6. VAMPYRUS. 469 Length, head and body about 2'-5, tail 1'-5, head 0'-6, ear 0"-65, tragus 0''-3, nose-leaf 0'':5, forearm 1:5, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 1'-4, lst ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0-65, 3rd ph. 0”-4; fourth finger—metacarp. 1/3, Ist ph. 04, 2nd ph. 052; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-4, 1st ph. 035, 2nd ph. 0-45; tibia 0-7 caleaneum 0”75, foot 0”-5, Hab. Brazil (Bahia; Mucuri River).
The above description has been taken from the specimen in the collection of the Paris Museum, figured by Gervais. ¥.
a, ad. sk. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [C.].
b. skull of a.
6. VAMPYRUS.
Vampyrus, Geoffroy, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822) ; Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 104; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 504.
Muzzle narrow, elongated; crown of the head slightly elevated ; nose-leaf moderate, horseshoe-shaped membrane well developed, with expanded free edges; lower lip widely grooved in front, with a raised naked longitudinal ridge on either side of the groove; ears large, separate, outer margin of the ear-conch terminating shortly in front of the base of the tragus ; tragus elongated, with prominent external marginal processes ; tail very short or none; interfemoral membrane well-developed; wings from the base of the outer toes, attached to the backs of the feet as in the family Pteropodide; the first phalanx of the middle finger more than half the length of the metacarpal bone and nearly as long as the second phalanx. “ 4 ees 2-2 3-3 Dentition. Inc. 7 or 5, ¢. [=j7, PM. s=3, M. 5. Lower outer incisors external to the tooth-row or absent; molars rather narrow, with well-developed W-shaped cusps. Skull long and narrow in front; but its breadth at the anterior extremities of the nasal bones is greater than between the temporal fosse. Range. Neotropical Region (Antillean, Mexican, and Brazilian Subregions).
Synopsis of Subgenera and Species.
: Peer 4 :
I. Tail none; incisors] ......-- eee ee eee Subgenus Vampynus. a. The second lower premolar nearly as large as the first, in the tooth-row; forearm 4-2 oe. cee eect nee ees 1. V. spectrum, p. 470. . . : 4 II. Tail short; incisors 7... .s seers Subgenus CuroroprTervs. b. The second lower premolar considerably smaller than the first and drawn :
inwards; forearm 32.1... eevee 2. 7. auritus, p. 471.
470) PHYLLOSTOMID.£.
1. Vampyrus spectrum.
Vespertilio spectrum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 46; Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 159, pl. xlv. (1775).
Phyllostoma spectrum, Geoff. Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 174, pl. xi. (head and skull).
Vampyrus spectrum, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 80 (1822); salle P. 2.8. 1861, p. 104; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1865, p-504.
This species may be at once distinguished by its large size and peculiar physiognomy. It is the largest known species of Bat from the New World, being considerably larger than Phyllostoma hastatum, which approaches it most closely in size.
Head very long, muzzle long arid narrow, the eye is much closer to the ear than to the extremity of the muzzle; ears large, but shorter than to the head, oval, evenly rounded off above, the inner margin of the conch regularly convex, the outer slightly so in upper three fourths, forming near its anterior termination in front of the base of the tragus a small thickened process; tragus abruptly narrowed on both sides in its upper third, terminating in a narrow needleshaped process, lower two thirds of the outer and inner margins convex, at the base of the outer margin a square-sided lobe succeeded above opposite the base of the inner margin by a small toothlike projection ; nose-leaf broadly lanceolate-ovate, the erect portion nearly as broad as the horseshoe at its base, horseshoe with a projecting free margin expanded and bent upwards laterally; lower lip and chin with a wide groove in front, bounded by a narrow naked ridge on either side.
Wing-membrane extending to the end of the proximal third of the outer toe; feet rather small; calcaneum three fourths the length of the tibia; interfemoral membrane large, extending, when expanded, beyond the feet; tail none.
