12. VESPERTILIO. 309 22. Vespertilio murinus.
Vespertilio murinus, Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p.165, pl. li. (1775) ; Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, viii. p. 191; Bonap. Fauna Italica, fasc. xxi. (1831) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 177 (1835-41); Bell, Brit. Quadr. p. 37, fig. (1837); De Selys-Longchamps, Fauna Belge (1843); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. p. 490, v. p.723; Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 82, figs. 56, 57 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat, Chiropt. pp. 137, 139, fig. 6 (ear) (1876).
Vespertilio myotis, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. p.1154; Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wetter. Geselisch. Naturk. p. 36 (1819). Vespertilio blythii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 58. Myotis murinus, Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 46 (1867). Head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle conical; nostrils close together in front; ears large, laid forwards the tips extend about one tenth of an inch beyond the end of the muzzle; horizontal basal lobe angular in front, the horizontal margin joining the ascending part of the inner margin under a right angle; the lower fourth of the inner margin is straight, the remaining portion regularly convex to the tip, which is rounded off; outer margin concave beneath the tip, straight or faintly convex about the middle, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a convex lobe opposite the base of the inner margin: tragus long, narrow, and subacutely pointed ; inner margin straight, outer margin with an obliquely placed rounded lobe at the base, above which it becomes convex, and the tragus reaches its greatest width opposite the junction of the lower and middle thirds of its inner margin; the convexity of the outer margin rapidly lessening upwards, so that it is straight in its upper half, not curved outwards (Plate XVIII. fig. 10, ear, enlarged).
Wings from the metatarsi near the base of the toes; tail wholly contained, except the last rudimentary vertebra, within the interfemoral membrane.
Fur, above, light reddish or smoke-brown ; beneath, dirty white ; the base of the hairs, above and beneath, dark.
_ The second upper premolar is scarcely half the first, both in vertical extent and in cross section; it is generally much pressed inwards in the angle between the first and third premolars. Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'':8, ‘tail 2-1, head 1", ear 1'"1, tragus 045, forearm 2'"35, thumb 0'"5, third finger 3''-9, fifth finger 3”, tibia 1", foot 0'°5. Hab. Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, and Abyssinia, apparently almost limited to the Palearctic Region, and not extending further north than Southern England and Denmark.
a. ad. sk. England.
b. ad. sk. France.
ec. ad. sk. St. Maurice, France.
d. ad. sk, Moravia. Purchased.
e. ad. sk. Hamburg. Dr, J. E. Gray [P.].
f,g. & ad., al. Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.]. A, ad. sk. St. Gothard.
i,j, do ad., al. Seville, Spain. Lord Lilford [P.].
310 VESPERTILIONIDE.
k. 2 ad, al. Sicily.
1. © ad., al. Sicily. St. George Mivart [P.].
m. ad. sk. Algiers. Verreaux Coll.
n. 9 ad., al. Tangiers. Purchased.
0, p. ad,, al. Tunis. Purchased.
qg. 2 imm., al. Tunis. Purchased.
r, 8. ad. sk. El Jeen. Purchased.
t. 9, ad, al. Abyssinia. Purchased.
wu. ad. sk, India. Warwick Coll.
(Type of V. blythiz, Tomes.)
v. skull of s.
tw, «. skulls. Lake of Constance. Dr. Giinther [P. }. 23. Vespertilio africanus.
Ves ae). africanus, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi. p. 260 (1875).
Ears shorter than the head; laid forwards the tips do not reach to the end of the muzzle; tragus straight, acutely pointed (Plate XVIII. fig. 11, ear, enlarged). Glands on the side of the muzzle forming a conspicuous rounded elevation on either side between the eye and nostril.
Fur, above, dark at the base, with greyish extremities ; beneath, the basal half of the hairs is dark, the terminal half white. Distribution of the fur and dentition as in V. murinus. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'"5, tail 2’-3, head 0'-9, ear 0°85, tragus 0'°4x0'1, forearm 2'"2, thumb 0'45, third finger 3'"*7, fifth finger 3’, tibia 1'-05, foot 0"°45. Hab. Western Equatorial Africa (Gaboon).
