2. TRIENOPS. 125 ankle; feet long, slender; toes equal in length, armed with long and strong claws; tail included in the interfemoral membrane, the extreme tip alone free.
On the upper surface the fur is very pale buff, almost white, with light sepia tips, darkest on the back of the neck, along the anterior margin of the scapule, and between the shoulders; towards the root of the tail of a yellowish tinge throughout; beneath, wholly very pale buff or dirty yellowish white, cutaneous system of the same colour. The fur is everywhere long and dense; in front it covers the posterior surface of the hinder nose-leaf, exceeding in length the height of the trident-shaped crest. Behind, the fur of the back extends on to the base of the interfemoral membrane nearly as far as the end of the second caudal vertebra; on the wing-membrane its extent is very limited; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with hair nearly as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur, but the humerus and femur are completely naked beyond the body; the distribution of fur on the under surface of the interfemoral membrane is similar to that above.
The anterior upper premolar is minute with a flattened crown, and is placed outside the line of teeth; the upper and lower incisors are bilobed; the upper canines have large cusps at their bases posteriorly.
Length, head and body 2’"25, tail 1':2, head 0°85, ear 0°45, forearm 2”, thumb 0°28, second finger 1'-65; third finger—metacarp. 1-6, 1st ph. 0’°5, 2nd ph. 0'°7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-45, 1st ph. 0'°4, 2nd ph. 0°35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1''-1, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'°4; tibia 0-65, caleaneum 0'°45, foot 0'"35. Hab. Shiraz, Persia, at an elevation of about 4750 feet. a. 9 ad., al. Shiraz, Persia. Indian Museum, Calcutta [E.]. 2. Triswnops afer.
Trieenops afer, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 918, fig. 2 (head). Resembles 7’. persicus closely in general structure and in size, but distinguished by the form of the inner margin of the ear-conch and of the lanceolate process in the centre of the nose-leaf, also by the darker colour of the fur. In 7. persicus the inner margin of the ear-conch is abruptly emarginate about the middle, and the angle thus formed is obtuse; in this species the inner margin is also abruptly emarginate, but the angle formed at the commencement of the emargination is deeply right-angled; the central lanceolate process of the nose-leaf, which in T. persicus is unicuspidate and very acutely pointed, in 7. afer is bifid, and terminates in two projections, whereof the anterior is shorter.
The terminal phalanx of the fourth finger develops a bony process similar to that in 7. persrcus.
Hab. East Africa (Mombaga).
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
126 RHINOLOPHID.2.
3. RHINONYCTERIS.
Rhinonicteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 16.
Rhinonycteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81.
Nose-leaf horseshoe-shaped in front, the horizontal membrane consisting of two lamin, whereof the overlying one is deeply emarginate in front, the sides of the emargination bent up, and supporting (as in Trienops) the anterior portion of a small flat horizontal longitudinal process, which ends behind and between the deeply sunken nasal orifices; from the centre of the base of the horseshoe behind the nostrils a pointed process projects forwards, behind it is the opening of a deep central cell, which is bounded on each side by a longitudinal cell, beyond which and above the eye are two smaller cells; immediately behind the central cell is the longitudinal opening of a depression, which is evidently homologous with the frontal sac of many species of the genus Phyllorhina. Ears separate, without a distinct antitragus; the outer margin of the ear-conch arising behind and below the eye. No process from the proximal extremity of the second phalanx of the third finger ; toes equal, each of two phalanges.
ae Bp] 2-2 3-3 Dentition. Inc. D Cc. icp pm. any m. 33° This genus is evidently intermediate between Tricwnops and Phyllorhina, though it agrees more closely with the former than with the latter.
1. Rhinonycteris aurantia.
Rhinolophus aurantius, Gray, Eyre’s Central Australia, i. p. 405, pl. 1. fig. 1 (1845); Gould, Mammals of Australia, iii. pl. 35. Rhinonicteris aurantius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 16. Rhinonycteris aurantius, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81. Phyllorhina aurantia, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 318. Head long; muzzle thick, obtuse, flattened laterally ; ears shorter than the head, with acutely pointed tips; the outer margin of the conch commences at a short distance behind and below the eye, is convex in lower half, and straight beneath the tip, which does not project outwards, inner margin regularly convex, slightly flattened near the tip. Nose-leaf broad, overhanging the muzzle, the sides of the horseshoe with a slight notch, succeeded by a small rounded projection in the centre of each side. From the centre of the base of the horseshoe a small subacutely pointed process, about one tenth of an inch long, projects forwards and upwards; behind the central cell the frontal glandular sac is bounded by walls of very thick integument, covered with hairs (Plate VIII. fig. 2). Front margins of the upper and lower lips fringed with small warts. No pubic appendages in females, as in Rhinolophus. Wings from the distal extremity of the tibia or from the ankles ; toes equal, each of two phalanges; calcanea feeble, interfemoral shortly triangular behind, the extreme tip of the tail projecting. Fur, above and beneath, bright golden yellow.
