12. VESPERTILIO. 285 which they differ are so slight that it is very difficult to write in few words a description by which it may be possible to recognise with certainty a given species.
Most of the species appear to be dwellers in woods, some (of the subgenus Leuconoé especially) either habitually or occasionally live in caves or under the roofs of houses. The position of attachment of the wings to the hinder extremities and the size of the foot appear to be connected with the nature of their dwelling-places, the inhabitants of caves having larger feet more or less free from the membranes, while those living in woods have much smaller feet inclosed in the wing-membrane to the base of the toes. Compared with the species of Vesperugo, these Bats, as might be expected from their more delicate organization, extend to a much less degree into the colder latitudes, and in countries where the species of both genera hibernate they leave their sleeping-places at a much later period in the year.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Feet very large ; wing-membrane from the tibia or ankle, rarely from the side of the foot; interfemoral membrane forming a very acute angle in the centre of its free margin behind ; tail projecting by the last vertebra or by the last two vertebree from the membrane; cal- GAM vais sale nike eis eenaiula eve go aceeiatasiaeln els Subgen. Leucono#. «. Wings from the sides of the back near the spine. a’. Wings from the middle of the tibia; the second lower premolar minute, quite internal to the tooth-row.
a. Tragus short, straight, and obtusely pointed; fur long; forearm 21 .. 1. V. pilosus, p. 289. b'. Wings from the ankles; the second lower premolar in the tooth-row.
B. Tragus moderately long, subacute ; [ p. 290. fur very short; forearm 1"8...... 2. V. macrotarsus, b. Wings from the sides of the body. c’. Wings from the ankles.
c". The second lower premolar minute, quite internal to the tooth-row. ; . Tragus straight ; fur very short; fore- : ne . Aaa: iu a tcae cae 3. V. hasseltit, p. 291, d'. The second lower premolar stands in the tooth-row, or, partially only, internal. c'", The second upper premolar quite internal to the toot fie Pea rp. 299 6. Tragus straight ; fur moderately long; . 202: faces a ae hart ee ere d'". The second upper premolar stands in the tooth-row, or, with the first premolar, is drawn partially inwards.
«. Tragus inclined outwards above, inner [p. 293. margin convex; forearm 1'-45.... 5. V. capacernit,
286 VESPERTILIONID.
¢. Tragus straight, inner margin straight; forearm 1°45 .... cece cece eee 6. V. longipes, p. 294. n. Tragus inclined inwards, obtuse, inner margin slightly concave; forearm [p. 295. MU Bo cake sont.
duc, Siatedss yh hiskatavataghem earns 7.
V.
dasyeneme, d’, Wings from the tarsi.
e”’, The first and second upper premolars internal to the tooth-row, the third pene separated by a narrow space rom the canine. [p. 296.
6. Tragus straight,subacute; forearm 1-8. 8. V. ferrugineus, e’. Wings from the metatarsi. e''. The second lower premolar stands in the tooth-row or is partially drawn inwards. ff". The second upper premolar stands in the tooth-row, or, with the first, is partially drawn inwards.
« The ear laid forwards does not extend beyond the end of the muzzle ; fore- [p. 297. STI LAD ie ieaioce, siaifencesnlrewe ake 9. V. daubentonii, x. The ear laid forwards extends one tenth of an inch beyond the end of [p. 298. muzzle; forearm 1'°45 .......... 10. V. megalopus, g'". The second upper premolar internal to the tooth-row.
A. The ear laid forwards does not extend beyond the end of the muzzle ; tragus inclined outwards; forearm [p. 298. SLY Dice Resuacecarac eras auoray eosten cay estas Gael elags 11.
V.
fimbriatus, S. Wings from the base of the toes *. '. The second premolar in both jaws internal to the tooth-row.
h'". The ear laid forwards extends exactly to the end of the muzzle.
p. Fur moderately long; last two caudal vertebree projecting ; forearm 1-25 12. V. davidii, p. 300. vy. Fur very short; the last osseous caudal vertebra alone projecting; fOvesIMNT LBD. es eases Wie ace a ence nis 13. VF. bocagit, p. 300. II. Feet moderate ; wing-membrane from the base of the toes, rarely from the metatarsus ; interfemoral membrane forming an obtuse angle in the centre of its free margin behind; tail wholly contained in the membrane or projecting by its extreme tip only; calcaneum extending about halfway between the ankle and the tailinirices tine een aa temnveceie heei saree yale ale Subg. VESPERTILIO. A. Old-World Species +.
a. Tragus attenuated above, acutely pointed, and curved outwards.