This species is very closely allied to V. murinus, but is at once distinguished by the much shorter ears, acutely pointed tragus, and great development of the glands of the muzzle. The wing-membrane also does not extend so far outwards along the foot as in V. murinus, and the inner side of the ear-conch is less hairy. a. od ad., al. (type). Gaboon, West Africa. Purchased. 24. Vespertilio murinoides.
Vespertilio murinoides, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 205 ; Monogr, Asiat, Chiropt. p. 189, fig. a (1876). Ears slightly shorter than the head; general form of the earconch triangular, with narrow rounded tips; the inner margin very faintly convex, almost straight in its upper third; the outer margin concave beneath the tip, the remaining portion convex, with a faint concavity opposite the base of the tragus.
In Vespertilio murinus the inner margin of the ear is strongly convex from the base to the tip, the concavity of the outer margin beneath the tip is very feeble, and there is a distinct emargination, almost angular, opposite the base of the tragus, succeeded by a welldeveloped terminal lobe; the general form of the ear, moreover, is oval, not triangular.
The tragus is slender and acutely pointed, with a quadrangular
12. vEsPERTILIO. 311 lobe at the base of the outer margin. In V. murinus the tragus is subacutely pointed, and the lobe at its base is remarkably small. Fur dark brown above, with light-brown tips ; beneath, dark brown, almost black, with greyish tips.
The first upper premolar is very small, scarcely visible from without, and not much larger than the second. In V. murinus this tooth is distinctly visible from without, and is much larger than the second premolar.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'°5, tail 2-1, head 0-9, ear 0-85, tragus 0''-4, forearm 2'"1, thumb 0"-4, third finger 3''-4, fifth finger 28, tibia 0'-9, caleaneum 0’"9 foot 0'°5.
Hab, N.W. Himalaya (Chamba), at an elevation of 3000 feet. Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. ’ 25. Vespertilio chinensis, bio eg chinensis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 52; Dobson, Monogr. stat. Chiropt. p. 139 (1876).
Muzzle long; nostrils prominent, opening sublaterally ; crown of the head very slightly raised above the face-line; ears narrow, tapering, tip narrowly rounded off; outer margin straight above, faintly convex opposite the middle of the tragus and thence downwards to its termination: tragus attenuated towards the tip, inner margin straight or faintly concave, outer margin convex below, straight above, attaining its greatest convexity slightly below the middle of the inner margin. (Plate XIX. fig. 2, ear, double natural size).
Fur dark brown above, the extreme tips paler; beneath similar, but with paler greyish-brown tips on the chest and abdomen, darker along the sides of the body.
First and second upper premolars very small, the first acutely pointed, the second internal to it and the third premolar. The premolar and molar series in both jaws very similar to that of V.murinus. _ Length, head and body about 3”°7, tail about 2’-1, head 1”, ear 0'-7, tragus 0'"3, forearm 2'-5, thumb 0''-5, third finger 4”, fifth finger 2'':2, tibia 1’’, foot 0'°55.
This is the largest species of Vespertilio yet discovered. Hab. China.
a. ad. sk. (type) China. Mr. Fortune ([C.].
26. Vespertilio formosus.
Vespertilio formosus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. iv. p. 700 (1835); P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 46; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 736 (1855) ; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 82, pl. lx. ; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat, Chiropt. p. 140 (1876).
Kerivoula formosa, Gray, List of Mammals im Coll. Brit. Mus. p. 27 1843).
veperttio rufo-pictus, Waterhouse, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist, xvi. p. 54 (1845); Tomes, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 85.
312 VESPERTILIONIDE.
Vespertilio (Kerivoula) formosa, Horsfield, Cat. Mammal. Mus. E. I. ‘omp, p. 41 (1851).
Kerivoula ‘pallida, Blyth, Catal. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 34 (1863).
