17. PHYLLONYCTERIS. 501 it contains an excellent account of the visceral anatomy, illustrated by many well-executed figures. a. ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. b. ¢ ad, al. Isle of Grenada. Purchased. c-e. ¢ & Q ad, al. West Indies. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. ig. & ad., al. Tehuantepec. Purchased. A. ad. sk. Oaxaca. M. Sallé [C.]. tj. fo ad, al, Oaxaca. M. Sallé [C.]. k. & imm., al. Mexico.
4m $ &Qimm. et ad., al.Coban. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. no fo ad, al. Costa Rica. Purchased, DG dF & & ad, al. Central America. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. r, ad, sk, Keelejo, C. America. Purchased, (Type of Monophyllus leachii, Gray.) s, t. ad. sks, di Bolivia. Me Bids C.}. u. ad, sk, Santa Cruz, Haulhaja, Mr. Bartlett [C:]. Peruvian Amazons.
v. fo ad.,al, Upper Amazons. Purchased. w. d ad., al. Capt. Maryatt [C.]. ay. dad, a. M. Lidth de Jeude. z. 9 ad, al. P Isle of St. Vincent. a’. ad. sk. Purchased.
6’. skull of 7.
17. PHYLLONYCTERIS.
Phyllonycteris, Gundlach et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 817; Peters, 1. c. 1868, p. 363, Muzzle moderately long; erect’ portion of the nose-leaf very short; tongue as in Glossophaga; interfemoral membrane very narrow, exceeded in length in the middle by the short tail; calcaneum short or wanting.
Dentition. Ine. i, C. — pm. =, m. — Incisors as in Glossophaga; molars like those of Carollia, but the the W-shaped cusps scarcely developed. Skull moderately long, without osseous zygomatic arches. Synopsis of the Species.
a. Calcaneum None..... csc ee eset eee eens 1. Ph. poeyt, p. 501. b. Calcaneum short, but distinct* .......... 2. Ph. sezekorni, p. 502. 1. Phyllonycteris poeyi.
Phyllonycteris poeyi, Gundlach et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p- 817.
Much larger than Glossophaga soricina; nose-leaf very short, almost rounded off above. Ears, lower lip, and tongue as in G. soricina. Wing-membrane from the distal third of the tibia; interfemoral membrane very short, not extending as far as the terminal * See remarks in footnote, p. 502.
502 PHYLLOSTOMID.
fourth of the tibia; caleaneum none; tail very short, projecting by its last vertebra beyond the narrow interfemoral membrane. Fur, above, light brownish yellow, paler on the neck and on the sides of the body, the base of the hairs and their extreme tips whitish ; beneath, paler.
Teeth very similar to those of Carollia brevicauda; the hinder upper molar is proportionally larger, and the lower incisors are equal in size.
Length, head and body 3:25, tail 0-4, head 17-05, ear 0-7, tragus 0”:3, nose-leaf 0-22 x 018, forearm 1'8, thumb 0'"5, third finger 3”-1, fourth finger 24, fifth finger 2'"45, tibia 0-95, foot 0-65. Hab. Cuba.
2. Phyllonycteris sezekorni.
Phyllonycteris sezekorni, Gwndluch et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1860, Phyllonycteris poeyi, Tomes, P. Z: S, 1861, p. 65 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 364).
About the size of Ph. poeyt, and resembling that species closely in general structure and in the colour of the fur. It is distinguished by the different form of the nose-leaf, which terminates behind in a small pointed process, and by the presence of a small calcaneum, to which the narrow interfemoral membrane extends backwards along the leg.
Teeth as in Ph. poeyi.
Length, head and body 3”, tail 0'"5, head 1”, ear 0-8, tragus 0'°3, nose-leaf 0''2 x 0'-18, forearm 1'-95, thumb 055, third finger 3”, fourth finger 2'-45, fifth finger 2'"5, tibia 0'"8, calcaneum 0:05, foot 0''°6.
Hab. Cuba; Jamaica*.
Mr. Osburn, in notes on recently-killed specimens of this species, remarks (P. Z.S. 1865, p. 82) that the tongue narrows towards the tip more suddenly than in Monophyllus redmani, and that it is covered with reversed prickles, which are especially long and bristlelike on the edges of the tip.
