7. TAPHOZOUS. 389 brown, the surface mottled with small irregular white patches ; beneath, reddish brown.
Length, head and body 3'"5, tail 1-3, ear 0'"8, tragus 0''-23, thumb 0'''5; third finger—metacarp. 2'-75, 1st ph. 1'"15, 2nd ph. 1'°2; fifth finger 2'-65, tibia 1-2, foot 0'-65. Hab. Lower Bengal (Sylhet) ; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra; Java.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
a, b. ad. sks. India.
e-e. & ad., al. Ceylon. Dr. Thwaites [P.].
f ¢& ad, al. Singapore.
g-t. ad. sks. Java. Purchased.
j. & ad, al. Purchased.
k. skeleton. Purchased.
9. Taphozous affinis.
Taphozous affinis, Dobson, Ann. § May. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 282; P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 555 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 173 (1876). Ears shorter than the head; inner margin of the ear-conch not papillate; tragus rather short, almost quite circular above, outer surface concave. Lower lip with a deep narrow groove in the centre of its upper surface and in front (Plate XX. fig. 5). Male with a large gular sac, as large as in 7’. saccolemus, rudimentary in the female, the margins of the sac alone developed. No radiometacarpal pouch.
Wings from the ankles.
Distribution of the fur as in 7. saccolemus. Above black, the bases of the hairs white; beneath wholly pure silky white. The integument of the back is white; the antebrachial and interfemoral membranes, and that portion of the wing-membrane between the forearm and third finger, white, while that portion of the wingmembrane between the third and first fingers is black mottled with white along the third finger; beneath, the wing-membrane is pure white from the sides of the body outwards as far as the third finger, beyond which it is coloured as the corresponding part above. This species is closely allied to 7. saccolemus, resembling it in its general structure and in measurements. It is at once distinguished by the pure whiteness of the fur of the thorax and abdomen and of the wing-membrane (the same in the four specimens preserved in spirit, from which the original description was made), which in 7’, saccoleemus is always some shade of brown. Structurally it is distinguished by the complete absence of a gular sac in the females ; for in T. saccolemus a sac exists in the females also, though much less developed than in the males. The margins of a gular sac are well defined in this species; but no cavity exists. Length, head and body 3'-4, tail 1'-1, ear 0'°9, tragus 0'°25, forearm 2-9, thumb 0'-5; third finger—metacarp. 2'8, Ist ph. 1/'-2, 2nd ph. 1:2; fifth finger 2'-5, tibia 1”, foot 0'"°6. Hab. Labuan Island ; Sumatra.
390 EMBALLONURID&.
Mr. E. C. Buxton (in a note accompanying a specimen of this species) remarks :—‘ This Bat was killed at Telok Betony, in Sumatra, in the summer of 1876. There was an old hollow cocoa-nut stump in the garden, and about twenty of these Bats lived in it. At night, or rather early in the morning, they used to hang at the top of the verandah in company with several other kinds; and I found that they were all fruit-eaters, as there was a great deal of fruit refuse under them.”
Although this does not prove that 7’. affinis occasionally feeds on fruits, as it is possible that the “ other kinds” referred to may have been wholly the producers of the refuse found on the floor of the verandah, yet it appears probable that not only this species but also the other species of the genus may sometimes or habitually vary their insect food with fruit; for many of the American Bats, and especially the species of the closely allied genus Noctilio, with welldeveloped insectivorous dentition, are known to feed occasionally, if not for the greater part, on fruit.
a-c. 6 & Qad, al. (type). Labuan. Purchased.
d. ad. sk. Sumatra. E. C. Buxton, Es jet e. ad. sk. East India Hea | li 10. Taphozous peli.
Taphozous peli, Temmunck, Esquiss. zoolog. su le céte de Giuiné, p. 82 (1853) ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 556.
Ears proportionally smaller and more triangular than in any of the other species, upper half of the inner margin of the ear-conch papillate; tragus rather short, evenly rounded above as in 7. saccolemus. Lower lip with a deep narrow groove (Plate XX. fig. 6, head). Gular sac very large in males, rudimentary (the margins only defined) in females. No radio-metacarpal pouch. Fur of the body short, not extending to the membranes ; distribution similar to that of 7. nudzventris.