4. PHYLLORHINA. 127 _ Lower incisors trifid, placed transverse to the direction of the jaws. Upper canines with a small but very distinct posterior cusp ; first upper premolar extremely small, not raised above the level of the gum, and scarcely visible without the aid of a lens, in the outer angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar. Length (of an adult 2), head and body 1-85, tail 1-1, ear 0"-55 x 0-35, nose-leaf 0'-35 x 0'"3; third finger—metacarp. 1'4, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0-6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1':25, 1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0'°3; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°05, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"35; tibia 0''-6, foot 0'-3.
Hab. Australia (Port Essington, Victoria).
a, ad. 3, al. (type). Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.]. b. ad. 9, al. North Australia. N.-Australian Expedition. c,d. ad. sks. Victoria. Earl of Derby iP).
4. PHYLLORHINA.
Phyllorrhina, Bonaparte, Saggio di una distrib. anim. vertebr. 1831, . 16; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 312; Dobson, J. A. S. B. 872, p. 141; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 58 (1876). Hipposiderus, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1834, p. 53. Hipposideros et Asellia, Gray, Mag. Zool. §& Bot. ii. (1838), pp. 492-3. Macronycteris, Gloionycteris, Rhinophylla, Speorifera, Chrysonycteris, Phyllorhina et Asellia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, pp. 81, 82. Nose-leaf complicated, consisting of three portions, anterior, posterior, and intermediate ; the anterior horseshoe-shaped, as in Rhznolophus, though not similarly emarginate in front; the posterior erect, with a convex, lobed, or incised free edge, concave in front, the concavity simple or divided by narrow vertical ridges into shallow cells ; the intermediate portion (evidently homologous with the sella in Rhinolophus), forming the posterior boundary of the depression at the bottom of which the nasal orifices are placed, is usually broadly cordiform with the base upwards, the sides thickened, the centre with or without a projecting point or narrow longitudinal ridge in front. These are the characters of the nasal appendages in by far the greater number of the species of this genus, which is also distinguished from Rhinolophus by the form of the ear-conch, by the absence of the large leaf-like antitragus, and, more particularly, by the presence of two joints only in all the toes, by the number and character of the teeth, and by the much greater width of the base of the skull between the auditory bulle.
Many species are provided with a peculiar frontal sac behind the nose-leaf, which the animal can evert at pleasure like the finger of a glove; the sides of this sac secrete a waxy substance like that contained in the gular pouches of Taphozous; its extremity supports a pencil of straight hairs, of which the ends only project when the sac is inverted.
Dentition. Ine. 3, c. — pm. a3", m. — 1-1 * Pm. 5-3 in Ph, tridens and in Ph. megalotis.
128 RBINOLOPHID.E.
First upper premolar minute, blunt, in the outer angle between the canine and second premolar, rarely deciduous. Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Malayana, Australia, and Africa.
The species of this genus are, unlike Rhinolophus, inhabitants of the plains and low hill-ranges of the warmer regions of the continents and islands of the eastern hemisphere lying within the tropical and subtropical zones. The largest Asiatic species, Phyllorhina armugera, Hodgs., appears to be the most northerly, having been obtained by Mr. Swinhoe at Amoy, in China, and by the late Captain T. Hutton at Mussooree, in the Himalaya, at an elevation of 5500 feet; P. bicolor is also said to have been taken by Capt. Hutton at the same elevation ; but these are exceptions among the great number of species of this genus.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Upper margin of the terminal erect portion of the nose-leaf tridentate; no frontal glandular sac. (Subgen. Asellia, Gray). a. Processes of the terminal nose-leaf thickened; extremity of the tail projecting considerably. :
1. Premolars = (in adults); ears broad; forearm 176. s.c.casn oyu seas aves Ph. tridens, p. 181. 2. Premolars 3 ears narrow ; forearm HUGseueresehamuseeiaesrentalsxtatestateecaaoePh.tricusprdata,p.131. &. Processes of the terminal erect nose-leaf not thickened ; extremity of the tail projecting slightly.
3. Premolars ce ears broad; forearm 1"5 Ph. stoliczkana, p. 182. II. Upper margin of the terminal erect nose-leaf undivided ; with or without a frontal sac. (Subgen. Phyllorhina.)
2-2 a, Ears separate ; premolars 5—5. a', With secondary cutaneous leaflets on the sides of the muzzle external to the horseshoe.
a", With a large frontal glandular sac opening longitudinally behind the nose-leaf; ears narrow, attenuated upwards; interfemoral membrane short.