A colony of this species, consisting of a great number of individuals, was discovered by Mr. Osburn in a cave near Trelawny, in Jamaica. The visit to the cave was made in the month of June, and the number of the sexes was found pretty equal. Most of the females had young, but in no case was more than one young one found with a single female. The floor of the cave was found * The types of Phyllonycteris poeyi and Ph. sezekorni have not been examined by me. Iam therefore obliged to follow the original descriptions by Dr. Gundlach, who, although noting such an important difference as the absence of the calcanea, yet appears doubtful whether Ph. sezekorni should really be considered a distinct species. It is certainly strange that such a remarkable structural difference should exist between two forms otherwise so very closely allied and inhabiting the same localities, and it seems very probable that the apparent absence of the calcaneum in the type of Ph. poey? is the result of indifferent preservation. In two skulls sent by Mr. Osburn from Jamaica there are very slender fibro-cartilaginous zygomatic arches.
18. MONOPHYLLUS. 503 strewn with refuse from bread-fruit and clammy cherry (Cordia collococea), Several individuals of this colony were obtained by Mr. Osburn, and fed by him in captivity on the fruits of the clammy cherry. Their mode of eating is thus described :—‘ The tongue was rapidly protruded and drawn in again, and the juice and softer pulp cleared away with great rapidity. I noticed he was very particular in cleaning out the bit of loose skin of berry, and licked my fingers of the Juice spilt on them, carefully cleaning out any that had collected under the nail. I then got another berry. The Bat was hanging from the edge of the box, its ventral surface against the side; and as I held the berry a little off so as to see the action of the tongue, it had, whilst feeding, to bend the neck so as to raise the head a little: this seemed to fatigue it. It therefore raised itself on one wrist, and turned round so that its back was against the box’s side; but as it did not change the position of the feet, of course the legs crossed, the right foot now being on the left side, and vice versd. In this odd position it appeared perfectly at ease, and went on licking at a fresh berry with great relish. As the pulp and juice became exhausted I expected he would drop it, and was prepared with another berry ; but, to my surprise, he brought up the wrists to the muzzle, took the berry between them, gave it two or three energetic bites, and then held the berry off. So I now understood what the unusually long thumbs were for; for they applied themselves dexterously to the berry, held it firmly, and then, as it appeared to me, by a reverse action of the two wrists the berry was turned round, a fresh hold taken by the teeth, and the same licking-process renewed till the seed in the centre was cleaned of the’pulp, all but the little bit which served for the last tooth-hold. It was then dropped, and the eager little muzzle raised for more.
“T then took them and put them among the twigs of Cordia. They climbed about it, heads downwards, with the greatest ease. The length of the legs and toes, their muscularity, and the absence of any interfemoral were all obvious advantages where this habit was constant, especially the power it gave them of turning as on a pivot, but without moving the feet” *.
18. MONOPHYLLUS.
Monophyllus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 75; Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 91; Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 363. Muzzle longer and broader in front than in Glossophaga ; noseleaf, ears, and tragus as in that genus; tongue longer and with filiform papille on its upper surface ; interfemoral membrane short, exceeded in length by the tail; caleaneum rudimentary. ae 2—2 1—1 2—2 3—3 Dentition. Inc. =, © ay» PM. xy M- 3=5- * The above is an abridgement of Mr. Osburn’s most interesting notes, which are too long to quote here in extenso, Two skulls of specimens collected by him, referred to above, are preserved in the Zoological Museum at Cambridge.
50-4 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.
Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a space, the inner incisors broader and larger than the outer ones ; lower incisors very small ; molars with narrow, but distinct, W-shaped cusps. Skull longer than in Glossophaga, with well-developed zygomatic arches.
1. Monophyllus redmani.
Monophyllus redmani, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 76 (1822) ; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 91, pl. xv.