* The two species contained in this section would, perhaps, be more correctly classed with those of the next section, where they should occupy a place next V. mystacinus, to which they are closely related; but the comparatively large size of the feet and projecting caudal vertebra render their position here necessary in order to fall in with the general plan of arrangement of the species. + This division is made only for convenience, as, owing to the large number
12. VESPERTILIO. 287 «', Wings from the metatarsus; fur of the neck and shoulders much longer than that of the rest of the body. a. Fars nearly as long as the head; the outer margin of the ear-conch deeply concave above; terminal third of the hairs beneath pale brown; fore- BUT De sees vate 8 sreeirasehoraun 14. V. goudotit, p.301. b’. Wings from the base of the toes; fur of the neck and shoulders scarcely longer than that of the rest of the body. 6". Ears shorter than the head. 8. Ears much shorter than the head; outer side of the ear-conch deepl concave above; terminal half of the hairs beneath pure white; forearm (p. 802. DE DD Se ate cavevs wi wvaraveren Olatectse eon eieterea 15.
V.
nipalensis, y. Ears much shorter than the head; outer side of the ear-conch slightly concave above; terminal third of the hairs beneath pale reddish brown; forearm 1-9 ............ 17. TV” tricolor, p. 305. 6. Ears nearly as long as the head; outer side of the ear-conch deeply angularly emarginate above; terminal third of the hairs beneath pale red- [p. 308. dish brown; forearm 1-58 ...... 16. V. emarginatus, e''. Ears as long or longer than the head ; outer side of the ear-conch flatly emarginate above.
c'". Ears as long as the head. e. Forearm 1/5 ......... veers. 18, V, oreias, p. 305. ad". Ears longer than the head. d', Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane fringed; tail as long as the head and body. ¢. Wing-membranes variegated with orange and black; forearm . 306. DOODaketaraia:bisausttersatsaels6819.V.welwitschii, n. Wing-membranes unicoloured ; forearm 1'"45 ...... er aa 20. V. natterert, p.307. e’. Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane naked; tail shorter than the head and body. 6. Wing-membranes unicoloured ; [p. 808. forearm 1°55 1... ..... 00 ee 21. V. bechstenit, b. Tragus straight*, subacutely or obtusely ointed.
b’. Wings from the base of the toes. b". Outer side of the ear-conch flatly emarginate above.
b'", Wing-membranes unicoloured. of species, and the slight leading differences observable among them, it is extremely difficult to arrange them all in a single synoptical table. * Curved outwards above in I’. australis only, vide p. 317.
288 VESPERTILIONID-£.
»*, Terminal half of the hairs beneath white.
t. Ears longer than the head; foreaI 2) 238 antec sins areca ee 22, V.murinus,p.309, x. Ears shorter than the head; fore- SPN DD cs scale ates aio anereeve us 23. V. africanus, ce‘. Hairs black or dark brown beneath, [p. 310. the extreme tips greyish.
r. Ears broad, slightly shorter than [p. 310. the head ; forearm 21 ...... 24. V. ee 4 p. Ears narrow, much shorter than [p. 811. the head; forearm 2'"5 ...... 25. V. chinensis, ce", Wing- -membranes variegated with orange and black.
y. Ears slightly shorter than the [p. 811. head; forearm 1-9.......... 26. V. formosus, ce". Outer side of the ear deeply concave above.
d", Second upper premolar quite internal to the tooth-row.
&. Ears shorter than the head ; lower two thirds of the outer margin of the ear-conch strongly and [p. 313. abruptly convex ; forearm 1’"4.27. V. insularum, e"'. Second upper premolar in the toothrow, or with the first premolar drawn partially inwards.
e‘. No postcalcaneal lobule.
vo. Ears shorter than the head ; outer margin of the ear-conch slightly convex in the lower half; [p. 313. forearm LB. icici ae ise aes 28. V. montivagus, aw. Ears as long as the head; outer margin of the ear-conch strongly convex in lower half; fore- [p. 314. ATMMDSsitsaceuovaresensietesaecantes29.V.mystacinus, J’. Postcalcaneal lobe distinct ; muzzle obtuse.
p. Tragus straight or slightly inclined inwards ; fur long ; fore- fp. 316, arr 20 contents daca sere ciate outs 30. V. muricola, o. Tragus inclined outwards above ; fur short; forearm 1'°55...... 31. V.australis,p.317. B. New-World Species.
a. Feet small; tail wholly included in the interfemoral membrane or the extreme tip alone projecting.