Fur short above and beneath, scarcely extending upon the membranes ; face in front of the ears nearly naked; under surface of the body very thinly clothed. Above reddish brown; beneath reddish yellow.
Canines, in both jaws, very large, encroaching so much on the space occupied by the incisors that the outer incisors above and beneath are pressed forwards partially out of the tooth-row; upper middle incisors rather short, chisel-shaped, with straight, unnotched cutting-edges ; first upper premolar with a short cusp and a long posteriorly projecting base meeting the anteriorly projecting base of the second premolar, so that the cusps of these teeth are widely separated (Plate XXIV. fig. 83a); upper molars narrow, with very acute, long, W-shaped cusps, and with a broad flat-crowned horizontal projection from their posterior sides scarcely raised above the level of the gum; last upper molar consisting of a transverse lamina only ; lower molars much narrower, their long, acutely pointed, anterior cusps received into the deep spaces between the inner halves of the upper molars, which touch by their cusps externally. The
6. VAMPYRUS. 471 tooth-rows of opposite sides in the upper jaw are almost parallel, the inner margins of the posterior molars being as close together as the first premolars (Plate XXIV. fig. 3).
_ The skull is much narrowed between the postorbital fossee, where its transverse diameter is less than at a point corresponding to the first upper premolar; the sagittal crest is much developed posteriorly, and the supraoccipital crest forms a prominent process projecting very considerably over the concave occipital bone; the mastoid and paroccipital processes are much expanded, and the basioccipital between the auditory bulle ossex is wider than long and slightly excavated ; the bony palate is abruptly narrowed behind the last molar, and extends as far back as the middle of the zygomatic arch; the mesopterygoid fossa very narrow (Plate XXIV. fig. 3). Length, head and body 55, tail 3’, head 2-2, ear 1:8, tragus 0:55, nose-leaf 0’-75x0"45, forearm 4”2, thumb 1”3; third finger—metacarp. 2”-9, Ist ph. 1”55, 2nd ph. 1-9, 8rd ph. 14; fourth finger—metacarp. 31, Ist ph. 1-25, 2nd ph.1"-5; fifth finger—metacarp. 3”°5, 1st ph. 1-2, 2nd ph. 1”-55; tibia 2”, calcaneum 1”-6, foot 1:2.
Hab. Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) ; Jamaica ; Guianas ; Brazil.
This species, believed by the older naturalists to be thoroughly sanguivorous in its habits, and named accordingly by Geoffroy, has been shown by the observations of modern travellers to be mainly frugivorous, and is considered by the inhabitants of the countries in which it is found perfectly harmless.
The stomach forms a simple pouch as in the insectivorous Bats, with the cardiac and pyloric orifices rather close together, the latter opening wide; the mucous membrane is thickened and arranged in broad folds. In the stomach of one individual I found some vegetable matter of rather firm consistence, apparently portion of the rind of some large fruit.
a. ad. sk. Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Isq. [P.].
b. @ ad., al. Realijo, Nicaragua. Sir E. Belcher (C4. ce. ad. sk, Isthmus of Panama. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.] d. ad. sk. Cosnipata. Purchased.
e. fo ad, al. British Guiana. Purchased.
f. & ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
g. ad. sk. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.].
A. & ad. skeleton. M. Lidth de Jeude.
?. skull. Jamaica. J. S, Redman, Esq. [P.].
7. skull. M. Lidth de Jeude.
2. Vampyrus auritus.
Vampyrus auritus, Peters, Abhandl. Akad. Wissench. Berl. 1856 p. B05, pl. ii, figs. 1-5; Temes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 104, pl. xviii,’ Chrotoptems auritus, Pe/ers, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 505. Considerably smaller than 7’. spectrum, but with similarly large ears, which differ only from thore of that species in the smaller and
472 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.
less thickened antitragus ; general form of the nose-leaf also as in V. spectrum, the horseshoe more equally developed all round and projecting more in front; front of the lower lip with a small wart in the centre and a narrow transverse elevation on either side; chin divided by a narrow groove between two warts (Plate XXIV. fig. 4); opposite the anterior extremity of the sternum the small circular aperture of a glandular duct.