Muzzle longer and broader at the extremity than in Glossophaga soricina, but the nose-leaf is almost similar ; ears short, inner margin of the ear-conch convex, tip rounded off ; upper third of outer margin concave, lower two thirds convex; tragus as in G. soricina, but more obtuse; tongue long, suddenly narrowed, and rounded in terminal one fourth, with a small tuft of long papillae on the upper surface at the tip, unlike that of G. soricina, which has the attenuated tongue flattened and set with long papille on the sides. Thumb long and strong, but with a smaller claw than in G. soricina. First phalanx of the middle finger equal in length to one third the metacarpal bone. Wings from the middle of the tibia, or slightly lower down ; feet large ; tail short, projecting by nearly half its length beyond the very narrow interfemoral membrane; caleaneum rudimentary.
Fur, reddish brown above, beneath greyish brown, the extremities of the hairs grey; moderately long, scarcely extending upon the membranes ; a few very short hairs appearing upon the forearm and legs ; the end of the muzzle and chin with a few long, straight, fine hairs.
Upper incisors as in G. soricina, but smaller, and separated by an interval in the middle line (Plate XX VII. fig. 3) ; first upper premolar very narrow and long, with a central acute cusp, and a small basal cusp in front and behind, close to the canine, and separated from the second premolar by a space; second premolar similar, but thicker at the base behind, and the posterior basal cusp obtuse ; molars with very narrow W-shaped cusps, the internal horizontal basal projection not wider than the outer side of the tooth ; the last molar about three fourths the antepenultimate molar ; lower incisors very small, in pairs on each side; lower premolars nearly equal in vertical extent, the third premolar thicker and slightly shorter than the second, which is similar to the first upper premolar. Length (of an adult ¢ ), head and body 2’°4, tail 0'-5, head: 0'-95, eye from end of muzzle 0°35, ear 0'55, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1-65, thumb 0'°45; third finger—metacarp. 1'-5, 1st ph. 0'-5, 2nd ph. 0'"8, 8rd ph. 0'"5 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°45, Ist ph. 0'°85, 2nd ph. 055; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-25, 1st ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph. 0"-5; tibia 0-6, foot 0'5.
Hab. Cuba; Jamaica.
This species may be at once distinguished by the tail, which projects to a distance equal to more than half the length of the thumb beyond the margin of the very short interfemoral membrane.
19. ISCHNOGLOSSA. 505 Specimens of this Bat were obtained by Mr. W. Osburn in caves in Jamaica, associated with other species of Bats, notably with Chilonycteris parnellit and Mormops blainvillit. Its habits appear to be similar to those of Phyllonycteris sezekorni (vide anted, p. 503, and Mr. Osburn’s notes published in P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 69-72). a. ad. sk. (type). Jamaica. J.S8. Redman, Esq. [P.]. b. ad. sk. Jamaica. Capt. Hamilton [P.].
ec. & ad. sk. Oxford Cave, Jamaica. OW. Osburn, Esq. [P.]. a. skull of a.
19. ISCHNOGLOSSA.
Ischnoglossa, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool, xii. p. 492 (1860); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1868, p. 363.
Muzzle and ears as in Monophyllus, nose-leaf less developed ; interfemoral membrane very small; tail none, or exceedingly short. Dentition. Inc. = CG. = pm. = m. 7.
Upper and lower incisors as in Monophyllus; molars narrow, with ill-defined W-shaped cusps. Skull with well-developed zygomatic arches.
1. Ischnoglossa nivalis, Ischnoglossa nivalis, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 492, pl. xx. figs. 2-2 (1860); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 363, pl. figs. 1-1e (skull and teeth).
Much larger than Monophyllus redmani, the muzzle also proportionately longer and narrower ; the ears are similar, but the nose-leaf is shorter and more obtuse.
First phalanx of the middle finger one third the length of the metacarpal bone; the metacarpal bones of the last three fingers progressively shorter.
Wings from the tibia near the ankle; calcaneum very short and feeble; interfemoral membrane narrow, the emargination extending above the knees; feet large, longer than the thumb; uno trace of a tail externally.