Above, dark reddish brown; beneath, a slightly paler shade of the same colour.
Length, head and body 4'"2, tail 1'°2, ear 1”, tragus 0'°3, forearm 3'°5, thumb 0'"6; third finger—metacarp. 3''°3, 1st ph. 1'-45, 2nd ph. 1"°45; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'':1, 1st ph. 0'8, 2nd ph. 0'-45 ; tibia 1':3, foot 08.
Hab. Africa (Gold Coast, Cameroon Mountains, East Africa). Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
This is by far the largest species of the genus. a,b. 6 & @ ad, al. Cameroon Mountains. Purchased.
8. picLipuURUs. 391 Group DICLIDURI.
8. DICLIDURUS.
Diclidurus, Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1629; Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil. Ba. ii. p, 239 (1826).
Head and ears very similar to those of Taphozous, the forehead with a deep concavity ; nostrils opening by wide horizontal valvular apertures ; eyes remarkably large; sides of the muzzle not grooved, as in Taphozous; thumb very short, with a rudimentary claw, and almost wholly contained within the wing-membrane, as in Furia; the greater part of the tail inferior to the interfemoral membrane, and enclosed in a process derived from its inferior surface, its extremity contained in a pouch formed in the centre of the membrane, which it perforates.
+s 1-1 1-1 2~2 3-3 Dentition. Inc. > Cc. Top pm. 3? m. 3—3° Upper incisors separated from the canines and also in front; the first upper premolar minute.
Range. Neotropical Region (Mexican and Brazilian Subregions). 1. Diclidurus albus.
Diclidurus albus, Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1630; Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil. Bad. ii. p. 242, pl. i. figs. av (skull and teeth) (1826). Diclidurus freyreissii, Wied, Abbild. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. pl. xvi. ; Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 502 (1838).
Ears much shorter than the head, rounded off above; outer margin of the ear-conch straight, not emarginate, terminating abruptly below the eye on a lower level than the angle of the mouth: tragus short and rather broad, maintaining the same breadth from the base of the inner margin upwards; superior margin straight, equal in length to the inner margin ; outer margin straight, without lobule or emarginution (Plate XX. fig. 7).
The very short terminal phalanx of the thumb ends in a subacute point, the termination of a rudimentary claw. At its terminal third the tail becomes included in the interfemoral membrane, which forms a pouch in the centre of its inferior surface ; the extremity of the tail perforates the centre of this pouch, and the whole pouch is folded transversely upon itsclf, and by its posterior and upper surface upon the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane ; the sides of this pouch are strengthened by a band passing upwards and outwards towards the knee (Plate XX. fig. 7a). Wings from the ankles or tarsi; caleancum nearly as long as the tibia; feet slender, toes equal in length; as if to compensate for the want of a claw on the thumb, the foot-claws are much curved and exceedingly sharp.
Fur, above and beneath, dark at the base, the greater part of the hairs to the tip yellowish or creamy whito ; integumentary system white throughout.
392 EMBALLONURID.F£.
Upper incisors slender, very acutely pointed, with a second external and much shorter cusp, the tooth on each side directed forwards and inwards; lower incisors trifid, placed across the direction of the jaws, the two central incisors separated by a slight interval. First upper premolar minute, acutely pointed, in the centre of the rather wide space between the canine and second premolar; first lower premolar about three fourths the size of the second premolar.
(For measurements see below.)
Hab. Central and South America.
According to the Prince of Neuwied, the type of this species was found between the large leaves of the Cocoanut Palm (Cocos nucifera) near the estuary of the Rio Pardo in Brazil. a. ad. sk. South America. Sir E. Belcher [C.]. & @ ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
2. Diclidurus scutatus.
Diclidurus scutattis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 400. When examining the collection in the Paris Museum, I unfortunately overlooked the type of this species, which is described by Dr. Peters as much smaller, but with a longer tibia and calcaneum, and with a quite differently formed pouch in the interfemoral membrane. The colour of the fur is similar, and, with the above-named exceptions, the measurements exhibit the same proportion. The species must therefore be very closely allied. The following are the measurements of this species and of D. albus respectively :— D. scutatus. D. albus.