4. Terminal erect nose-leaf with a central club-shaped process, and a similar process from the centre of the sella beneath ; forearm 2''45 . Ph. cyclops, p. 184. 5. No processes from the nose-leaf ; forearm 40°45 ic codeceeaenaays Ph. commersonit, p. 183. b". Frontal glandular sac opening transversely or none ; ears broad, not attenuated above; interfemoral membrane well developed.
4. PHYLLORHINA. 129 e'". Terminal erect leaf narrower than the horseshoe.
ec’. Frontal glandular sac well developed.
6. Upper margin of the erect leaf sinuate, front surface with three rominent vertical ridges ; forearm 3'"8 ...... Ph. armigera, p. 135. 7. Upper margin of the erect leaf convex or straight, vertical ridges in front not well de fined; forearm 2'-45 ....., Ph, leptophylla, p. 136. d'". The terminal erect leaf wider than the horseshoe.
d‘, No frontal sac.
a. Front concave surface of the terminal erect leaf divided by one or more vertical ridges. a', With three secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. 8. Wings from the ankles; forearm 3'"4 .......... Ph. diadema, p. 187. 9. Wings from the metatarsus; forearm 2'"6...... Ph. nicobarensis, p. 138. 8'. With two secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. 10. Wings from the tarsus: forearm 1'"45 ........ Ph. pygmea, p. 1389. 8. Front concave surface of the terminal leaf not divided by vertical ridges.
B'. With two secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. 11. Wings from the ankles: forearm 1'"95 ....... » Ph. fuliginosa, p. 139. e‘, Frontal sac distinct in males. 8. Front concave surfase of the terminal lea; not divided by vertical ridges.
B'. With two secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. 12. Wings from the tarsus: forearm 1'"85 ...... .. Ph, caffra, p. 140. y. Front concave surface of the terminal leaf divided by three more or less distinct vertical ridges.
y'. With two secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe ; thumb and foot very small. y'. Wings from the tarsus or metatarsus.
13. Horseshoe as wide in front as in the middle ; forearm 1'°75; calcaneum 0'°3 ...... eae Ph, galerita, p. 141. K
130 RHINOLOPHIDA.
14, Horseshoe much narrower in front than behind; forearm 1°75; caleaneum 0'"45 ... 6’. With three secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe; thumb and foot moderately large.
15. Ears much shorter than the head ; lower third of the outer margin of the ear-conch with an acute spine-like projection; last osseous caudal vertebra projecting abruptly ; forealmost wholly contained within the wing-membrane; forearm 2'"45 .. b'. No secondary cutaneous leaflets on the sides of the muzzle external to the horseshoe.
6". Frontal glandularsac distinct in males, opening transversely. 6. Front concave surface of the terminal erect leaf not divided by vertical ridges.
3’. Upper margin of the erect noseleaf thin.
17. Ears as long as the head ; earconch with a spine-like projection, as in Ph. speoris; fore- BPM Biss sos teensy cee saa 18, Ears shorter than the head ; no spine-like projection from the margin of the ear-conch ; fore- STM LD ie iacsaheue wus.
eeetence a atouees e’. Upper margin of the erect noseleaf thickened, as in Ph. diadema.
19. Ears shorter than the head, rounded off above; forearm SUE Baya nchehe ie ator te cietaieanrers e. Front concave surface of the erect leaf divided by three more or less distinct vertical ridges. 20. Ears triangular, obtusely pointed ; calcaneum much longer than the foot; forearm 2" ............ 21. Ears ovate, broadly rounded off above; calcaneum not longer than the foot; forearm 1'"55 eee . Ph, cervina, p. 142. Ph. speoris, p. 143. Ph, larvata, p. 146. Ph. obscura, p. 146. Ph, doria, p. 146. Ph. coronata, p. 147. Ph, calcarata, p. 147. Ph. bicolor, p. 148,
4, PHYLLORHINA. 131 6, Ears united by a low band; premolars = ; 22. Ears ovate (as in Ph. bicolor, var. fulva) ; calcaneum shorter than the foot; forearm 1'"4........ Ph. megalotis, p. 161. 1. Phyllorhina tridens.
