13. NYCTINOMUS. 429 the slightly broader tragus. In every other respect it agrees so perfectly in structure and measurements with that species that I can scarcely consider it specifically distinct.
Fur above dark brown, also the shoulders, throat, and upper part of the breast; the remaining parts of the ventral surface pale yellowish white, and the wing-, antebrachial, and inferior surface of the interfemoral membrane of the same colour. In immature individuals the white colour of the ventral surface is not so much extended, but appears as a more or less broad patch on the abdomen, increasing in extent according to age.
Hab. Africa, south of the equator (Zanzibar, Mozambique, Angola); Madagascar.
This appears to be the southern representative of V. pumilus. a. dad, al. W. Africa. Mr. Fraser [C.].
b-e. $& 9 ad.,, al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. Ft Q ad., al. Dar-es-Salam. Dr. Kirk [.1.
g- Qad., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Fouts | ails A,t. 3 ad., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [C.].
J» 2 imm., al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [C.].
k. fo ad., al. Zanzibar. Purchased.
l. 2 imm., al. Mozambique. Dr. Peters [C. ].
10. Nyctinomus angolensis.
Nyctinomus angolensis, Peters, Jorn. Scien. Mathem. Phys. e Natur. Lisboa, No. x. 1870; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 724. Ears much shorter and more triangular than in any of the species previously described, conjoined on the muzzle by a very deep band, as in WV. pumilus; the antitragus and keel of the ear-conch as in that species ; integuments of the ears thick; tragus very small, quadrate, superior margin directed upwards and outwards; upper lip remarkably thick in front, so that the extremity of the nose does not project much beyond its margin, its sides grooved by vertical furrows (Plate XXII. fig. 4).
No gular sac in male or female.
Thumb long ; feet large ; wing-membrane from the middle of the tibie.
Fur, above and beneath, very short. Above, white at the base, terminal three fourths of the hairs deepreddish brown; beneath yellowish white or pale reddish yellow ; the shoulders, sides of the neck, chest, and abdomen reddish brown. On the upper surface the membranes are almost quite naked; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with very short, fine, pale yellowish-white hairs as far outwards as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and similar short fur appears upon the interfemoral membrane. ; The first upper premolar very small, scarcely visible without the aid of a lens, in the outer angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar ; sometimes deciduous. Lower incisors crowded. 7 Ene, ’ Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 2"-9, tail 1”-8, tail free
430 EMBALLONURID.E.
from membrane 0''-95, head 1”-05, ear 0"-75, tragus 0'':1 x 0'':03, forearm 1''-85, thumb 0''-45 ; third finger—metacarp. 1-85, Ist ph. 0"-85, 2nd ph. 1'-25; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-8, 1st ph. 0'"7, 2nd ph. 0'-65; fifth finger—metacarp. 1':2, lst ph. 0'-55, 2nd ph. 0''-22; tibia 0"-65, foot 0"-4, = Hab. Africa, south of the equator (Angola; Quenza River) ; Madagascar (Mahanora).
a. 9 ad., al. Quenza River, 8.W. Africa. Purchased. b,c. g ad., al. Mahanora, Madagascar. Purchased. 11. Nyctinomus miarensis.
Nyctinomus miarensis, Girandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1869, p. 337 ; Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 725.
Nyctinomus unicolor, Grandidier, 1. c. 1870, p. 49*. About the same size as NV. cestonii. Ears shorter than the head, united on the muzzle by a band about 015 high in the centre, at a distance of 0:2 behind the extremity of the nose; ear-conch broadly rounded off above, the outer and inner margins continuous; antitragus longer than high, irregularly quadrate, the shortest side above, separated by a deep notch posteriorly ; tragus narrow, much longer than broad, shortly rounded off above, inner margin slightly concave, outer straight, in general shape altogether different from that of any of the previously described species; keel of the earconch well developed, prominent, thickened and expanded in lower third. -Upper lip very expansible, deeply grooved by vertical wrinkles. No gular sac in male or female.
Thumb short, with a large circular callosity. Wings from the lower end of the tibie.
Fur, above, dark brown; beneath, brown with slightly ashy extremities.
Lower incisors 4, the middle incisors overlapping the outer oves; first small upper premolar crushed in between the canine and second premolar, and rather to the outer side.