Length, head and body ...........ccceeeeceuceeeseeeeaec ens 2-2 25 ah | ball cademnaiecseniacodunan neianeasessepeentanreuorees 08 0-9 sp MCB, desies ston uxadah oatecteoweuss saxeseeaeebarecess ee 08 id,HEBIYsidenonceoeonsneaaeieasacaeacoasictldesseGumnenseeaN0-7 gyETAGUS2oeackucccasssspenemesanasseeetesssnemrecceareeite0:22 So)PROPOATM~sascctacdeecssssheesoteheonenutsooamaueenes2-02-4 pt, oth Digasvacomatesccmces ton sudehenenemeewmesies ease 0-2 0°22 » third finger, metacarpal ............:..:.0000085 1:95 23 af i 3 dsb phalanx: vntussstacaronanueevat 0°35 0-4 “ 45 ee Gee” Oy wetcreamnaeamceaatinns 0-93 11 » fourth finger, metacarpal..................:0006 15 18 5 as 3: «= kat phalanx sicsscsises cs cccanee 0-4 0°55 Fs _ ge SOME 28. eC sacchceenencmentoiens 0°35 0-4 » fifth finger, metacarpal ............:::seeeeeeeeeee 12 14 “ %s a kshiphalanx:..csc0stteasess.so sees 06 O-7 5 ee ey SBN 5X Seceeee saeaasusencaseais 0°23 0:3 Le eieapcc tes elatss oa t-a e aane Aeauisatne 0-9 0-75 sp CALGATIO UY sie haes taciriced nevis reac os ven evousle etnies 08 0°65 1200) ee REE een Sema ee T Kr ee 0°35 04 Hub. South America, Type in the Paris Museum.
9, NOCTILTO. 393 Group NOCTILIONES.
9. NOCTILIO.
Noctilio, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 88 (1776); Geoffroy, Descript. de l Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812); Spix, Simear. et Vespert. Bresil. p. 57 (1823) ; Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 499 (1838); Burmeister, There Brasilens, p. 58 (1854).
Celeeno, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii. p. 70 (1822). Ears arising separately from the sides of the head, the outer margin terminating in a distinct antitragus in front of the base of the tragus ; tragus longer than broad, with prominent tooth-like processes ; apertures of the nostrils oval, close together, the extremity of the nose projecting beyond the lower lip; chin with raised cutaneous ridges ; third finger very long, the first phalanx extended (in repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone ; general form of the wing very similar to that of Emballonura; interfemoral membrane large, extended in the expanded condition far beyond the short tail, which perforates its basal third and appears upon its upper surface ; in the perineum (in the two species known), corresponding to the position of the testicles, a large follicular glandular organ, with a corrugated lining membrane, is placed on either side of the base of the penis (vide infra, p. 396); females with a remarkably long clitoris, but without glandular follicles.
Dentition. Inc. FA Cc. = pi... 1. =.
Upper inner incisors unicuspidate, moderately long, in the centre of the space between the canines; outer incisor on each side very small and in a plane posterior to the inner incisor; premolars and molars with very acute cusps, the W-shaped cusps of the upper molars projecting externally far beyond the lower molars when the jaws are closed ; frontal bones small, flattened, no postorbital processes ; nasal aperture small, directed forwards; premaxillary bones slender, united in the centre; skull rather short and broad, with prominent mastoid and paroccipital processes ; auditory bulle ossee large, separated by a narrow and short basioccipital.
Range. The tropical parts of the Neotropical Region. This genus, as I have previously remarked (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 352), connects the subfamily Hmballonurine with the Phyllostonude through the Lobostomine. Its affinities with Chilonycteris, and the genera allied thereto, are shown by the presence of a small incisor on each side external to the large central upper incisors, by the development of the mastoid and paroccipital processes, by the short first phalanx of the middle finger, which is not flexed upwards (in repose) on the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone (as in other species of Hmballonuride), and by the erect cutaneous ridges on the chin, and especially by the form of the nostrils and ears and by the microscopical characters of the fur.