Rhinolophus tridens, Geoffroy, Descr. de ? Egypte, ii. p. 180 (1812). Asellia tridens, Gray, P. Z. S$. 1866, p. 82. Phyllorhina tridens, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 314. Ears nearly as long as the head, subacutely pomted; lower two thirds of the inner and outer margins of the ear-conch almost equally convex, the outer margin concave immediately beneath the tip, the remaining part convex ; upper margin of the transverse erect noseleaf divided into three thickened projections, the concave front surface beneath divided by three longitudinal bands ; sella cordate, prominent; horseshoe-shaped membrane circular and raised in front, not divided ; two secondary leaves on the sides of the muzzle parallel to the horseshoe (Plate VIII. fig. 3). Wings from the lower third of the tibi ; interfemoral membrane short, square behind; the last osseous caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free.
Fur, above, pale yellowish white with brown extremities; beneath, wholly yellowish white or pure white. The first minute upper premolar deciduous. Length, head and body 2”, tail 0'"75, head 0"°7, ear 0-65 x 0'"5, forearm 1-75, thumb 0'°3; third finger—metacarp. 1°15, 1st ph. 0:5, 2nd ph. 0'°6; fifth finger—metacarp. 0'°9, 1st ph. 0'°4, 2nd ph. 0'°3; tibia 0°65, foot 0°35.
Hab. Africa (Egypt, Zanzibar).
a-c. ad. sk. Egypt. Dr. Turnbull Christie [P.]. df. 3 ad, al. Egypt. Mr. Lefevre [P. ]. g- Qad., al. Egypt. A. Christy, Esq. [P.]. h-o. 3 ad., al. Egypt. Rev. O. P. Cambridge [P.]. p. 3g ad., al. Thebes. W. H. Flower, Esq. [P.]. g. ad. sk, Egypt.
r,s. 9 ad., al. Egypt. — Burton, Esq. [P.]. t,u. S&Qad.,al. Africa.
v Jd ad., al. — Burton, Esq. [P.]. w. ad., al, (No history.)
x. ad. sk. Upper Nile region.
y. ad. sk. Assuan, s. ad. sk. Parzudaki Coll.
a'-d'. skulls. Egypt. Dr. T. Christie [P.]. e'. skeleton. Thebes. W. H. Flower, Esq. [P.]. f'. skull of x.
2. Phyllorhina tricuspidata.
Rhinolophas tricuspidatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 20, pl. xxix. fig. 4, pl. xxxii. figs. 11 & 12. Phyllorhina tricuspidata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1871, p. 314; Taber, Monogr. Asiat, Chiropt. p. 59 (1876). ; oe
132 RHINOLUPHID A, Ears shorter than the head, narrow and subacutely pointed ; more than half the outer margin of the ear-conch is deeply but not abruptly concave beneath the tip, inner margin almost straight in lower two thirds, convex in upper third; upper margin of the transverse terminal nose-leaf thickened, divided by two vertical incisions into a narrow central acutely-pointed process and a triangular portion on either side; front margin of the transverse leaf concave and divided into cells by three vertical ridges as in other species; on each side of the horseshoe-shaped leaf two small leaflets, and a single one in front (Plate VIII. fig. 4).
Wing-membrane from the ankles or tarsus; posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane straight; projecting portion of the tail nearly as long as the thumb.
First upper premolar minute, in the tooth-row.
Fur reddish brown or reddish yellow above and beneath, the bases of the hairs paler.
Length, head and body 1'"5, tail 0'"85, free from membrane 0'"15, head 0"°6, ear 0'°5, forearm 1:6, thumb 0:22; third finger— metacarp. l'"-1, Ist. ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”, Ist ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0'°3; tibia 0'°5, foot 0'-25. Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion (Morty Island, Batchian, Amboyna; New Ireland).
This species, which is probably the smallest of the genus except Ph. pygmea, has, for the size of its body, the longest forearm. In every other known species (except Ph. commersonii from the Ethiopian Region) the forearm is shorter than the head and body; in this species it is longer.
a, ad. sk., in al. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. b-e, ad. sks. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. tet Ff. ad. sk. New Ireland. Rey. G. Brown [C.].
3. Phyllorhina stoliczkana.
Asellia stoliczkana, Dobson, P. A. S. B. May, 1871, p.106; J..A.S. B. 1871, p. 263, pl. xx. fig. 1.
Phyllorhina trifida, Peters, P. Z. 8. June 1871, p. 513; MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 315.
Phyllorkina stoliczkana, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 61, figs. a, b (1876).
Ears nearly as broad as long, with acutely pointed tips; outer margin deeply concave beneath the tip, then very convex, almost meeting the inner margin at the base. Front edge of the horseshoe portion of the nose-leaf raised, bent up in the middle, and separated from the lip by an underlying fold of membrane; on each side of the horseshoe a double fold of membrane; upper transverse nose-leaf large, erect, not thickened as in P. tricuspidata ; upper portion or crest convex in front, overhanging the concave base, which is divided into four cells by three prominent vertical ridges ; the form of the crest is that of an isosceles triangle with