4, PHYLLORHINA. 149 Hab. The Oriental Region. Typical examples have been found chiefly in the Indo-Malayan Subregion (Nicobar Islands, Java, Borneo, Philippine Islands). Two of the varieties (Ph. amboinensis and Ph, aruensis) extend into the northern parts of the Australian Region.
Ph. bicolor appears to vary considerably, not only in the colour of the fur, but also in the size of the ears and in the position of attachment of the wing-membrane to the posterior extremities. In the typical Ph. bicolor the ears are as long as the head; in the form described as Phyllorhina fulva, Gray, they reach their greatest development, and are considerably longer than the head; in Ph. amboinensis, Peters, they are shorter. Between these, however, so many intermediate forms are found that it appears quite impossible to recognise more than one species. Ph. fulva and the intermediate forms are therefore considered varieties of Ph. bicolor. Var. a (Phyllorhina fulva).
ESS) fulvus et murinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 492 Rhinolophus murinus et fulgens, Elliot, Catal. Mammals South Mahratta Country, p. 8 (1840).
Hipposideros fulvus, murinus, atratus, Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice, pp. 15, 16 (1852).
Hipposideros cineraceus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Beng. xxii. p. 410; Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 28 (1867).
-Phyllorhina aurita, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, pl. 76. Chrysonycteris fulva, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 82. Phyllorhina fulva, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 322; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 71 (1876).
Ears longer than the head, with a very slight flattening of the upper third of the outer margin beneath the broadly rounded-off extremity of the conch (Plate IX. fig. 10).
Thumb and feet slightly longer than in typical specimens of Ph. hicolor, and the extremity of the tail appears to project more. In other respects quite similar to Ph. bicolor.
In some specimens of this variety the fur is brilliant golden yellow, the brightness of the colour probably unequalled by that of any other species of mammal; in others (by far the greater number) the colour of the fur is white, with dark-coloured extremities. The conditions under which this remarkable difference in colour occurs are not yet understood; but it most probably takes place during the rutting-season, and may be analogous to the breeding-plumage of birds.
(For measurements see Table, p. 150).
Hab. The continental parts of the Oriental Region; India, Ceylon, Burma, China (Amoy).
It is probable that typical examples of Ph, bicolor, with ears as long as the head, are contined to the insular parts of the Oriental Region, their representatives in the adjoining continent being the large-eared Ph. fulua,
150 RHINOLOPHIDE.
Var. B (Phyllorhina aruensis).
Hipposideros aruensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 107. Hipposideros albanensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 220. Ears intermediate in size between those of typical examples of Ph. bicolor and Ph. fulva, the outer margin of the ear-conch flattened in the upper third, as in PA. bicolor. Fur, above, very dark brown, almost black on the surface, the basal three fourths of the hairs pale greyish; beneath, greyish brown, slightly darker towards the extremities of the hairs. (For measurements see Table below.)
Hab. Albany Island, Cape York; Aru Islands. Var. y (Phyllorhina amboinensis).
Phyllorhina amboinensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 328; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 72 (1876). Phyllorhina micropus (Hutton), Peters, l.c. 1872, p. 256; P. ZS. 1872, p. 703.
Ears shorter than the head, smaller than in any of the previously described forms; the frontal sac appears to be quite absent in the female ; the interfemoral membrane is also less triangular behind, and the extremity of the tail projects more. However, the three specimens of this form agree so closely in all other respects with Ph. bicolor, that it is impossible to consider them as representatives of a distinct species (Plate IX. fig. 11). (For measurements see Table below.)
Hab. Amboina; peninsula of India.
In the following Table the measurements of Ph. bicolor and its varieties are compared. It may be seen that a regular gradation exists in the size of the ears from Ph. amboinensis to Ph. fulva. B Lo} 3 ell ar rg -| 3/5 8 B| | 2 ro aol s/Sialg], Habitat =| 3 o os oma i £/2/2/8)8/8/8|2/8 a =) a = = z 3 .
Ph,amboinensis...|1°7|0°95,0°65)0°6|1*4|2°2|1-8|0°65}0-25)Q|Deccan,India. Ph.bicolor.........18|1:2|0°7|O°7|1°55}2-4|1°95]0-7|0°3|Q|NicobarIslands. Ph. aruensis ...... sas ne se. | OB} 15 | 2°412°0 |0°65]0°28) g | Albany Islands, Ph.JUlodscccceveseee1°75)valYad0-9|1°55]2°3|1°9|0°65leesé|UpperBurma. (Phyllorhina bicolor.)
a, 3 ad, al. Pinang. E. I. House Collection. b. © ad, al. Nicobar Islands. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.]. c. ad. sk, Singapore. A.R. Wallace, Esq. [C. ].