a’. Ears as long as the head; muzzle slender, pointed ; thumb shorter than the foot .. 32. V. nitidus, p. 318. U'. Ears shorter than the head ; muzzle obtuse ; thumb moderate, as long as the [p. 319. foot; forearm 1'°35..............++.. 30» V nigricans, c', Ears as long as the head; muzzle obtuse ; thumb longer than the foot; face very hairy; forearm1"6 .......... woe. 84, V. oxyotus, p.320,
12. VESPFRTILIO. 289 b, Feet rather large; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.
a’, Fur very dense and woolly, covering the whole muzzle. Ears shorter than the [p. head; forearm 155 oo... cece eee 35. V. polythrix, b’. Fur straight, moderately dense, not extending thickly upon the muzzle. a", Kars as long as the head; tragus straight ; a small postcalcaneal lobule; : posterior margin of the interfemoral [p. 822. naked; forearm 1'-45.............. 36. V. chiloensis, b”. Ears longer than the head; tragus inclined outwards ; no postcalcaneal lobule; posterior margin of the interfemoral fringed ; forearm 15 ........ 37. V. levis, p. 323. ce. Feet rather large; last osseous caudal vertebra free or half free.
a’. Tragus long, inclined outwards. ce’, Wings from the base of the toes. ce’. Ears longer than the head. a. The extremity of the ear laid forwards extends about 035 beyond the end of the muzzle.......... 38. V. evotis, p. 824. 8. The extremity of the ear extends O""1 beyond the end of the [p. 824. MiU2Z16 oe arias po eee nese 39. V. subulatus, d'. Wings from the tarsus or metatarsus. d'". Ears as long as the head. y. The extremity of the ear laid forwards extends to the end of the MUZZIO I cele eo cieea oan 40. V. carolit, p. 325. 4‘, Tragus moderately long, straight. e''", Wings from the metatarsus or base of the toes.
eé'". Ears shorter than the head. 6. The extremity of the ear laid forwards does not extend so far as the end of the muzzle.
5'. The first and second upper premolars internal to the toothrow; forearm 1'-75........4. 41. V.albescens,p,326. e'. The first and second premolars in the tooth-row ; forearm 1'"35 42. V. arsinoé, p.328. «. The extremity of the ear laid forwards extends to the end of the [p. 828. muzzle; forearm 1’"4.......... 43. V. lucifugus, 321.
Subgenus Lrvcono#.
1. Vespertilio pilosus.
Vespertilio (Leuconoé) pilosus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1869, p. 403. Ears long, narrow, and shortly rounded off above; inner margin of the ear-conch straight above and below, concave in the middle, outer margin straight, slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a short rounded lobe; tragus rather oo
290 VESPERTILIONIDE, short and straight, obtusely pointed, inner margin straight, outer margin convex in lower three fourths, straight above. Wings from the middle of the tibiee, and from the sides of the back almost as close to the spine as in V. macrotarsus from the Philippine Islands. Interfemoral membrane triangular behind, last caudal vertebra free ; caleaneum weak, concave behind. Feet remarkably large, proportionally larger than in any other known species of the genus; the outer toe much shorter than the others.
Fur long and dense, extending thinly upon the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the fourth caudal vertebra, and upon the legs to the ankles. Above, dark brown, with paler extremities ; beneath, a lighter shade of the same colour. First and second upper premolars minute, internal to the toothrow, but distinctly visible from without, the second very much smaller than the first; second lower premolar very small and quite internal, in the angle between the closely approximated first and third premolar.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2), head and body 2'°4, tail 1:9, ear 0':8, tragus 0'°3, forearm 2'"1, thumb 0-45, third finger 3-5, fifth finger 2"-8, tibia 0''-8, foot 0"°7. Hab. South America (Montevideo).
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
2. Vespertilio macrotarsus.
Vespertilio macrotarsus, Waterhouse, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 51 (1845); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 740 (1855) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 130 (1876).
Ears slightly longer than the head; laid forwards their extremities extend exactly to the end of the nose; inner margin of the conch straight in the lower ascending portion for about one third its length, then regularly convex, with a slight flattening in the upper third; the outer margin forms a straight line without interruption as far as a point opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a small lobe opposite the base of the inner margin. Tragus straight and very acutely pointed; inner margin straight; lobe at base of outer margin small, succeeded by an emargination, above which the tragus reaches its greatest width (Plate XVIII. fig. 1 ear, enlarged).
Wings to the ankles; feet very large, the claws of an intensely black colour, contrasting with the prevailing light brownish hue of the integuments. Calcaneum very long, extending to within a very short distance of the tail. The wing-membranes are attached to the sides of the back at a distance of about a quarter of an inch from the spine on each side; and the surface covered by hairs across the loins is scarcely more than half an inch in width. Fur above dark brown, with paler tips; beneath, canary-colour, the bases of the hairs dark. The fur is everywhere very short, and scarcely extends to either the wing- or interfemoral membrane. ?