Murina formosa, Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 42 (1867). Vespertilio auratus, Dobson, J. A. 8. B. xl. p. 186, pl. x. (1871). Head very slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle conical, not concave between the crown of the head and anterior extremities of the nasal bones; extremity of the nose projecting slightly beyond the upper lip, with a very shallow concavity between the nostrils, which open sublaterally. Ears ovate, with rounded tips directed outwards; the outer margin is abruptly and irregularly concave beneath the tip for about one third its length, then gradually convex and terminating opposite the basal lobe of the inner margin in a small lobe: tragus long, narrow, and obtusely pointed ; inner margin straight, outer margin curved outwards at the base for about one third of its length, then ascending straight, equally inclined to the inner margin; on the curve at the base a very small lobule is placed.
Wing-membrane very broad, attached to the base of the toes, remarkably variegated with orange and rich brown-black. The portions of dark-coloured membrane are triangular in form, and occupy the spaces between the second and third and third and fourth fingers, and also the space included between the fourth finger and a line drawn between the carpus and the ankle. All the remaining portions of membrane, including the ears and interfemoral membrane, are orange. The orange-colour extends in narrow lines along each side of the fingers (the bones of which are of the same hue), and is dispersed over the dark triangular spaces in dots and streaks.
The fur of the head extends upon the face, forming a fringe along the margin of the upper lip; from the back it extends upon the humerus and antehumeral membrane, covering half the extent of the latter; on the wing-membrane it is confined to a narrow space along the sides of the body and terminates rather abruptly; behind, it passes on to the interfemoral membrane, covering nearly half its surface, and, leaving the posterior half of the interfemoral and calcanea bare, reappears on the back of the toes. Beneath, the fur of the thorax extends along the humerus tq the elbow-joint, and as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint the wing-membrane is covered with a few scattered hairs; behind, the fur of the abdomen extends upon the interfemoral membrane, rather densely at the root of the tail, but quickly thins out into a few very short scattered hairs, which extend over half its surface. Dentition quite similar to that of V. murinus; the second upper premolar very small, and in many specimens difficult to distinguish even with the aid of a lens.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'°4, tail 1"-9, head 0’'8, ear 0'’-7, tragus 0-35, forearm 1'"9, third finger 3''3, fifth finger 2'-9, thumb 0-45, tibia 09, foot 0-4.
12. vEsPERTILIO. 313 Hub. Himalaya (Nipal, Darjiling); India (Chaibasa) ; Khasia hills; China (Shanghai, Kiang, Amoy) ; Island of Formosa. a. ad. sk.* Northern China. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. China. Mr. Fortune [C.].
c,d. 9 ad.,al. Island of Formosa. RB. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. é. d_ad., al. (type). Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. J. ad. sk. P India. Dr. Falconer [P.].
27. Vespertilio insularum.
Ears slightly shorter than the head; inner margin of the earconch straight, or even slightly concave in the upper third, the tip narrowly but obtusely rounded off; the outer margin straight for nearly half its length beneath the tip, then abruptly and strongly convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a very distinct small lobe: tragus rather long, straight, and subacutely pointed ; the inner margin quite straight, the outer straight in the upper, convex in the lower half, with a round horizontal lobe at the base not succeeded by an emargination above (Plate XVIII. fig. 7, ear, enlarged).
Wings from the base of the toes; feet small and slender; calcaneum extending halfway between the ankle and the extremity of the tail ; the last rudimentary caudal vertebra alone free. Fur, above and beneath, black with light brown extremities ; the tips of the hairs beneath paler than on the dorsal surface, extending slightly upon the membranes.
First and second upper premolars very small and internal to the tooth-row; the second lower premolar about three fourths the size of the first.
Length, head and body 1'°6, tail 1-5, head 0-65, ear 0'°6, tragus 0-3, forearm 1-4, thumb 0°25, third finger 2'"3, fifth finger 1'°8, tibia 0’°65, caleaneum 09, foot 0'°3. Hab. Navigators’ Islands.
This is the only species of the family Vespertilionide as yet obtained in Polynesia. It resembles V. mystacinus perhaps more closely than any other species, but is distinguished by its greater size, much more deeply emarginate ears and longer tragus, and by other characters enumerated in the description. a, ad., al. (type). Navigators’ Islands. Mr. Schmeltz [C.]. 28. Vespertilio montivagus.
