p. 455. Nose-leaf horseshoe-shaped in front, tridentate behind; horseshoeshaped portion consisting of two laminz, of which the overlying one * The bridge thus formed between the spinous process of the eminentia iliopectinea and the antero-inferior spine of the ilium forms the inferior boundary of a large foramen, larger than the obturator opening, which lies behind and in a plane slightly inferior to it. This foramen occurs only in the species of Bats included in this subfamily, and has not yet been observed in any other species of mammal. ‘The osseous connecting arch forming its inferior boundary evidently greatly strengthens the pelvis (which is so remarkably weak in all Bats); but we do not yet know whether there be any corresponding difference in the habits of the animals possessing this peculiar structure which may require additional strength in the pelvis. The Bats of this subfamily are also remarkably characterized by the equal
124 RHINOLOPHID.®.
is deeply emarginate in front, with the sides of the emargination turned upwards and supporting the base of a longitudinal horizontal crest, extending backwards between and above the nasal apertures ; hinder erect portion of the nose-leaf with one cell in the centre of its base, the entrance to which is guarded by a lanceolate process, with cells on the sides of its front surface, and one on each side behind immediately above the eye. Ears without a distinct antitragus, as in Phyllorhina, the outer margin of the ear-conch arising from the posterior commissure of the eyelids.
a, 2. 1-1 22 3—3 Dentition. Ine. 7, ¢. »=, pm. =, m. 53.
First upper premolar minute.
1. Triznops persicus.
Trienops persicus, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 455, pl. xxviil.; td. “On the Osteology of,” 1.c. xli. 1872, pp. 136-142, L. vi. figs. 1-14; «d. Monograph Asiat. Chiropt. p. 56, fig. a (head), fig. 6 (wing).
Head long; muzzle broad, obtuse, flattened laterally ; ears nearly as broad as long, funnel-shaped, with acutely pointed tips; the outer margin commences in a narrow fold of skin arising from the posterior angle of the eyelids, which, passing backwards and slightly downwards for about 0-1 inch, rises abruptly to a height of 0-2 inch, forming the outer side of the external ear; the inner margin is convex forwards, and rises to about the same height; at a short distance behind it is interrupted by a sudden emargination, which is succeeded by a triangular elevation of the rim of the ear, forming the tip, which projects outwards owing to the concavity of the outer side of this triangle.
The nasal appendages are very complicated, and difficult to describe. Their form will be better understood by an examination of Plate VIII. fig. 1, in which the very peculiar shape of the ear is also well shown.
The terminal phalanx of the fourth finger presents a remarkable form, which has not been noticed in any other species of Bat. From the outer side of the proximal extremity of that bone a small process arises, with an inclination forwards and outwards, and terminates by an obtuse point in the wing-membrane, in which it is included (see fig. b in Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt., referred to above). The distal extremity of the same phalanx is very shortly bifid, as in most Rhinolophine Bats; but the terminal phalanx of the fifth finger ends in a single point.
Wing-membrane attached to the tibia a short distance above the number of phalanges in the toes, differing in this respect from all other species of Chiroptera except the very remarkable Thyroptera tricolor, a Bat possessing peculiar accessory clinging organs—suctorial disks attached to the thumbs and feet.