4, PHYLLORHINA,. 151 d. ad. sk. Singapore, Purchased, e. ad. sk, Java. Leyden Museum.
J. © ad, al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll. g. ad. sk, (Ph, amboinensis.)
hk. S$ ad, al. Lingasugur, Deccan. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}. on (Ph. aruensis.)
% dimm.sk. (type). Aru Islands. A. R, Wallace, Esq, [C.]. J. & ad. sk. Albany Island, Cape York. C. Coxen, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Hipposideros albanensis, Gray.)
(Ph. fulva.)
k. Q ad, al. Scinde. G, E. Dobson, M.B. [P.]. 1. ad. sk. Bombay. Dr. Leith ea m. ad. sk. (type). Madras, Sir Walter Elliot [P.] m,o. 2 ad., al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. p. & ad, al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming’s Coll.
gq. & ad, al. Upper Burma. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. r, ad. sk. Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.]. 22. Phyllorhina megalotis.
Phyllorhina megalotis, Heuglin, Beitr. Fauna Stugeth. N.O.-Afrika, p. 8 (1861); Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 329. Slightly smaller than Ph. bicolor, which it resembles very closely in general appearance. The ears are the same length as in the long-eared variety of that species, similarly oval and rounded off above, but they are comparatively narrower and closer together ; their inner margins are more regularly convex from the base upwards, and their inner sides are united posteriorly by a distinct band, about one tenth of an inch in height. In the only specimen as yet discovered the nasal membranes have been completely destroyed; but I have no doubt they are generally similar to those of Ph, bicolor, as this species evidently belongs to the same section of the genus.
Thumb short, the first phalanx shorter than the metacarpal bone. Wings from the ankles. Tail and interfemoral membrane as in Ph. bicolor, the extremity of the tail projecting slightly more than in that species.
Fur, above, white at the base, the terminal third dark brown; beneath, dull buffy white: on the whole, the colour of the fur is very similar to that of most specimens of Ph. bicolor. Upper incisors very small, lower incisors trifid; upper canines much curved forwards, each tooth with a small internal and anterior basal cusp, and a projection near the middle of its posterior concave margin ; no minute upper premolar; the teeth, therefore, agree in number with those of Ph. tridens.
Length (of an adult 2), head and body 15, tail 1-1, head 0'"6, ear 082 x 0-6, forearm 1-4, thumb 0'"2; third finger—metacarp. 0-95, Ist ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0'"6 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-02, 1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0-3; fifth finger—metacarp. 1", Ist ph. 0'°45, 2nd ph. 0'"38 ; tibia 0-6, foot 028, calcaneum 0°24, Hab. North-east Africa (Bogos Land).
152 RHINOLOPHIDE.
Type in the collection of the Stuttgart Museum.
Through the kindness of Dr. Krauss, Director of the Royal Zoological Museum at Stuttgart, I have been enabled to examine the type of this most interesting species, which differs from all other species of the genus in the very distinct union of the ears. But in Ph. fulva, which it resembles most closely, a very low band may be traced across the forehead from the base of one ear to the other. The difference, therefore, between these species, in this respect at least, is evidently one of degree only. 5. COLOPS.
Ceelops, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 251 (1848) ; Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, ii. p. 117 ee) MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 644, and 1871, p. 380; Dobson, J. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 141; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 74 (1876).
The horizontal nose-leaf, corresponding to the horseshoe in Fhanolophus and Phyllorhina, is deeply emarginate on the sides and in front, the anterior lappets covering the bases of two long depending leaflets; a sella behind the nostrils somewhat similar to that in Phyllorhina, and behind this a transverse concave-fronted erect terminal leaf supporting a heart-shaped projection in the centre. Ears separate. Metacarpal bone of thumb very long, phalanx short; index finger very long, extending beyond the extremity of the first phalanx of the middle finger; toes, as in Phyllorhina, of two phalanges each ; tail and calcanea short, interfemoral membrane deeply age meer Dentition. Ine. } a 5c. = > pm. = - m. = :.
The general form of the skull and teeth is very similar to that of Phyllorhina. The base of the skull is almost quite similar, and the nasal bones are similarly developed. This genus, therefore, though presenting such remarkable differences in the form of the nasal appendages, stands most nearly related to Phyllorhina. 1. Celops frithii.
Ceelops frithii, Blyth, 1. c.; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 381; Dobson, l. c.
Ceelops bernsteinii, Peters, Wiegm. Archiv, ii. p. 117 (1862); MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 645.
Kars funnel-shaped, as in the genus Kerivoulu (Vespertilionide) : the outer side of the ear-conch nearly as deep as the inner, the whole surface of the conch thickly clothed with fine hairs. The nasal appendages as described above; the sides of the horizontal membranes almost concealed by long fine hairs, with which the face is thickly covered; behind the terminal transverse leaf a circular frontal pore, quite similar to that found in some species of Phyllorhina (Plate VITI. fig. 6).
