2. NYCTERIS. 165 4. Nycteris xthiopica.
Ears as in .V. javanica, but the tragus is narrower and more curved inwards (Plate XI. fig. 3).
Fur, above, brown, paler at the base of the hairs; beneath, the chest and abdomen vary in colour from yellowish white to pure snow-white.
Upper incisors bifid; the second lower premolar as large as in J. hispida, standing in the tooth-row, but drawn half inwards. Length, ear 1-15, thumb 0-6; third finger—metacarp. 1'4, Ist ph. 1”, 2nd ph. 1-15; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-5, Ist ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-55, Ist ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0'"6; tibia 0'"85, foot 0'"45.
Hab. N.E. Africa (Kordofan: Senaar).
a. ad. sk. (type). Kordofan. Purchased.
6, c. ad. sk. Kordofan. Purchased.
d. ad..sk. Senaar. Purchased.
e. skull of d.
5. Nycteris macrotis.
Nycteris macrotis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 80 (1876). Ears much longer than the head; tragus (Plate XI. fig. 4) quite different in shape from that of any other species; the outer margin convex, reaching its greatest convexity opposite the base of the inner margin, the convexity very slightly diminishing upwards: inner margin perfectly straight.
Fur, above, dark brown ; beneath, greyish brown. Second lower premolar minute, half internal to the tooth-row. Length, head and body 2'°25, tail 2-4, head 0':85, ear 1'4, tragus 0'°3 x 0'"18, forearm 1-9, thumb 0'"5, third finger 3-6, fifth finger 2'8, tibia 0'-95, calcaneum 0-75, foot 04. Hab. West Africa (Sierra Leone).
a. f ad., al. (type). Sierra Leone. Purchased. b. ¢ ad, al. No history.
6. Nycteris thebaica.
Nycteris thebaicus, Geoffroy, Descr. de ? Egypte, ii. p. 119, pl. i. no. 2 1812).
N sacle nOGtiGH Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 128 (1820). ; Nycteris thebaica et albiventer, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. i. pp. 438, 489 (1844).
Nycteris thebaica, Wagner, op. cit. v. p. 645 (1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 903.
Nycteris labiata, Heuglin, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. xxix. p. 5 (1861) (vide Peters, J. ¢.).
Nycteris angolensis, Peters, 1. ¢.
Ears much longer than the head, but shorter than in the preceding species; tragus expanded above, reaching its greatest width
166 NYCTERID ZX.
about the middle of its inner margin; outer margin convex in its upper half, the inner margin similarly convex throughout (Plate XI. fig. 5). (The form of the tragus is therefore quite different from that of any of the previously described species.) Fur varying in colour from dusky brown above and greyish brown beneath to pale reddish brown on the upper surface, with the whole breast and abdomen pure white.
Second lower premolar minute, quite internal to the tooth-row. Length (of an adult 2), head and body 2”, tail 2’2, head 0'"8, ear 1-2, tragus 0'-3x0"-18, forearm 1'°75, thumb 05, third finger 3'°45, fifth finger 2:55, tibia 0-9, caleaneum 0':65, foot O" +4.
Hab. Africa (Egypt, Abyssinia, Angola).
Dr. Peters distinguishes his NV. angolensis from this species by the darker colour of the fur, and by the greater size of the second small premolar. The first character is extremely variable, and I believe (from an examination of many specimens of different species of the genus) that the size and position of the second small premolar vary within certain limits, as in the closely allied genus Rhinolophus, to an extent, however, sufficiently great to render the comparatively larger size of this tooth in N. angolensis of little importance when considered as a distinguishing character. I have therefore included that form as a synonym of NV. thebarea.
The next (?) species is closely related to this, and is distinguished only by its longer ears and by the position of the second lower premolar.
a, ad. sk. Egypt.
b. 2 ad., al. No history.
7. Nycteris capensis.
Nycteris capensis et affinis, Sineth, Zoological Jowrnal, 1829, p. 433. Nycteris discolor, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 440, v. p. 646 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 904).
Nycteris fuliginosa, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 46, pl. x. (1852); MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 906, fig. 8. Nycteris capensis, Smith, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 904, fig. 6. Nycteris damarensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1870, p. 905, fig. 7. Fars longer than in NV. thebaica, almost as long as in NV. macrotis ; tragus quite similar in shape.
Fur generally similar in colour to that of IV. thebaica, but speci- mens from certain localities (as NV. fuliginosa, Peters, from Zanzibar) are much darker throughout.
