12. VESPERTILIO. 317 internal to the tooth-row, very small, and scarcely distinguishable without the aid of a lens.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult 9), head and body 1°75, tail 1""5, ear 0'°55, tragus 0':25, forearm 1:35, thumb 0°23, third finger 2'-25, fifth finger 1'-7, tibia 0'"6, foot 0’°3. Hab. Himalaya (Sikhim ; Lichung, 8000 feet; Simla ; Dalhousie), Tibet, India (Chutia-Nagpur), Arracan (Akyab), Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Amboyna, and probably all the islands of the Malay Archipelago within the Oriental Region. a. 9 ad., al. (type). Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. pt b. f ad., al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P:]. o,d. 56 & Q ad. Himalayas. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. ( Vespertilio blanfordi, Dobson.)
ef. d& 9 ad, al. Singapur. Purchased.
g. fo ad., al. Siam. Mr. Mouhot [C.].
h-qg. 3 & Q ad, al. Borneo. Purchased.
r,s. gjuv.& 9 ad.,al. Borneo. Sir E. Belcher. t. ad, al. Java. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].
u,v. ad. sk. Menado, N.Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. two. ad. sk. Solor Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. x. ad. sk, (Labelled “ Vespertilio tralatitius, Tomes.”) y. ad. sk. (Type of Vespertitio trilatitoides, Gray.) 31. Vespertilio australis.
Slightly larger than V. muricola, which it resembles in the form of the muzzle and in the presence of a distinct postcalcaneal lobe; ears as in V. mystacinus, but the tragus is curved slightly outwards above, and its narrow extremity is rounded off. Tail nearly as long as the head and body, the extreme tip alone projecting; a narrow but distinct postcalcaneal lobe ; wings from the base of the toes.
Fur remarkably short and dense, extending forwards upon the face in front of the eyes, but covering only a small portion of the wings along the sides of the body and the base of the large interfemoral membrane ; beneath, the wing- and interfemoral membranes are scarcely more covered than upon the upper surface. Above, brown, slightly paler towards the extremities of the hairs ; beneath, the basal two thirds of the hairs are dark brown, almost black, the terminal third light brown.
Upper incisors nearly equal in cross section ; the first and second upper premolars in the tooth-row, the second very small, but quite visible from without.
Length, head and body about 18, tail 1-5, ear 0-6, tragus 0''-28, forearm 1'°55, thumb 0-28; third finger—metacarp. 1'"°4, 1st ph. 0-48, 2nd ph. 0-75 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°4, 1st ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 0'-3; tibia 0'°6, foot 0'°32.
Hab. Australia (New South Wales).
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
This species may be at once distinguished from all closely allied species by the peculiar shortness of the fur, and by the outward
318 VESPERTILIONID.
curvature of the tragus. The shape of the tragus agrees with that of the species of the group of which V. emarginatus may be considered typical; but the form of the ear-conch, the presence of a postcalcaneal lobe, and other characters induce me to place it next V. muricola.
New-World Species.
V. mystacinus may be considered typical of all the known New- World species of this subgenus, which differ from one another very slightly, V. evotis and V. polythria being the only forms which may be said to stand by themselves, and even these resemble V. mystacinus in many respects.
Moreover there appears to be a strong tendency to variability within certain limits, so that certain individuals of a species often depart considerably in the form of the ears, in the colour of the fur, and in other respects from the type of that species. The discrimination of the American species is therefore very difficult, and this difficulty is much increased by the small number of specimens available for examination in museums (see remarks at end of this genus, p. 329).
32. Vespertilio nitidus.
Vespertilio nitidus, Allen, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 247; Monogr. Bats of N. America (1864), p. 60.
Ears very similar in shape to those of V. mystacinus, the outer margin similarly deeply angularly emarginate, the only difference, apparently, being that the inner margin is more convex in its middle third, and the ear is thus proportionately wider. Muzzle long and narrow, depressed as in V. mystacinus between the inner margin of the ears ; the crown of the head slightly and abruptly vaulted behind (Plate XIX. fig. 7, ear, enlarged).