Vespertilio montivagus, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1874, p. 2387; Monogr. Asiat, Chiropt. p. 186, figs. a, 6, e (1876). Crown of the head slightly elevated; muzzle thick and obtuse. Ears narrow, tapering, with rounded tips; outer side flatly emarginate immediately beneath the tip for about quarter its length, then slightly convex, and, lower down, opposite the base of the tragus, with a small emargination, terminating beyond this in a small rounded lobe; inner margin convex for two thirds its length, then * Specimen figured in P. Z. S. 1858, p. 82, pl. Ix.
314 YESPERTILIONIDE.
forming a straight line to the tip: tragus moderately long, acutely pointed ; inner margin straight, outer slightly convex upwards, with a small rounded lobe at the base (Plate XIX. fig. 4, head, enlarged). Tail wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane. Wings from the base of the toes.
Fur, above, dark brown, the extreme tips paler and shining ; beneath, much darker, almost black for three fourths the length of the hairs, the remaining portion ashy. Above the face is densely covered, the long hairs concealing the eyes, but the anterior half of the muzzle is nearly naked; on each side of the muzzle two or three small glandular wart-like elevations may be seen through the hairs. The ears are quite naked anteriorly, posteriorly their bases only are covered. On the wing-membrane the fur of the back extends as far as a line drawn from the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of the humerus to the commencement of the distal third of the femur; on the interfemoral membrane it ceases abruptly at the end of the second caudal vertebra. Beneath, the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint; the interfemoral membrane is covered at the root of the tail, and three fourths of the remaining part is very thinly clothed with the short hairs arising from the transverse dotted lines.
Incisors on each side parallel and acutely pointed; inner incisors longest, with a small acutely pointed talon near their extremities on the outer side. In the lower jaw the second premolar is small, but distinctly visible, standing in the tooth-row ; in the upper jaw the space between the canine and third premolar is small, and the second premolar is very minute, placed interiorly, in the angle between the first and third premolar, and with difficulty distinguishable even with the aid of a lens.
Length, head and body 1'°8, tail 1”-6, head 0’°65, ear 0”:58, tragus 0-25, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0'"25, third finger 2-7, fifth finger 1'°9, tibia 0-6, foot 0'°3.
Hab. Hotha, Yunan.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum.
a. ad., al. Hotha, Yunan. Calcutta Museum [E. ]. 29. Vespertilio mystacinus.
Vespertilio mystacinus, Leisler, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wetterau. Naturk. iv. p. 55 (1819); Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 140 (1820) ; Bell, Brit. Quadrup. p. 50 (1837), wdct.; MacGillivray, Brit. Quadrup. (Nat. Inbr.) pp. 63,90 (1888); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 191 (1835-41) ; Keys. §& Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 310; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 725 (1855) ; Blasius, Fauna Deutschi. p. 96, figs. 64, 65 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 133 (1876).
Vespertilio siligorensis, Hodgson, Horsfield, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 102.
Muzzle narrow ; skull vaulted, not much elevated above the faceline; glandular prominences on the face small. ars as long as the
12. VESPERTILIO. 315 head ; laid forwards the tips extend slightly beyond the end of the nose; internal basal lobe angular, the horizontal margin forming, with the ascending anterior margin, a right angle; lower third of inner margin of the conch faintly convex, middle third more strongly convex, upper third straight, tip rounded off; upper third of the outer margin deeply concave, lower half abruptly convex, with a distinct lobe at the base, separated by a slight emargination opposite the base of the tragus. Tragus narrowed above and subacutely pointed ; inner margin straight or faintly concave; outer margin with a distinct rounded half-horizontal lobule at the base, succeeded by a concavity, above which and slightly above the base of the inner margin the tragus reaches its greatest width, thence upwards decreasingly convex to the tip (Plate XVIII. fig. 9, ear, enlarged). Wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum terminating in a ‘small projecting tooth ; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free. Fur above dark brown, with pale reddish-brown tips; beneath dark brown, the extremities of the hairs ashy. The small glandular prominences of the face are clothed with long hairs ; and the upper lip has a fringe of fine straight hairs. The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur, and upon the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra; beneath, the distribution of hair upon the wings is similar, but the interfemoral is covered only at the root of the tail.