The second lower premolar is minute, and stands in the toothrow, or is partially drawn inwards.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2", tail 2’-3, head 0'°75, ear 1-35, tragus 0'*3x0'-18, forearm 1'-8, thumb 0:5, third finger 3''-2, fifth finger 2’°5, tibia 0':95, calcaneum 0''6, foot 04. Hab. South Africa (Damara Country, Kaffraria, Natal, Zanzibar, Zambesi).
Dr. Peters distinguishes NV. fuliginosa from N. capensis by its
VESPERTILIONID &. 167 smaller tragus, and by the larger size of the second lower premolar. I have compared specimens of NV. fuliginosa collected by Dr. Peters and by Dr. Kirk with those of NV. capensis, and fail to discover any difference of sufficient importance to lead me to consider them specifically distinct. I have also examined the type of Wycteris dumarensis, and find that it differs from specimens of WV. capensis in its slightly larger ears, somewhat larger second lower premolar, and white under surface. These differences are probably due to the combined effects of age and locality. NV. capensis may turn out hereafter, when a sufficient number of specimens are available for comparison, to be a variety only of IV. thebaica. a. ad. sk, (type). South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. d. ad. sk. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
ve, ad. sk. South Africa (Damara Land). Purchased. (Type of V. damarensis (Gray), Peters.)
d. @ ad, al. River Zambesi. Dr. Peters [C.].
(N. fuliginosa, Peters.)
e. o ad,, al. East Africa. Dr. Kirk [P.].
Family VESPERTILIONID.
Vespertiliones, Peters *, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 258. Vespertilionidse, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 347 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 82 (1876) t.
Bats with nostrils opening by simple crescentic or circular apertures at the extremity of the muzzle, not surrounded or margined by distinct foliaceous cutaneous appendagest; with moderately developed, generally separate ears with comparatively large tragi; with two phalanges in the middle finger, of which the first is extended (in repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone; with rather short legs and rudimentary fibule; with a long tail (in some genera longer than the head and body) contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the large interfemoral membrane. Skull of moderate size; nasal and frontal bones not much extended laterally nor vertically, nor furrowed by deep depressions, as in Nycteride. The number of incisors varies from cam to mm rarely ; 1-1, 33 pe ee el 2-2" (in Antrozous only) =; premolars 5, or 5, or 5-5, rarely | The upper incisors are small, separated by a wide space in the centre, and placed in pairs or singly near the canines. Where the upper premolars exceed one in number on each side, the anterior remolars are generally minute, and often placed more or less internal to the tooth-line. The molars are well developed, with acute W-shaped cusps.
* Add the genus Nyctophilus.
+ Vespertilionide, Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xvii. p. 89), includes nera belonging to very distinct families.
ae A rudimentary nose-leaf in Nyctophilus.
168 VESPERTILIONIDA, The Vespertilionide are easily distinguished from other Bats by their simple nostrils terminating the conical moderately elongated muzzle, by the long tail produced to the hinder margin of the large interfemoral membrane, and by the upper incisors, which are separated by a wide space and placed near the canines. Their eyes are minute; and the inner margins of the ears arise from the sides of the head, not from the forehead. Distribution. Generally distributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Synopsis of the Genera.
- A. Crown of the head flat or slightly raised above the face-line; upper incisors close to the canines.
a. Nostrils margined behind by rudimentary nose-leaves, or by grooves on the upper surface of the muzzle; ears generally very large ; forehead PLOOVED. oi. iia cs asveewewastiney Group I. PLECOTI. a', A small or rudimentary nose-leaf above the nasal apertures ; incisors i or ut a'', Incisors t; margins of the nasal apertures continuous with the rim of a small disk above ; ears separate ...... eee ee eee 1, ANTROzOUS, p. 170. bd". Incisors ; a small nose-leaf above and behind the nasal apertures ; ears united ...... 2. NycToPHILvs, p. 171. __ b'. No nose-leaf; nostrils in front of a grooves on the upper surface of the muzzle; ears very large. : 2-2 :
ce". Incisors -; ears united. 2-2 f ce, Premolars 5-5; outer margin of the ear-conch carried forwards above the mouth and in front of the eye ........ 3, Synorvus, p. 175. 2-2 ‘ d''. Premolars ;—3; outer margin of the ear-conch terminating near the angle of the mouth. 4. PLecoruvs, p. 177. d", Incigors i, ears separate. 1-1 :
e''. Premolars 5—5; outer margin of the ear-conch terminating near the angle of the mouth. 5. OronycTERIs, p. 181. b, Nostrils simple, opening by crescentic or circular apertures at the extremity of the muzzle; ears generally moderate; forehead not PTOOVOD, sevisaca waineca dite Mere wes Group II, VESPERTILIONES. b', The outer margin of the ear-conch
VESPERTILIONIDE. 169 commences near the angle of the mouth ; ears generally shorter than the head, triangular or rhomboidal in outline; tragus curved inwards orstraight; muzzlenearly naked in front of the eyes, with well-developed glandular eminences ; upper premolars not exceeding 2—2, the first premolar minute or absent.