Length (of an adult 2 specimen, the type), head and body 3’°5, tail 1:65, tail free from membrane 1”, head 1'°3, ear 1”, tragus 0-15 x 0'"-4, forearm 2'-4, thumb 0':35,; third finger—metacarp. 2'-4, Ist ph. 1-05, 2nd ph. 1-4; fourth finger—metacarp. 2:25, * The identity of NV. unicolor with WV. miarensis has been confirmed by M. Grandidier, who, in reply to a communication from Dr. Giinther (kindly made at my request), states that this species was described by him under two names in consequence of a mistake made by the editor of the ‘ Revue et Mag. Zoologie.’ The original description of NV. miarensis was taken by M. Grandidier from a much injured specimen, and the MS. was sent from Madagascar to the editor at Paris. Soon afterwards, having obtained another specimen in good condition, he wrote out a second description, changing the manuscript name to N. unicolor as being more suitable, and forwarded it to the editor with a request that if his previous communication had not been published, the MS. might be destroyed and the second description be printed instead. When his second letter arrived the contents of the first had been published, but the editor, not quite understanding what he wished to be done, published the second desoriptionalso.
13. NYcTINoMUs. 431 Ist ph. 0°85, 2nd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°35, 1st ph. 0"-75, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 07, foot 05.
Hab. Madagascar.
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
This species may be at once distinguished from all the known species of the genus by its peculiarly shaped tragus, which is much longer than broad and narrowly rounded off above. 12. Nyctinomus mops.
Dysopes mops, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. p. 49 (1825). Mops indicus, Lesson, Tabl. du Regne Anim. Mamm. p. 18 (1842) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 402.
Nyctinomus mops, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiroptera, p. 182 (1876) ; P. Z. 8.1876, p. 726.
Ears larger than in JV. angolensis; upper three fourths of the margin of the ear-conch regularly convex, forming almost an are of acircle ; inner margins conjoined by a deep band 02 high in the centre ; tragus very small, quadrate; antitragus large, quadrilateral, with rounded angles, nearly as high as long, separated posteriorly by a deep notch, ending abruptly anteriorly close to the angle of the mouth. Upper lip with deep vertical wrinkles. No gular sac in male or female.
Thumb rather long, armed with a well-developed claw; wings from the lower third of the tibia.
Fur very short above and beneath; on the dorsal surface dark brown, somewhat paler beneath, extending upon the wing-membrane along the sides of the body only.
Upper incisors short, separated by a small interval in front; lower incisors 4, crowded; first upper premolar very small, deciduous, in the outer angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body 3”, tail 15, tail free from membrane 0:95, ear 0’-95, tragus 0-1, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0'°4, third finger 3-5, fifth finger 1'"8, tibia 07, foot 0'-45. Hab. Sumatra.
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
This species is closely allied to NV. angolensis, agreeing with it in the position of the minute first upper premolar, which is quite external to the tooth-row, in the remarkable length of the thumb as compared with other species of this genus (except NV. johorensis), and in the peculiar shortness of the fur. It is, however, readily distinguished by the form and size of the ears, and by other characters described above.
a. 9 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
The next species is distinguished from all the known species of the genus by the very peculiar manner in which the ears are united, and on this account was made by me the type of a subgenus, Cherephon (Journal Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 144).
432 EMBALLONURIDE.
13. Nyctinomus johorensis.
Molossus (Nyctinomus) johorensis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Jan. 1873.
Nyctinomus johorensis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 183, fig. a (head) (1876); P. Z. &. 1876, p. 726.
Ears as in N. plicatus; but their inner margins are connected by a band of integument which extends forwards on the muzzle as far as a point placed midway between a line joining the eyes and the extremity of the muzzle; this connecting band is continued upwards and backwards between the ears to a height of 0'-4, forming an incomplete funnel open behind, wide below, and narrow above. At a distance of about 0'"3 from the anterior connecting band the ears are again connected by a second fold of integument posterior and parallel to the first, about 0-1 in vertical height. Between these two connecting folds of integument and the sides of the ears a hollow square is contained. This concavity is empty, and open only from above. At the base of the funnel-shaped anterior boundary a few long hairs exist, as in N. pumilus. Margin of the ear-conch evenly convex above; antitragus large, separated by a deep notch; tragus very small, quadrate, superior margin slightly concave.
The animals of this genus possess the power of folding the earconch forwards, downwards, and outwards, thus closing the external ear. In this species, therefore, when the ears are closed, the superior part of the funnel-shaped connecting band is drawn forwards, disclosing the cavity behind. In the erect condition of the ears the same funnel-shaped process is drawn backwards across this square hollow cavity, which it covers, as the pitcher of Nepenthes is covered by the leaf forming its lid. In this position the extremity of the funnel is flattened out, and lies in the space contained between the posterior connecting band and the top of the head. The thumb is comparatively longer than in any other species of the genus, and the wing-membrane is attached a short distance below the knee-joint.