The upper incisors are equal in vertical extent, their extremities strongly diverging. Both upper premolars are drawn inwards ; the second very small, about half the size of the first, and about half its vertical extent; lower incisors next the canines much larger than the others.
Length, head and body 15, tail 1''-4, head 0'"55, ear 0-55, tragus 0''-3, forearm 1''-25, thumb 0'"25, third finger 2-1, fifth finger 1''-6, tibia 0'°55, foot 0'28.
Some specimens give somewhat larger measurements than these. Hab. Palearctic Region: Europe (from Finland to Spain ; from Ireland to Middle Russia); in Asia hitherto found in Syria, at Pekin, and in the Himalayas only.
a. & ad., al. England.
es Isle of Wight. Rev. C. A. Bury-[P.].
d, ad. sk. Hastings.
e. ad. sk. Stratford-on-Avon. R. F. Tomes, Esq. [P.] f. ad. sk. Sweden. Stockholm Museum [P.].
g. ad. sk Rio de la Luna, Spain. .
h,i. o & & ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
j,k. oad, al.
i. 9 imm., al. Pekin.
m. 9 ad., al. = Si Ages Faq. (P.] imm. & 9 ad.,al, Nipal. . H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. a ae a. Rrclaad. Mr. Yarrell’s Coll.
q. skull. Stratford-on-Avon, R. F. Tomes, Esq.
316 VESPERTILIONID.Z.
30. Vespertilio muricola.
Vespertilio adversus, Temminck (non Horsfield), Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 221; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 899; 1868, p. 626, Vespertilio tralatitius, Zemm. (non Horsf.) 1. c. p. 228. Vespertilio muricola, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. p. 908; Gray, Cut. | Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 26; td. List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum, 1846; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 134 (1876). Kerivoula trilatitoides, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1843, p. 27 (nomen nudum) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 399). Vespertilio caliginosus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 73. Vespertilio ater, Bernstein, Peters, 1. c. 1866, p. 18. Vespertilic (Pternopterus) lobipes, Peter's, 1. c. 1867, p. 706. Vespertilio blanfordi, Dodson, P. A. S. B. 1871, p. 214. Vespertilio moupinensis, Alph. Milne-Edwards, Mammif. du Tibet, p. 255, pl. xxxvii*. fig. 2, pl. xxxvii%. fig. 4 (1872). Muzzle very similar to that of V. mystacinus in shape, but more obtuse in front, owing to the greater development of the glands of the muzzle, which are also less covered with hair; the outer margin of the ear is deeply concave beneath the tip, but the emargination does not extend so far down as in that species. Laid forwards the extremities of the ears scarcely extend beyond the end of the muzzle ; internal basal lobe of the ear-conch angular, the ascending anterior margin straight immediately above the base, then faintly concave for a short distance, the middle third convex, the upper third straight, the tip narrowly round off; the outer margin deeply concave in the upper third, then abruptly convex, slightly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a short, internally concave and marginally convex lobe. Tragus subacutely pointed ; inner margin slightly concave, giving the tragus an inclination forwards and inwards; outer margin with a very distinct lobe at the base, succeeded by an angular emargination, above which the greatest breadth is soon attained, thence decreasingly convex to the tip (Plate XVIII. fig. 8, ear, enlarged) *.
Wings to the base of the toes; a small and rather variable postcalcaneal lobe; extreme tip of the tail alone projecting. The distribution of the fur upon the wing-membranes is similar to that of V. mystacinus. On the lower surface of the interfemoral fine hairs arise from the transverse dotted lines on the greater part of its surface.
Above, black, the extreme tips of the hairs light yellowish brown ; on the head and face black, with shining tips; beneath, black, with ashy extremities; specimens in colourless alcohol appear intensely black throughout.
The upper incisors on each side scarcely diverge so much as in V. mystacinus ; the second shorter cusp of the inner incisor distinct, and placed rather near the base; second upper premolar slightly * A specimen in the Leyden Museum from Sumatra has the upper third of the ear-conch remarkably narrow, and the tragus is also correspondingly attenuated. In other respects it does not differ from other exampies of this species.