b". Premaxillary bones moderately developed, occupying half the space between the canines; upper inner incisors bifid, separated from the canines by a - 28 1-1 space; inc.4-, rarely —— a, No lobular projection from the lower lip near the angle of the mouth; tibie short.... 6. VESPERUGO, p. 183. B. A distinct lobular projection near the angle of the mouth ; tibia long. sides. Ges 7. CHALINOLOBUS, p. 246. c'. Premaxillary bones very narrow, slender ; upper incisors unicuspidate, close to the canines; inc. =.
y. The first lower premolar small, crushed in between the canine and second premolar; membranes thick, nearly naked.. 8. ScoroPHiLus, p. 256. _~ 8. The first lower premolar not crushed in between theadjoining teeth; membranes thin. goals fac straight, outer margin convex; interfemoral membrane nearly naked.. 9. NycricEsus, p. 266. B'. Tragus curved inwards, outer margin strongly angular below; interfemoral membrane more or less completely covered with hair chs ow. (an coe a 10, ATALAPHA, p. 267, ce’. The outer margin of the ear-conch commences abruptly nearly opposite the base of the inner margin of the tragus; ears generally as long or longer than the head, narrow, thin; tragus long and narrow, straight or curved outwards; muzzle narrow and hairy in front; upper premolars generally 3—8, the first premolar well developed.
nh". Nostrils tubular, projecting considerably beyond the extremity of the muzzle; premolars 3 . 11, HarProcerHaus, p. 276.
170 VESPERTILIONID %.
a". Nostrils simple, scarcely projecting ; premolars 5-3.
a”, Nasal apertures crescentic; first and second upper premolars much smaller than the third 12. VEsPERTILI0, p. 284. j''. Nasal apertures circular ; first and second upper premolars nearly equal to the third.... 18, Kertvouta, p. 380. B. Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line ; upper incisors separated from the canines, and also an fron ata wera ses aeons Group III. MINIOPTERI. 343 a. Premolars 3-5.
a', Base of thumbs and soles of feet SIMPL sartiars raver os ate cones 14, NaTALuvs, p. 341. b'. Base of thumbs and soles of feet with adhesive disks .......... 15, THYROPTERA, p. 345. 6. Premolars = geetarten egies sternite 16. MInrorTERUS, p. 347. 1. ANTROZOUS.
Antrozous, Allen, Proc. Philad, Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 247; Monogr. Bats N. America, 1864, p. 66.
Muzzle cylindrical, margins of the nasal apertures continuous with the rim of a small disk terminating the muzzle above; ears separate, tragus long, attenuated upwards; crown of the head very slightly elevated above the face-line; tail contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane, no postcalcaneal lobe.
Incisors = the upper incisors close to the canines ; premolars = the single upper premolar large, close to the canine; the first lower premolar small, crushed in between the canine and second premolar.
Range. Nearctic Region (Californian and Rocky Mountain subregions).
This genus is represented by a single species of very peculiar physiognomy, resembling, in the form of the muzzle, the Bats of the genus Megaderma, and differing from all other species of Vespertihionide in having four lower incisors only. The skeleton, however, is very similar to that of the species of Nyctophilus and Scotophilus, and differs only in the greater development of the fibula. The skull rather resembles that of Scotophilus, but the facial bones are much more prolonged beyond the infraorbital foramen; as in Scotophilus, the supraoccipital crest is the highest point of the skull; the bony palate extends to the middle of the zygomata; the tympanic bulle are large, but leave a small portion of the cochlee uncovered ; the basioccipital is rather wide between the cochlez, and is not marked by any excavations (Plate XI. fig. 6c).
2. NYCTOPHILUS. 171 1. Antrozous pallidus.
Vespertilio pallidus, Leconte, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, p. 43. Antrozous pallidus, Allen, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 247 ; Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 68, figs. 65-67 (1864). Muzzle cylindrical, shortly conical in front, the extremity truncated and terminated by a small, not well-defined disk, bounded above by a very slightly raised ridge (Plate XI. fig. 6) continuous with the outer and upper margins of the nasal apertures, which are directed forwards ; ears longer than the head, triangular above, but the tips are obtuse and the outer and inner margins convex ; base of the inner margin of the ear-conch very convex, outer margin terminating abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth; tragus long, attenuated upwards towards its subacute tip, inner margin straight, outer convex, with a slightly irregular margin below, straight in upper half.