Thumb very short, with a feeble claw. Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; calcaneum long, ending in a small projecting lobule. The extreme tip of the tail alone projecting. Fur long and dense, extending thickly upon the face to within a short distance from the end of the muzzle, but covering the wingmembrane along the sides of the body only. The fur of the back extends backwards upon the base of the interfemoral to the end of the third caudal vertebra, and laterally in a band, very thinly, internal to the tibia on each side almost to the ankle. Beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed to a slightly greater extent than on the upper surface, and about three fourths of the surface of the interfemoral is dotted with short, fine, thinly spread hairs ranged along the transverse dotted lines.
Fur, above, dark with reddish-brown tips ; beneath, similar, with ashy extremities, the light-coloured extremities of the hairs contrasting strongly with their dark bases.
Dentition quite the same as in V. mystacinus,
12. VESPERTILIO. 319 Length (of an app. adult ¢ preserved in spirit), head and body 1-5, tail 1-4, head 0'-58, ear 0'-58, tragus 0-26, forearm 1-2 thumb 0°18, third finger 2", fifth finger 1-5, tibia 0'"-5, foot 0'"25. This species appears to be the representative of V. mystacinus in North America, agreeing with that species in size, in the shape of the head and ears, and in dentition, but distinguished from it by the remarkably short thumb and smaller feet.
Hab. North America west of the Rocky Mountains ; California ; Texas.
?
a,b. fo ad., al. N. America. Smithsonian Institute [P.]. ec. ad. sk, Mexico. Purchased.
33. Vespertilio nigricans.
Vespertilio nigricans, Wied, Beitr. Naturgesch Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 266 (1826).
Vespertilio parvulus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 246 (1835-41).
About the same size as V. nitiddus, but with smaller ears, shorter muzzle, a larger thumb, and much darker fur. Crown of the head abruptly and rather considerably raised above the face-line. Ears shorter than the head, and narrow; laid forwards the tips do not quite extend as far as the end of the nose; internal basal lobe slightly rounded, its horizontal margin meeting the ascending inner margin of the ear at a right angle; middle third of the inner margin convex, upper third straight; tip shortly rounded off, projecting outwards, owing to the deep and abrupt concavity beneath occupying rather more than one third of the outer margin; middle third of outer margin abruptly convex, then flatly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus; lower third terminating in a distinct convex lobe. Tragus much attenuated m upper one fourth and acutely pointed ; inner margin slightly concave ; outer convex, very faintly so in upper part; a very distinct rounded lobule at the base of the outer margin, succeeded by an emargination, shortly above which the tragus reaches its greatest width (Plate XIX. fig. 9, ear, enlarged). Thumb moderate, with a well-developed claw; feet small; wings to the base of the toes. Tail wholly included within the interfemoral membrane. ‘Termination of calcaneum indistinct. On the upper surface the face is nearly naked about the eyes and in front of the ears, but the glandular prominences between the eyes and the nostrils are covered with long straight hairs ; the fur of the back extends to a very limited degree upon the wings, and upon the interfemoral triangularly as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra; the sides of the membrane close to the legs are quite naked. Beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered almost as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint ; the fur of the abdomen extends but to the root of the tail, the remainder of the interfemoral is covered thinly with very fine, almost invisible hairs. Above, very dark brown, slightly reddish brown towards the extremities of the hairs; beneath similar, the extremities paler.
320 VESPERTILIONIDE.
The following Table shows the relative measurements of three specimens preserved in alcohol.
” ’ ” ” ’ ” ” ” ” ” a se} 4 a S| 8 oS ‘ tt) qa ‘ : g/Elalel4|, Pe ALi 2 il) ee:
Elg|Z/el2|2/4lZlalélz Bra eco er ta (er Ge ee = a (cc fa f= P= a pea ay a i-Te) =| o 4 Sex.