Wings and interfemoral membrane as in V. spectrum; but the calcaneum is comparatively shorter, and in the base of the interfemoral membrane a rudimentary tail, scarcely one fifth of an inch in length, may be discerned with some difficulty.
Fur much longer than in V. spectrum, especially on the upper surface, thickly clothing the body above and beneath, but scarcely extending upon the membranes; the metacarpal bone of the thumb, the basal half of the interfemoral membrane, and the legs are thinly covered with short fur. Above dark brown, at the base and at the extremities of the hairs whitish; beneath greyish brown, the hairs darker in the middle, paler at their bases and at their extremities. Upper middle incisors comparatively longer and narrower than in V. spectrum, directed downwards and inwards; outer incisors very small, between the middle incisors and the canines; thetwo lower incisors chisel-shaped, indistinctly notched ; first upper premolar quite different from that of V. spectrum, being very small and scarcely raised above the level of the gum (Plate XXIV. fig. 4a); the second lower premolar is also very small, and quite internal to the tooth-row, not visible from without, the first and third premolars closely approximated ; first lower premolar about two thirds the size of the third premolar, which is comparatively larger than the corresponding tooth in V. spectrum.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 4", tail 02, head 1'°55, ear 1’'-6, tragus 0'45, nose-leaf 0°65 x 0'"4, forearm 3'°35, thumb 1; third finger—metacarp. 2-3, 1st ph. 13, 2nd ph. 1'"5, 3rd ph. 13; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-5, 1st. ph. 1'°05, 2nd ph. 1'"2; fifth finger—metacarp. 2':8, 1st ph. 1-05, 2nd ph. 1'"15; tibia 1'-45, caleaneum 0'°95, foot 0-95.
Hab. Mexico; British Guiana; Brazil.
This very remarkable species connects Vampyrus with Lophostoma, Tylostoma, and Phyllostoma. With the species of Lophostoma it agrees closely in the form of the skull and in the dental formula, with 7'ylostoma in the form of the incisors and premolars, and with Phyjllostoma in the presence of a glandular opening near the anterior extremity of the sternum.
a, ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Earl of Derby [P.].
(Figured in P. Z.S. 1861, pl. xviii.)
b. ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Earl of Derby [P.].
c. 9 ad., al. Brazil. Dr. Peters [H.].
lod 7. LOPHOSTOMA, 473 7. LOPHOSTOMA.
Lophostoma, D’Orbigny, Voy. dans ? Amérique mérid. p. 11 (1847) ; Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 48 (1855). General form of the head as in Vampyrus, but the horseshoeshaped portion of the nose-leaf very narrow in front of the nasal openings, and bound down to the muzzle; chin with a central wart, margined laterally by smaller warts; ears large, as long or longer than the head, separate or united at their bases; tail short, perforating the large interfemoral membrane and appearing upon its upper surface ; wing-membrane from the dorsal surface of the tarsal or metatarsal bone of the outer toe; first phalanx of the middle finger less than half the metacarpal bone. Dentition, Inc. Fs C. a pm. = m. — Second lower premolar minute, in the tooth-row or in the outer angle between the first and second premolars, Skull long and narrow, the width between the temporal fossz equal to or less than that of the muzzle across the nasal bones. Range. Brazilian Subregion.
This genus is quite intermediate between Vampyrus and Phyllostoma, resembling the former in the general shape of the skull, the latter in the shorter muzzle and in the warts of the lower lip. Synopsis of the Species.
a. Ears separate, not exceeding the head in length; skull nearly as wide between the postorbital fosse as at the first upper premolar.
a', Fur, above, unicoloured, dark brown ; forearm 2'-1, tibia 0'"85 ...............+ L, LZ. bidens, p. 473, b'. Fur, above, bicoloured, white at the base of the hairs, towards the extremities dark brown; forearm 1'"45, tibia 0'"75. 2, L. brasihense, p. 474, b. Ears considerably longer than the head, united by a low band across the forehead ; skull much narrower between the postorbital fossee than at the first upper premolar.
c’. Fur, above, brown, whitish at the base of : the hairs; forearm 2'"2, tibial" ...... 3. L. amblyotis, p. 475. 1. Lophostoma bidens.