Fur, above, dark brown, at the base almost white; beneath paler. The wings and interfemoral membranes on both surfaces are naked, or clothed thinly with fine, almost invisible, hairs. Upper and lower incisors as in MW. redmani; the first upper premolar long and narrow, separated by a space from the canine and also from the second premolar, with a central cusp and a small basal cusp in front and behind; second premolar similar, the posterior basal cusp scarcely developed; molars with ill-defined W-shaped cusps, much narrower than in M. redmani, the last molar shorter than the first. First lower premolar longer in antero-posterior diameter than the second, but less than it in vertical extent; second premolar separated from the first and third premolars by a space.
506 PHYLLOSTOMID.
Length, head and body 3'"5, head 1'-15, ear 0''65, tragus 0-28, nose-leaf 0'2, forearm 2'-2, thumb 0'"35, third finger—metacarp. 1-9, 1st ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 1”, 3rd ph. 0°55; fourth finger— metacarp. 1-75, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0-75 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-7, 1st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'°6 ; tibia 0''-9, foot 0-58. Hab. Mexico (peak of Orizaba, near the snow-limit) ; Guatemala (Duefias).
a, ad. sk., in al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. b. imm. sk., in al. Cuidad Vieja. O. Salvin, Esq. be 20. LONCHOGLOSSA.
Glossophaga, Geoffroy (in part), Mém. du Muséum, iv. p. 411 (1818) ; Blainville, Ostéographie, p. 34 (1889), Monophyllus et Anoura, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838). Lonchoglossa, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1868, p. 364. Muzzle longer than in Monophyllus, but ears and nose-leaf as in that genus; interfemoral membrane very short ; calcaneum distinct ; tail rudimentary or none.
ee 22 1 3.3 3-38 Dentition. Inc. =, ©. jj, PM. gg M. F3.
Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a wide space, the inner incisors smaller than the outer ones, lower incisors deciduous ; molars with very narrow W-shaped cusps; skull with complete zygomatic arches.
Synopsis of the Species.
a. Tail very short; interfemoral membrane nearly naked ; forearm 125 .......... eee e eee 1. L. caudifera, p. 506. b. Tail absent; interfemoral membrane well covered; forearm 16 1... cece eee eee 2. L. wiedit, p. 507. 1, Lonchoglossa caudifera.
Glossophaga caudifer e¢ ecaudata, Geoffroy, Mém. du Muséum, iv. . 418, pls. xvii. & xvii. fig. B (1818) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 364).
Nose-leaf and ears as in Monophyllus redmani, the nose-leaf slightly shorter and more pointed, and the muzzle longer. Thumb shorter than the foot, which equals three fourths the tibia in length. "Wing-membrane extending to the distal extremity of the tibia. Tail very short, scarcely distinguishable in dried skins; interfemoral membrane deeply concave behind, the emargination extending as high as a line drawn between the knees; calcaneum about half as long as the foot.
Fur dark brown on the surface above, but the greater part of the hairs pale whitish buff ; beneath light brown. The muscular part of the forearm is covered with short fur, but the membranes and remaining parts of the extremities are nearly naked ; the interfemoral membrane has a few fine hairs, forming a thin fringe along its free margin.
20. LoNcHOGLOssA. 507 Upper inner incisors minute, rising but slightly above the gum, not one third the size of the small outer incisors, which are triangular and subacutely pointed; first upper premolar with an acute cusp placed close to the canine, separated by a slight interval from the second premolar, which is larger than it and exceeds it in vertical extent ; the second premolar has blunt anterior and posterior basal projections, and is close to the third premolar, which exceeds it in vertical extent also, and has similar projections from its base; molars with very narrow W-shaped cusps, exceeded in width by the horizontal internal basal portion ; lower incisors deciduous ; first lower premolar rather large, close to the canine, separated from the second by a small space, and exceeding it in antero-posterior diameter and in vertical extent; the third is the longest tooth in the lower jaw, and is separated by a narrow interval from the second, it has prominent anterior and posterior basal projections (Plate XXVII. figs. 4-4 6). Length, head and body about 2", ear 0'°5, tragus 0':2, forearm 1-25, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 1'°4, Ist ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 075, 3rd ph. 1'-45; fourth finger—metacarp. 1:3, 1st ph. 0:35, 2nd ph. 0"°5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°15, Ist ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0"°5; tibia 05, foot 0-4, caleaneum 02.