In habits also the species resemble those of the Phyllostomide. Their food appears to be of a mixed character, probably chiefly con- 1—1 3—3
394 EMBALLONURIDE.
sisting of insects (the Prince of Neuwied found insect-remains in the stomach of WV. dorsatus*; and individuals of the same variety obtained by Mr. Gosse in Jamaica fed eagerly on cockroaches +), but occasionally of other small animals, as minute Crustaceat; also of some fruits (Linnzus, in his original description of NV. leporinus, remarks, “‘ victitans fructibus arborum”’); and in the intestines of specimens of the same species received by me from British Guiana I found the seeds of some fruit, perhaps of Morus tinctoria. Tschudi (‘Fauna Peruana,’ p. 77) remarks :—‘ They (Noctilio unicolor et affinis) live in hollow trees, and feed on bectles, which we always found in their stomachs.”
Synopsis of the Species.
a. Larger; forearm in adults at least 3 inches long ; foot 1"; upper molars touching by the extremities only of their external cusps, with narrow spaces between the adjacent teeth.. 1. N. leporinus, p. 394. 6. Smaller; forearm in adults not exceeding 2/5 in length; foot 0'-6; upper molars closely approximated together without intervening SPACEReycis52,Mencteste,Nonagiaeswhereyeeouarateeter2.N.albiventer,p.398. 1. Noctilio leporinus.
Vespertilio leporinus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 82; Schreber, Sdugethiere, p. 162, Dis lx. (1775).
Noctilio americanus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 88 (1776). Celeeno brooksiana, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 70 (1822). Noctilio rufus, Spex, Simiar. et Vespert. Bresil. p. 57, pl. xxv. fig. (1823) (vide Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1865, p. 570). Noctilio unicolor, Geoffroy, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. p. 223 (1826); Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 76 (1844-46); Blainville, Ostéographie, pl. 8 (skull).
Noctilio leporinus, D’Orbigny et Gervais, Voyage dans TAmérique Mérid., Mammif. p. 12, pl. 9. figs. 1-4; Peters, lc. pl. tigs. 1-16 (skull).
(For additional synonymy see p. 396.)
Ears about one fifth shorter than the head, very narrow and pointed ; ear-conch attenuated in upper fourth, both the inner and outer margins concave above, the latter more so, and the very narrowly rounded-off tip inclines slightly outwards ; lower three fourths of the inner margin evenly convex, the base arising abruptly from the side of the head; corresponding portion of the outer margin faintly convex or straight, abruptly emarginate opposite the tragus, beyond which it is reflected outwards, forming a well-defined rounded antitragus, from the base of which in front a raised ridge extends forwards along the side of the face to the angle of the mouth; tragus much longer than broad, inclined outwards, the outer and superior margins with five prominent projections like the teeth of a comb. Crown of the head slightly elevated. Muzzle conical, the prominent * Beitr. zur Naturg. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 223.
t Vide p. 596, infra. { Pide p. 397, infra.
9, NOCTILIO. 395 extremity of the nose projecting beyond the lower lip ; nostrils close together ; nasal apertures oval, directed forwards and slightly outwards, terminating the muzzle, the projecting nose overhanging the upper lip, which has a prominent elevation in the centre beneath directly in front of the upper incisor teeth; sides of the upper lip pendulous, with a convex margin ; lower lip folded outwards on the sides to allow room for the very long upper canines, at the angles of the mouth enclosing the upper lip; centre of the lower lip forming a naked prominence in front of the lower incisors ; chin and under surface of the lower jaw with several prominent ridges, whereof the most anterior is a small triangular, anteriorly concave, lappet, from the back of which two small erect ridges extend backwards and outwards ; more posteriorly a slightly raised cutaneous ridge, corresponding to the position of the rami of the lower jaw, includes a prominent wart in front, and forms externally the internal boundary of a space occupied by corrugated skin (see Plate XXI. fig. 9, head of NV. albiventer).