Vampyrus bidens, Spixv, Simiar. et Vespertil. Brasil. p. 64, pl. xxxvi. fig. 5 (1823). ' pisces childreni, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 488 (1838). Tylostoma childrenii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 114. Lophostoma bidens, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1865, p. 509. Ears as long as the head, separate ; ear-conch much longer than
474 PHYLLOSTOMID®, broad, narrowly rounded off at the tip; inner margin strongly convex below, decreasingly convex upwards; outer margin slightly convex, almost straight, terminating without forming a lobe midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth: tragus rather long and attenuated in upper third, which is not curved out- - wards ; about the middle of its outer margin two small tooth-like projections: nose-leaf shorter than the tragus, ovate-lanceolate ; horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf scarcely developed in front of the nasal apertures ; lower lip with three superior warts, bounded by a double row of smaller warts.
Wings from the tarsi; calcaneum slightly longer than the foot ; tail terminating by a slight projection on the upper surface of the basal fourth of the large interfemoral membrane. Fur, above, dark brown throughout; beneath paler, the extremities of the hairs ashy; extending thickly upon the humerus and fleshy part of the forearm and adjoining wing-membrane, but the legs and remaining parts of the wing-membrane and the interfemoral membrane are quite naked: beneath, the distribution of the fur is similar.
Skull narrow and elongated, nearly as wide between the postorbital fosse as at the first upper premolar (Plate X XVI. fig. 2c) ; infraorbital foramen close to the margin of the orbit, in a line with the posterior margin of the first molar; teeth in the upper jaw very similar to those of Phyllostoma hastatum; in the lower jaw the canines are close together by their bases, and in front of them are two narrow unicuspidate incisors (Plate XXVI. fig. 2); first and third lower premolars equal in vertical extent, but the first is larger and directed slightly forwards, and between them and slightly to the outer side of the tooth-row the small second premolar is placed (Plate XXVI. figs. 2a, 26).
(For measurements see Table, p. 476.)
Hab. Brazil (Rio Janeiro; Bahia).
a. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. South America. J. G. Children, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Phyllostoma childrenti, Gray.)
c. skeleton.
2. Lophostoma brasiliense.
Tylostoma brasiliense, Gray, MS.
Lophostoma brasiliense, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 674. Very much smaller than L. bidens, but in the form of the ears, nose-leaf, and teeth, and in the relative lengths of the bones of the extremities very similar to that species. The fur is, however, different in colour and distribution, and in the single type specimen (the skin of an adult female) there is no trace of a tail. Above, paler brown than in L. bidens, and the basal third of the
7. LOPHOSTOMA. 475 hairs is pale buff; beneath, light greyish brown. A narrow line of fur extends upon the humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, but the membranes are quite naked.
(For measurements see Table, p. 476.)
Hab. Bahia, Brazil.
a. 2 ad. sk. (type). Bahia. Mr. Brandt (C.].
3. Lophostoma amblyotis.
Phyllostoma amblyotis, Natt., Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, p. 365 ; Gs. Miinch. Akad. vy. p. 164; Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 626 55).
? Lophostoma sylvicolum, D’Orbigny, Voy. dans U' Amérique mérid. p.11 (1847); Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 48, pl. x. fig. 6 (teeth).
Lophostoma amblyotis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 509. Kars longer than the head, but in general outline similar to those of L. bidens, united by a low band across the forehead. Nose-leaf and warts of the lower lip as in ZL. bidens.