Interior of Brazil.) 1°65) 1-5 | 0-6 | 0-55) 0°3 | 1°35) 0-2 | 2°35) 1-7 | 0-55) 0:28) 9 Ecuador............ 1:6 | 1:35} 0°6|0°5 | 0:25) 13 | 0-25) 2-2 | 1-65) 0°55) 0-25) 2 West Indies ...... 1:8?) 1-4 | 06/05 | 0:25 1:3 | 0-25) 2-2 | 1-65} 0-55) 0-25) 2 The specimens from Ecuador and the West Indies have the head apparently less elevated, and the internal basal lobe of the ear more rounded than in the specimen from Brazil, from which the above description has been taken, otherwise they resemble it very closely. Hab. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions. I have examined the type of Vespertilio parvulus, Temminck, in the Leyden Museum, and believe it to be identical with V. nigricans, Wied. The above description has been taken from a specimen in alcohol which I had compared directly with the type. a. 2 ad., al. West Indies.
b. d imm., al. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.)]. ce. 9 ad., al. Venezuela. Mr. Fraser [C.]. d. ad. sk. Bogota, Columbia.
e. 2 ad, al. Ecuador. Mr. Bollaert [C.]. f ad. sk. Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.]. g- Q ad., al. Interior of Brazil. Purchased. A. imm. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Voy. of the ‘ Rattlesnake.’ t-k. ad. sks. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. 1, ad. sk. Zool. Soe. Coll.
34. Vespertilio oxyotus.
Vespertilio oxyotus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 20. The following is a translation of Dr. Peters’s description of this species, which is represented by a single specimen in the collection of the Munich Museum :— The ears have four to five indistinct transverse folds, and laid forwards their extremities extend beyond the end of the muzzle. The upper third of the inner margin of the ear-conch is slightly concave, the outer margin is also concave above and towards the middle, so that, although the extremity is rounded off, the ear appears pointed. Tragus half as long as the ear, very acutely pointed,
12. VESPERTILIO. 321 inner margin straight, outer margin slightly concave above, indistinctly toothed above, the rounded lobule at the base convex, not attenuated. Nostrils separated by a space equal in width to double their transverse diameter. The whole face, as far as the naked extremity of the nose, thickly covered with hair.
The two upper incisors on each side are separated from the canines by a space equal to the transverse diameter of the base of the outer incisor. The inner incisor is half as thick again as the outer, and has a small basal cusp externally and posteriorly; the first and second upper premolars stand in the tooth-row.
Wings from the base of the toes; metacarpal bone of the fifth finger slightly longer than that of the fourth; above, the wingmembrane along the sides of the body and the basal fourth of the interfemoral is clothed with hair; beneath, the wing-membrane is similarly but less densely covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the second fourth of the tibia. Tail as long as the head and body, of eleven vertebrae, whereof the last very short one projects. Sole of the foot broad and without transverse elevations. The cartilaginous calcaneum extends halfway between the heel and the extremity of the tail, and has a narrow cutaneous margin behind its basal half.
Fur uniform dark brown above; beneath, the base of the hairs is dark brown, the extremities brownish white.
Length, head and body 1'8, tail 1/'-8, head 0'65, ear 0'-65 x 0'"3, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1:6, thumb 0:3; third finger—metacarp. 1-4, Ist. ph. 0°46, 2nd ph. 0'-65; fifth finger—metacarp. 13, 1st ph. 0°37, 2nd ph. 0°32; tibia 0'-65, foot 0'°24. Hab. South America (Chimborazo, at 9000 to 10000 feet). Dr. Peters remarks that, “from the above description, this species may be readily distinguished from its allies V. subulatus, ywmanensis, and affinis. In none of these species are the ears so pointed, and in none has the tragus this form. V. affinis, which resembles it most in the colour of the fur, has quite a different tragus. Of the hitherto described South-American species, V. polythrix, Is. Geoffr., which I have not sufficiently compared with it, may stand nearest to it.”