Hab. Surinam ; Brazil.
a-c. imm. et ad, sks, Brazil. Purchased.
d. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina, Brazil. Purchased.
e. ad. sk., al. Minas Gerraes, Brazil. Purchased. f. ad. sk. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [C.].
2. Lonchoglossa wiedii.
Glossophaga ecaudata, Wied (non Geoffroy), Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil Bd. ii. p. 212 (1896).
Anura wiedii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 398. Considerably larger than L. caudifera, and at once distinguishec from it by the absence of any trace of a tail, and by the hairines: of the interfemoral membrane and legs.
Calcaneum very short; the narrow interfemoral membrane abou: 0'"15 wide all round, wholly clothed with hair, which forms a fring: along its free margin; the legs are also covered to the ankles witl short fur. Colour of the fur very similar to that of L. caudifera. Length, head and body 2'"5, head 1-05, ear 0-55, tragus 0':2 forearm 1-6, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 1'"5, 1st ph 0":5, 2nd ph. 0"°8, 3rd ph. 0°55; fourth finger—metacarp, 1'-45 1st ph. 0'"37, 2nd ph. 0°55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-25, 1st ph 0"-35, 2nd ph. 05; tibia 0'"5, foot 0”-4.
(The above measurements were taken by me from the type, whicl is preserved in the collection of the Paris Museum.) Hab. Brazil (Porto Seguro; Rio de Janeiro).
This species, by the absence of the tail and hairiness of the leg and interfemoral membrane, resembles Glossonycteris geoffroyti ex ternally, which has been placed in a separate genus, chiefly o1 account of the absence of the zygomatic arches.
508 PHYLLOSTOMIDB.
21. GLOSSONYCTERIS.
Glossonycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 305. General characters those of Lonchoglossa, with which this genus also agrees in the dental formula, but differs in the form and arrangement of the teeth and in the non-development of the zygomatic arches.
1. Glossonycteris geoffroyii.
Anoura geoffroyii, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 490 (1838). ? Cheeronycteris peruana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, i. p. 71, pl. iii. figs. 1, 2 (1844-46) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 365). Anoura ecaudata, Geoffroy, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 494 1860).
iismen ais lasiopyga, Peter's, J. c. pl. figs. 2-2e (skull and teeth). Muzzle and nose-leaf as in Ischnoglossa nivalis, the anterior angle of the eye is equally distant from the tragus and the extremity of the muzzle; ears slightly more than half the length of the head, rounded off above, the outer margin of the ear-conch deeply concave in its upper half, then convex, again emarginate opposite the tragus, thence convex to the base; tongue as in G. soricina, the sides very thickly set with long filiform papille.
Thumb considerably shorter than the foot; wing-membrane from the distal third of the tibia; interfemoral very short, the emargination extending upwards as high as the proximal third of the tibia; no trace of a tail externally; calcaneum rudimentary; feet large, nearly as long as the tibia.
Fur, above, dark brown, the basal half or three fourths of the hairs pale buff-brown ; beneath, brown at the base of the hairs, the extremities greyish brown. The wing-membrane is clothed on the upper surface almost as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and the fur extends thickly along the legs and upon the narrow interfemoral membrane to the ankles ; the greater part of the antebrachial membrane is thinly covered, and some hairs appear upon the metacarpal bone of the thumb; beneath the wingmembranes are nearly naked, but the margin of the interfemoral has a long fringe.
Upper outer incisors larger and longer than the inner ones, which are round and obtusely pointed, the outer incisors triangular and subacute; first upper premolar scarcely one third the size of the second, with an oblique cusp and a small posterior basal projection placed in the posterior part of the wide space between the canine and second premolar; second premolar very narrow, with an acute cusp and a prominent basal projection in front and behind, nearly equal in antero-posterior diameter to the third premolar, which exceeds it in vertical extent; molars with small W-shaped cusps and horizontal flat internal basal projections, the last molar equal to three fourths the antepenultimate molar, with a V-shaped cusp. In the lower jaw the incisors are deciduous ; the three premolars are as large as the second upper premolar, the first is close to the