Wing-membrane from the dorsal surface of the second metatarsal bone; calcaneum longer than the foot; tail aslong as the foot, of four vertebra, the extremity projecting. Fur, above, brown, whitish at the base of the hairs; beneath, paler; on both surfaces extending outwards upon the proximal two thirds of the humerus; forearm naked above, but beneath the proximal third is clothed thinly with fine hairs; on the upper surface the metacarpal bone of the thumb is similarly clothed. Second upper premolar much smaller than the canine in cross section at the base ; the second minute lower premolar is as high as or slightly higher than, the cingulum of the first lower premolar. The sagittal crest is well developed, and the skull is one third narrower between the postorbital fossee than at the point corresponding to the first upper premolar.
The above description of this species has been taken from Dr. Peters’s notes on the type specimens preserved in the Vienna Museum, which I have not yet had an opportunity of examining. (For measurements see Table, p. 476.)
Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso).
This species, though resembling L. bidens in size, in the shape of the ear-conch, of the nose-leaf, and of the warts on the lower lip, is yet easily distinguished by the much greater size of the ears, which are united by a low band across the forehead, and by the greater length of the tibia.
The following Table exhibits in the first column the measurements of an adult specimen of L. bidens, in the second those of the type of L. brasiliense, and in the third the measurements of one of the types of Z. amblyotis (as given by Dr. Peters) are shown :—
476 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.
I. II. III.
Length, head and body ..........cseeeeeeeveseeceaeee 30 2°5 3-0 sy RALL jcicisutou die dares cated casiannbndeabadeades Gone 05 ie 06 53 HOG <5: Atiovmcniods cwnnascngeueeeasasoarsesense on hoe 1:05 “ CAT: sho, as reese Gua oea see ees WSR ae 1:0 0°85 13 Gee METAR UB ee cencsn ieee trace teas acca ates a say nia 0-4 ws 0:43 FS DOS@=LOaL- cea cavauaecssiwanrscuemeuivesteanerecs 0:35 a 0-4 sy | ROPEATNO: a7 sna sies shan sh saneecwenesaeresseetecies 21 1:45 2:2 a third finger, metacarpal .............00... 17 11 1-65 ‘i 3 Ist phalanx oo... 0-75 05 0°75 _ ss Bride se) A shsadasadihecase tes 0-85 0:58 0:8 55 _ SEG: 'gs otecevedvnosnans 0-65 0°65 0°75 i fourth finger, metacarpal .................. 1-65 12 1-75 a rf Tet phalanksseewwservere 0°55 0°5 07 3 ‘5 Dud. 5 iavcaactvensse O°7 06 0:8 33 fifth finger, metacarpal................06608 1°75 1:25 1:83 3 me Lat phalanx \s.2i5.tcc scsi 06 05 0°68 ” 05 0-72 - 0°75 10 - 05 0:7 0-45 06 8. SCHIZOSTOMA.
Phyllophora e¢ Phyllostoma, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist, 1842, p. 257.
Mimon, G'ray (in part), P. Z. S. 1847, p. 14.
Schizostoma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 49 (1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 505.
Micronycteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 113.
Muzzle and lower lip as in Vampyrus, but the nose-leaf is less developed and its front margin is bound down to the underlying integument; ears large, widely apart, the bases of their inner sides conjoined by a low band generally concealed by the fur, the outer sides of the ear-conch more developed in front than in Vampyrus, and terminating nearer the eye, forming in all the species a welldefined lobe; tail short, perforating the large interfemoral membrane, and appearing upon its upper surface; wings from the ankles or tarsus, the first phalanx of the middle finger less than half the metacarpal bone.
Dentition. Ine. 5 C. a pm. — m. =.
The second lower premolar well developed. Skull long and narrow in front, narrower at the extremities of the nasal bones than between the temporal fossx (Plate XXVI. figs. 3, 3a, skull of Sch. megalotis), Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.
This genus, though closely allied to Vampyrus, includes some of the smallest-sized species of the whole group, none of those known having a forearm more than 1'85 in length, thus contrasting strongly with the species of that genus, which are the largest of the whole family Phyllostomide. Although resembling Vampyrus in general external characters, the skull is comparatively much narrower in front, the relative proportions of the lengths of the wingbones are different, the horizontal horseshoc-shaped membrane,