12. VESPERTILIO. 291 Dentition as in V. capaceinii. The second lower premolar scarcely more than half the height and less than one third the size of the first premolar.
This species is at once distinguished by the attachment of the wing-membranes and by the intensely black colour of the claws. Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2, preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”2, tail 2’:1, head 0'"75, ear 0°78, tragus 0'"35, forearm 1''*8, thumb 0'"35, third finger 3'°6, fifth finger 2'°4, tibia 0':7, caleaneum 0-9, foot 0°55.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
a. 2 ad., al. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Collection. 3. Vespertilio hasseltii.
Vespertilio hasseltii, Temi. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 225 (1835-41) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 18; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 126 (1876).
Vesperugo hasseltil, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdéugeth. i. p. 512 (1840), vy. p. 740 (1855).
Trilatitus hasseltii, Gray, dnn. § Mag. Nat. Hist. ». p. 258 (1842). Fars shorter than the head, and rather narrow ; laid forwards the extremities reach very little further than half the distance between the eye and the end of the nose; they are shaped almost precisely similar to those of V. macrotarsus ; the tips are broadly rounded, the outer margin forms a straight line from the tip to a point opposite the base of the tragus, where it is interrupted by a fold of the conch passing outwards to form the posterior margin of the small lobe, in which the outer margin of the ear ends slightly in front of the inner margin (Plate XVIII. fig. 5, ear, enlarged). Tragus moderately long, narrow, and tapering to an acute point; the inner margin straight, the outer slightly convex, with a triangular lobe at the base ; it is not so much attenuated towards the tip nor so acutely pointed as in V. macrotarsus.
Wings from the ankles ; feet very long and slender; interfemoral membrane large, acutely angular behind. Fur very short above and beneath; the muzzle in front of the eyes almost naked. The fur of the body scarcely extends upon the wing-membranes, except at their origin from the sides of the body ; upon the interfemoral it extends slightly further back than a line drawn between the kneejoints. Beneath, the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow-joint to the commencement of the distal third of the femur ; upon the interfemoral its extent is similar to that on the upper surface, but about half the surface of the membrane is covered thinly with minute hairs; tibia and feet (except at base of claws) quite naked on both surfaces.
Fur, above, dark at the base, with brown tips; beneath, dark brown or black, with white extremities.
The second premolar in both jaws is extremely small, and with difficulty seen even with a lens; it is placed in the pa between U
292 VFSPERTILIONID A.
the first and third premolars, and in vertical extent does not equal the cingulum of either tooth ; the lower incisors are slightly crowded. Length (of an adult 2 pr eserved in alcohol), head and body 2") tail 1" 8, head 0-65, ear 0:6, tragus 0'-25, forearm 1'"6, third finger 2-6, fifth finger 2" , tibia 0": 65, foot 0'45. This species, as Dr. Peters has remarked, was long considered to belong to the genus Vesperugo, the extremely small second premolar in both jaws having escaped notice. Although the second upper premolar is very small in every species of Vespertilio, and in some quite internal, yet in no other species 1s the second lower premolar quite internal, placed in the angle between the closely approximated first and third premolars, and not sufficiently large to fill that angle.
Hab. Malay peninsula; Siam; Sumatra; Java.
a. ad. sk, Java. Purchased:
b. 2 ad., al. Burma. Secretary of State for India [P.]. 4. Vespertilio adversus.
Vespertilio adversus, Horsfield, Zoological Researches in Java (1824) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 128 (1876).
Vespertilio horstieldi, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 226 (1835- 41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 7387 (1855) ; Dodson, le.
Vespertilio macellus, Temmnck, 1. c. p. 230.
Vespertilio macropus, Gould, Mammals of Australia, iii, (1854). The ear laid forward extends to the end of the nose; the inner margin of the ear-conch is very similar in shape to that of V. dasycneme, but there is a slight flattening in its upper third; the extremity is broadly triangular, with a rounded-off vertical angle ; the upper half of the outer margin is straight, not at all concave, and the lower half very slightly convex, terminating opposite the base of the inner margin; tragus very similar in shape to that of V. daubentonii, but somewhat longer and narrower towards the tip, the inner margin straight, the outer slightly convex, attaining its greatest width slightly below the middle of the inner margin (Plate XVIII. fig. 4, ear, enlarged). :
Wings from the ankles; calcaneum very long, extending more than three fourths the length of the posterior margin of the interfemoral on each side.
The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of the femur; the base of the interfemoral between the thighs only is covered, and a few long hairs appear on the backs of the toes. Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with a few fine hairs as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, but the interfemoral is as naked as upon the upper surface. The face is more hairy than in most of the species of this subgenus.
The first upper premolar occupies the space between the canine and the third premolar; the second upper premolar is extremely