Thumb included in the wing-membrane almost to the base of
NYCTERIDZ. 153 the claw. Wings to the tarsus close to the ankles; feet very slender, toes with strong claws; calcanea and tail very short; the interfemoral membrane deeply angularly emarginate on a line with the knee-joints.
Fur shining brown above and beneath, the bases of the hairs much paler.
First upper premolar minute, in the tooth-row; caniite with a prominent talon behind and a smaller one in front, near its summit. Length (of an adult ¢ in the collection of the Leyden Museum), head and body 1'"7, interfemoral membrane in the middle 03, ear 0"-52, forearm 1':6, index finger 1’°7; third finger—metacarp. 1'°2, 1st ph. 0'"3, 2nd ph. 1"; fourth finger—metacarp. 1’-25, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0-48; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°35, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0°55 tibia 0'°65, foot 0:35.
Hab. Bengal Sandarbans ; Java.
The only specimens of this very remarkable species yet obtained are the type, a skin in bad condition in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and an adult male (the type of C. bernsteinii, Peters) preserved in alcobol in the Leyden Museum. I have examined both specimens, and have no hesitation in referring them to the same species.
Family NYCTERID®.
Megadermata, Peters (in part), MB. Akad. Berl, 1865, p. 256. Rhinolophide, Gray (in part), P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 81-83. Nycteride, Dobson, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.1875, xvi. p.347 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 75 (1876).
Bats with distinct cutaneous appendages margining the apertures of the nostrils, which are situated on the upper surface of the muzzle; with large united ears, with well-developed tragi; with pectoral, not axillary mamme; with two phalanges in the middle finger, whereof the first is extended (in repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone, and with or without a short phalanx in the index finger; with long tibie, but the fibule rudimentary or absent. oie Premaxillary bones cartilaginous or small; upper incisors absent, or very small in the centre of the space between the canines ; molars well developed, with acute W-shaped cusps.
Range. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions*.
* One species, Megaderma spasma, extends slightly beyond the limits of the Oriental Region (as defined by Mr. Wallace), being found in Celebes and in Ternate, and Nycteris thebaica occurs as far north as Hgypt.
154 NYCTERIDE.
Subfam. I. MEGADERMIN.
Nostrils at the bottom of a concavity near the extremity of the muzzle, concealed by the base of an erect cutaneous process; tail very short, in the base of the large interfemoral membrane; premaxillariés cartilaginous.
1. MEGADERMA.
Megaderma, Geoffroy, Annal. du Mus. xv. cE 197 (1810); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 192; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 75 (1876).
Megaderma e¢ Lavia, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838) ; P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 83.
Muzzle cylindrical, elongated ; nostrils in a slight depression at the extremity of the upper surface of the muzzle, surrounded by a naked cutaneous expansion, which forms a vertical process posteriorly, and anteriorly is attached to or projects slightly beyond the extremity of the muzzle; lower lip projecting slightly beyond the upper; ears large, conjoined by part of their inner margins; tragus long, bifid; wings ample, cutaneous system greatly developed throughout ; a single very short bony phalanx in the index finger ; fourth and fifth metacarpal bones progressively longer than the third ; tibia very long; toes nearly equal in length ; outer or first toe with two, the remaining toes with three phalanges each; calcaneum distinct; tail very short (of four or five very small but distinct vertebr), not discernible except in skeletons ; interfemoral membrane large, concave behind; a pair of pubal appendages as in Rhinolophus.
Dentition. Inc. ° 7 ¢ = — pm. 5—, or 55, m. 5-5. The first upper premolar ariel or absent; last molar less than half the antepenultimate molar. Skull much narrowed in front, so that the posterior molars of opposite sides are much further apart than the canines; bony palate not extending backwards beyond the last molar ; zygomatic arches very wide; frontal bones flattened and slightly expanded laterally ; the base of the postorbital process perforated by a small foramen ; the infraorbital foramen converted into a long canal, opening anteriorly near the second premolar. Range. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, one species extending also into part of the Australian Region.
This genus includes a few species of Bats of very peculiar aspect, presenting in their general conformation scarcely any affinities with the species of any other genus. The absence of upper incisors, the cylindrical narrow muzzle, the very peculiar nose-leaf and immense connate ears with large bifid tragi, the refaarkably large eyes (more like those of the frugivorous Bats), and the apparent absence of the tail, at once distinguish the genus.
The colour of the fur and membranes (a light slaty blue) is also very characteristic, and scarcely varies in the different specics. The
1. MEGADERMA. 155 presence near the pubis of a pair of peculiar teat-like appendages connects this genus with the Rhinolophide.