35. Vespertilio polythrix.
Vespertilio polythrix, Is. Geoffroy, Annal. des Sci. Natur. t. iii, p. 443 (1824); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 248 (1835-41) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 585, v. p. 758 (1844-55). Ears as in V. mystacinus, but narrower above, and the lower half of the outer margin is less convex; the tragus is slightly curved outwards above, the muzzle is thicker and shorter, and the distance between the orbits greater.
Wings from the base of the toes or close thereto; extreme tip of the tail projecting.
Fur not long, but peculiarly dense and woolly, extending as thickly upon the muzzle as upon the crown of the head, and leaving Y
322 VESPERTILIONID&.
the extremity of the nose alone uncovered. On the upper surface the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint, terminating by a welldefined margin; and the interfemoral in a similar manner about as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra; beneath, the wingmembrane is clothed as far as the elbow, but the interfemoral is naked except at the root of the tail.
Fur above deep brownish chestnut; beneath similar, with a greyish tinge; the base of the hairs on both surfaces dark. Second upper premolar slightly internal.
Length, head and body about 2”, tail 13, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'"25, forearm 1°55, thumb 0-25, third finger 2'"4, fifth finger 1:9, tibia 0°65, foot 0'-35.
Hab. Brazil.
This species is at once distinguished by its very peculiar dense woolly fur, which covers the face as thickly as the other parts of the body. a, ad, sk. Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.]. b. ad. sk. Brazil. Mr. Brandt [C.].
ce. ad. sk. Earl of Derby [P.].
36. Vespertilio chiloensis.
Vespertiliv chiloénsis, Waterh. Zool. ‘ Beagle, i. p.5; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 537, v. p. 753.
Muzzle narrow and conical; glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils forming raised ridges enclosing a triangular concave space on the face behind the nostrils. Ears long, laid forwards the tips extend to the end of the muzzle or slightly beyond it; internal basal lobe angular in front, its horizontal margin joining the ascending inner margin of the ear slightly under a right angle ; lower third of inner margin straight, middle third convex, upper third straight, tip of ear shortly rounded off ; upper half of the outer margin deeply concave, lower half convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating beyond this and opposite base of inner margin in a small convex lobe. Tragus moderately long and subacute; inner margin straight; at the base of the outer margin a rounded lobe, placed obliquely, from which the outer margin curves slightly outwards and upwards, and attains its greatest convexity slightly above the base of the inner margin, thence decreasingly convex upwards, and straight in its upper third. Wings to the base of the toes; a narrow but distinct postcalcaneal lobule; caleaneum terminating in a small projecting tooth; last rudimentary vertebra of tail free ; tail as long as the head and body.
The sides of the face are covered with a few long hairs, and the mouth is margined by a dense fringe of fine straight hairs. The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane on the upper surface as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, upon the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra in the centre, and, laterally, as far as the end
12. VESPERTILIO. 823 of the proximal third of the tibia. Beneath, the fur extends thinly as far as a line drawn between the elbow- and knee-joints, but the base only of the interfemoral membrane has a few short fine hairs. Above dark brown at the base, becoming lighter towards the extremities ; beneath black at the base of the hairs, the terminal third ashy.
The dentition is quite similar to that of V. mystacinus. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'6, tail 1'65, head 0’"6, ear 0"-6, tragus 0:3, forearm 1-45, thumb 0'-25, third finger 2''3, fifth finger 1'-8, tibia 0-65, foot 0-35. Hab. South America: Chili; Isle of Chiloe ; Mendoca. This species resembles V. mystacinus in the form of the ear-conch and tragus and in the colour of the fur. It is distinguished by its larger size, proportionately much longer tail (which equals the combined length of the head and body), less convexity of lower half of outer margin of the ear, and prominent ridges on the sides of the muzzle formed by the glandular prominences.
a. im. d, al. Chili. Purchased.