Thumb rather short, with a very acutely pointed claw; wings from the distal third of the tibia and from the sides of the back close to the spine ; interfemoral membrane very large, extending far beyond the short tail when expanded in flight, but in repose folded up very completely beneath it; feet remarkably large and strong, armed with extremely acute and much curved claws.
Fur bright reddish yellow above and beneath, the fur of the under surface slightly paler in colour. On both surfaces the hair is short and does not extend to the membranes, on the back across the loins it scarcely occupies a space three quarters of an inch in width.
Central upper incisors touching by their inner sides, but separated at their bases and at their extremities; outer incisor on each side very small, scarcely raised above the gum, its summit hardly as high as the cingulum of the inner incisor, close to the posterior and external sides of which it is placed, being separated from the canine by a wide space; upper canines remarkably long, pushing the lower lip downwards before them, their outer margins are convex, their inner concave ; the single upper premolar close to the canine ; molars touching by their adjacent external cusps, but separated by narrow spaces at their bases ; last molar equal to half the antepenultimate molar; lower incisors small, bifid, filling up the narrow space hetween the canines; the two lower premolars are placed obliquely across the jaw, and crushed in between the canine and the first molar; the first is about the size of one of the lower incisors, is placed in the inner angle between the canine and the second premolar, and is not visible from without ; the second is nearly equal to half the first molar, and its long diameter is directed inwards and backwards ; the three molars then follow in regular succession, placed at right angles to the direction of the mandible, their very acute cusps received into the spaces between the upper molars and between their cusps, so that in the closed condition of the jaws the lower tooth-row is almost completely hidden.
396 EMBALLONURID.X.
(For measurements see Table, p. 399.)
Hab. Brazilian Subregion and Peru.
This species varies considerably in size according to locality, and in a less degree in the colour of the fur.
a, 3 ad, al. Demerara. Purchased.
& oad, al. British Guiana. Purchased.
ce. fo ad., al. Coast of South America, Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.]. de. 3 ad., al. No history.
i. Sad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
g. do ad, al. Mr. Brandt [C.].
Var. a.
Vespertilio mastivus, Dahl, Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet Kjobenhavn, 1797, iv. 1, p. 182, pl. 7 (vide Peters, J. c.). Noctilio dorsatus, Wied, 1. c. p. 218; Blainville, Ostéographie, pl. iv. (skeleton), pl. xiv. (teeth).
Noctilio mastivus, Gosse, P.Z.S. June 1847; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 424 (1847).
Noctilio leporinus, Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 60 (1854). About the size of NV. leporinus, or probably larger ; distinguished by a well-defined narrow line of fur of a pale yellow colour extending along the spine from the head to the tail; the fur of the under surface appears also to be of a paler colour than in WV. leporinus. The following notes by Mr. Gosse were derived from an examination of the living animal :—“ Colour varying ; upper parts yellowbrown, more or less bright; a well-defined narrow line of palo fulvous runs medially down the back from the kead to the tail ; under parts pale fawn, bright fulvous or orange; face purplish; the muzzle and chin are much corrugated; face warty; the ears fall into elegant curves. The volar membranes are delicately thin, transparent, and glossy; studded with minute, white, papillary glands, which for the most part follow the course of the bloodvessels, but are largest and most numerous in the vicinity of the trunk. The membranes being attached along each side of the spine, with an interval in the middle of the back of but seven tenths of an inch, the body is, to a great extent, free. The wing, when at rest, has but a single fold, the ultimate joint of the second and third fingers being brought back upon the penultimate. The reproductive organs are large and prominent. At the base of the penis are two follicles, secreting a dark brown substance, dry and lumpy, but friable between the fingers, most insufferably musky, the odour from which is strongly diffused by the animal during life” *. (For measurements see Table, p. 399.)
Hab. Antillean and Brazilian Subregions.
The habits of this variety were studied by Mr. Gosse during his sojourn in Jamaica. Of some specimens obtained alive from the interior of a hollow cotton-tree, he remarks (J.c. p. 426) :—“I presented to one a large cockroach, which he seized greedily and * P.Z.8. June 1847.