Mr. Blyth has shown* that one species at least of the genus (1. lyre) occasionally feeds on other than insect prey, as he had taken a specimen in the act of sucking the blood, while flying, from a smaller species of Bat, which it afterwards devoured. The very peculiarly shaped, elongated, narrow muzzle, and large ‘trenchant canines, with acutely pointed basal cusps, of this and of the other species of Megaderma, and the projecting mandible, so different from all insectivorous Bats, naturally lead us to suspect corresponding differences in habits. It is highly probable that all the species of this genus do not confine themselves to insect prey alone, but also feed, when they can, upon the smaller species of Bats and other small mammals. I have examined the stomachs and intestines of a great number of specimens of M. lyra, but have invariably found them either quite empty or partially filled with pultaceous matter, in which I have not been able to distinguish the remains of insects; but Hodgson found insects in the stomachs of specimens of this species which he obtained in Nipal, and Jerdon states that it has also been known to eat frogs and fish.
Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.
(See Plate X.)
J. Premolars es frontal bones slightly flattened, with or without small postorbital processes.
(Oriental Region.)
a. Base of the central longitudinal crest of the nose-leaf expanded above, cordiform ; no postorbital processes. (Subgen. Megaderma, Pts.) 2. M. spasma, p.157. b. Base of the central longitudinal crest of the noseleaf circular ; postorbital processes small. (Subgen. Lyroderma, Ptrs.) oo. .s ieee cence eens 1. M. lyra, p. 156. II. Premolars Ps ; frontal bones much flattened, with more or less large postorbital processes. (Ethiopian Region.)
c. Base of the central longitudinal crest of the noseleaf expanded, cordiform; frontal bones considerably flattened and grooved, with welldeveloped postorbital processes. (Subgen.
Cardioderma, Ptys.) oo. .cc eee e eee eens 3. DM. cor, p. 159. d. Base of the central longitudinal process irregularly quadrate; centre of the anterior margin of the horizontal leaf bent upwards, forming a prominent ea in front; frontal bones much flattened and grooved, with large postorbital processes. (Subgen. Lavia, Gray).... 4. M. frons, p. 159. As the above Synoptical Table shows, the species inhabiting tho * Ina paper “On the Sanguivorous and Predaceous Habits of the Bats of the Genus Megaderma,” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi. pp, 255, 256. Vide my “Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ p. 77 (1876).
156 NYCTERID &.
Ethiopian Region differ from those of the Oriental in the absence of the minute first upper premolar, and in the shape of the frontal and nasal bones. Prof. Peters has pointed out* that, although M. cor resembles M. spasma in the form of the nose-leaf, yet it is closely connected with WM. frons, not only by the absence of the first upper premolar, but also in the greatly flattened and expanded frontal and nasal bones, terminating laterally in broad postorbital processes as in the genus Wycteris. MM. frons is readily distinguished externally from all the other known species of the genus by the much greater size of the nose-leaf and its free front margin.
1. Megaderma lyra.
Megaderma lyra, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 190 (1810) ; Blainville, Ostéographie (1839); Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. (1842), p. 254, xiii. p. 480 (1844), xx. p. 156 (1851); Wagner, Suppl. ‘Stiugeth. v. p. 641 (1855) ; Done A, s B. 1872, p. 208 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 78 (1876), figs. a,b; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 195.
hele (Megaderma) carnatica, Elhot, Madras Journ. Sct. x. p.5 (1889 Megaderma spectrum, Wagner in Liigel’s Kashmir, p. 570 (1844); Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 641 (1855).
Megaderma schistacea, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 889 (1847). Muzzle long and cylindrical, the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. Ears considerably longer than the head, conjoined for nearly half the length of the inner margin, oval, broadly rounded-off above, outer and inner margins slightly convex, the outer margin terminating abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth; tragus very large, bifid, the posterior portion long, narrow, and acutely pointed, tapering towards the tip, the anterior part scarcely half the length, broad, with rounded summit continuous with its convex anterior margin. Nose-leaf long, narrow, truncate above, with straight not converging sides; its horizontal base circular, with a free margin, forming a concave disk above the extremity of the muzzle, with the openings of the nostrils at the bottom of the concavity ; its anterior surface with a prominent central longitudinal ridge, corresponding to a deep groove on the posterior surface of the leaf, expanded below into a circular disk, the margins of which conceal the nasal apertures. The projecting lip has a prominent triangular naked space in front, divided by a longitudinal groove (Plate X. fig. 2).
Wing-membrane from the back of the foot, attached close to the base of the outer toe, or from the space between the outer toe and the second toe; interfemoral membrane large, square behind; calcaneum short, feeble; the very short tail concealed within the base of the interfemoral membrane.
Fur long and straight, of a peculiar slaty blue colour, paler on the ventral surface.
* MB. Akad. Berl. 1873, p. 488.