6, ce. imm. sks. Chili. Purchased ' d. ad. 9, al. Mendoga, S. America. Purchased.
37. Vespertilio levis.
Vespertilio levis, Is. Geoffroy, Ann. des Sci. Natur. t. iii. p. 444 (1824).
Muzzle rather broad, but not short, the sides of the face from the eye to the nose and to the margin of the lip smooth ; crown of the head slightly and somewhat abruptly vaulted above the face-line ; ears longer than the head, laid forwards the extremities project about one tenth of an inch beyond the end of the muzzle; horizontal portion of the internal basal lobe of the ear-conch short, joining the ascending portion under a right angle ; lower one third of the ascending part of the inner margin straight or slightly concave, middle third convex, upper third straight, the tip very narrowly rounded off; nearly the upper half of the outer margin unevenly concave beneath the tip, which projects very slightly outwards, becoming gradually convex in the lower half, forming near its termination a very distinct small convex lobe ; tragus moderately long, attenuated in its upper third, and slightly inclined outwards (Plate XIX. fig. 6, head, enlarged).
Wings from the base of the toes; caleaneum terminating in a small projecting lobule; free margin of the interfemoral membrane between the ends of the calcanea fimbriated as in V. natterert, and fringed with a few very fine short hairs ; tip of the tail projecting. Teeth as in VY. mystacinus.
Length (of a ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1"-85, tail 0-6, head 0°65, ear 0'°7, tragus 0':3, forearm 15, thumb 0'°3, third finger 2'-4, fifth finger 1'°9, tibia 0-6, caleaneum 0-7, foot 0-35.
x2
324 VESPERTILIONID&.
Hub. 8. America (Brazil, Uruguay).
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
a. f ad., al. Uruguay. Thomas Havers, Esq. [P.]. 38. Vespertilio evotis.
Vespertilio evotis, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 48, figs. 42, 43 (1864).
Ears very large, laid forwards they extend 0:35 beyond the end of the muzzle; the inner margin of the ear-conch is regularly convex, the tip shortly rounded off, the outer margin slightly concave in upper third, then convex, emarginate opposite the: base of the tragus, and terminating in a distinct rounded lobe: tragus very long, acutely pointed, tapering from the middle upwards, and inclined outwards; inner margin convex, outer margin convex in lower half, concave above.
Wings from the base of the toes; last caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free.
The fur of the body extends very slightly upon the membranes. The inferior surface of the interfemoral membrane has a few fine hairs at the base of the tail only.
Fur above dark at the base, the extremities of the hairs light yellowish brown; beneath also dark at the base, but the extremities are white.
Second upper premolar in the tooth-row nearer to the first than to the third premolar, from which it is separated by a slight interval ; first and second lower premolars similar ; lower incisors crowded. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'7, tail 1-6, head 0'-7, ear 0-85, tragus 0':45, forearm 1'-45, thumb 0-35; third finger— metacarp. 1'':3, 1st ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-15, 1st ph. 0’-35, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0-65, foot 033. Hab. North America west of the Rocky Mountains.
a, ad. sk. California. Purchased.
b. 2 ad., al. East Oregon. H. N. Moseley, Esq. [P.]. (Found amongst rocks on Deschutes River, near Camp Polk.) 39. Vespertilio subulatus.
Vespertilio subulatus, Say, Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, ii. p. 65 (1823); Cooper, Ann. Lyc. New York, iv. p. 61 (1837) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 532, v. p. 750; Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1855, p. 436; Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, V; 51, tigs. 45, 46 (1864).
? Vespertilio californicus, Bachman, Journ. Acad, Philad. Nat. Sci. 1842, p. 436; Peale, United States Expl. Exped. p. 3 (1858). Ears broad, nearly as long as the head ; inner margin of the earconch regularly and rather strongly convex, the basal lobe short, angular, and narrowly rounded off at the angle, the tip broadly rounded off, not projecting outwards, the upper half of the outer margin straight, becoming convex about the middle, terminating in