Tail long, of eight vertebra, the last free or half-free; feet moderately large ; wings from the base of the toes.
The muzzle is nearly naked in front of the eyes, and the fur scarcely extends upon the wing- or interfemoral membranes. Fur, above, pale yellowish brown, the base of the hairs pale buff ; beneath, pale buff.
Upper incisors unicuspidate, well developed (Plate XI. fig. 65) ; lower incisors trifid ; last upper molar very narrow, forming a transverse plate only (Plate XI. fig. 6a).
Length, head and body 2'4, tail 1'"8, free from membrane 0'1, head 0:85, ear 1" x 0''55, tragus 0'°55, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°38 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'°75, 1st ph. 0-6, 2nd ph. 0'-85; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°6, Ist ph. 0’-45, 2nd ph. 0'-4; tibia 0'°85, calcaneum 0’-55, foot 0'°33.
Hab. Western North-America (Texas, Oregon, California, N. Mexico).
a. Qad., al. Mammoth Valley, California. Dr. Brown [C.]. b. Yad. al. California. Smithsonian Institute [P.]. c. skeleton. California. Smithsonian Institute [P. 2. NYCTOPHILUS.
Nyctophilus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 78 (1822); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 47 (1835-41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdiugeth. v. p. 649 (1855); Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 26. Barbastellus, Gray, Zoolog. Miscell. 1831, p. 88. Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle narrow, very similar in general shape to that of Plecotus; nostrils at the extremity of the muzzle in the front margin of a fleshy eminence, their upper margins continuous with the base of a small cordate nose-leaf; ears large, oval, conjoined by a band arising from the forehead between the eyes; tragus short, triangular, in outline somewhat similar to that of Synotus; eyes large. Wings from the base of the toes; tail almost wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane.
172 VESPERTILIONID.E.
Dentition. Inc. mH c. = pm. = ‘ as Upper incisors unicuspidate and close to the canines. (For general description of skeleton see p. 173.) Range. The Australian Region (except New Zealand). The fleshy disk behind the small nose-leaf in this genus is evidently formed by the union of the greatly enlarged glandular eminences which in every species of the family are more or less developed. The different stages of development may be traced through Plecotus and Corinorhinus. The enlarged glands rising slightly above the outer margins of the grooves behind the nasal apertures in Plecotus are so greatly enlarged in the closely allied subgenus Corinorhinus as, in many individuals, to meet by their inner and superior margins in the centre (see Plate XI. figs. 8 & 9). The line of union is still indicated in Nyctophilus by a narrow longitudinal groove on the upper and anterior surface of the fleshy eminence on the muzzle (Plate XI. fig. 7).
The single species on which this genus is founded evidently takes the place of Plecotus auritus in the Australian Region. Mr. Tomes has described four species, distinguishing them principally by size, by the greater or lesser development of the bony ridges of the skull, and by the colour of the fur; but these differences appear to me to depend chiefly upon age and locality, and do not seem of sufficient importance to warrant separation into distinct species. 1. Nyctophilus timoriensis.
Vespertilio timoriensis, Geoffroy, Ann.du Muséum, viii. p. 200 (1806) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 253 (1835-41).
Nyctophilus geoffroyi, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 73 (1822) ; Temminck, 1. c. p. 47, pl. 84; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Saugeth. v. p. 649 (1855).
Nyctophilus geoffroyi, timoriensis, gouldi, unicolor, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1858, pp. 29-387.
Ears large, oval, longer than the head, similar to those of Plecotus auritus in shape but proportionately smaller, and connected by a much deeper band on the forehead, and the concave surface of the conch is marked by numerous parallel horizontal lines; the inner side of the ear is in the form of an isosceles triangle with a broad base, half the inner margin slopes forwards and upwards, the other half upwards and backwards, the tip rounded off, the upper third of the outer margin straight, sloping outwards, becoming convex in lower two thirds, and terminating in a wart placed close to the angle of the mouth; the broad band connecting the ears extends upwards on each side as far as the middle of.their inner margins ; tragus rather short, triangular, subacute, the inner and outer margins convex, at the junction of the upper and middle third of the outer margin a small blunt thickened elevation behind, at the base a small lobe. The glandular elevation behind the short nose-leaf, in the front of which the nostrils open, is grooved in the centre by a