Upper incisors separated by a very narrow interval in front; lower incisors 4.
Length, head and body 2''8, tail 1:7, tail free from membrane 1", ear 0'"9, tragus 0”-1, forearm 1':9, thumb 0'5, third finger 36, fifth finger 1'°8, tibia 0'"7, foot 04.
Hab. Malay Peninsula (Johore).
This most remarkable species is as yet represented by a single adult male specimen, preserved in alcohol, in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. It was submitted to the writer’s examination by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, who found it among a collection of other objects of natural history sent to him by his private collector from Johore, in the Malay Peninsula.
13. NycrINoMus. 433 14. Nyctinomus australis.
Molossus australis, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 501 (1838). Nyctinomus australis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 728. Ears large, but shorter than the head, their inner margins arising close together on the muzzle from distinct points of origin, as in WV. africanus; integument forming the ear-conch rather thin ; keel very deep in lower third, but short and exceedingly thin, bent upwards and backwards ; margin of the conch straight or slightly concave in superior third; antitragus very large, triangular, as high as long, posterior margin straight, anterior slightly convex, narrowly rounded off above (Plate XXII. fig. 9): tragus short and broad, as in WV. egyptiacus, but its outer margin is distinctly concave about the middle, and there is an obtuse projection at its base. Upper lip with short vertical wrinkles.
The mouth of a very large gular sac, much larger than in any other known species of this genus, extends across the throat from a point on either side near the anterior termination of the antitragus, opening forwards, as in Yaphozous (Plate XXII. fig. 9); in the adult male a dense brush of thickened unctuous hairs, equal in length, projects from the mouth of the sac; in the female the margin of the mouth of the sac is alone developed, and no hairs project outwards.
Wing-membrane from the distal third of the tibia. Fur moderately long and dense, extending upon the dorsal surface of the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of the femur, and a narrow band of short hairs extends outwards behind the forearm, becoming wider in the angle between the forearm and the fifth metacarpal bone, along which it extends for half its length, and, passing over it, covers the space between it and the upper third of the fourth metacarpal; the interfemoral membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn between the knees; beneath, the wing-membrane is densely covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, the fur ending abruptly, the remaining parts of the membranes beneath almost quite naked.
Above, dark reddish brown, beneath paler. In the adult male, the fur covering the wing-membrane beneath, between the humerus and femur from the sides of the body outwards, is pure white, contrasting strongly with the dark brown fur of the body; in the female the fur of the body is darker than in the male, and the white fur on the wing-membrane, along the sides of the body beneath, is largely mixed with brown.
Upper incisors rather long, separated by a narrow space in the middle; lower incisors 4, bifid; first upper premolar minute, in the space between the canine and second premolar, drawn slightly inwards.
Length (of an adult ¢ specimen, the type), head and body 8”, tail 1-9, tail free from membrane 1”, head 1-15, ear Mie tragus F
434 EMBALLONURID E.
0"-2 x 0'"15, forearm 2:35, thumb 0-35; third finger—metacarp. 2'-25, Ist ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 1-2; fourth finger—metacarp. 2’1, Ist ph. 0'°7, 2nd ph. 055; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-2, 1st ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 0-25; tibia 0'-75, foot 0'°5.
Hab, Australia; New Guinea.
This very remarkable species is at once distinguished by the great size and peculiar form of the gular sac, which rather resembles that of the species of the genus Taphozous; it also differs from all other species of Moloss: in the large size and peculiar shape of the antitragus. In the dried skins of adult males the peculiar whiteness of the fur covering the wing-membrane along the sides of the body beneath is very striking, and contrasts remarkably with that of the females, which, for the greater part, does not differ in colour from the fur covering the sides of the abdomen. This additional secondary sexual character is particularly noticeable, as differences between the males and females of insectivorous Bats, depending on peculiarity of the colour of certain parts of their fur, is very rare. The natural position of this species with reference to the other species of the genus is doubtful, as it differs so remarkably from them all. From the great development of the gular sac it appears to approach Cheiromeles, while it resemblos the species of Molossus with circular antitragus in the distribution of the fur on the wingmembrane, and in the presence of a well-developed gular sac. a. g Pad. al. (type). New Guinea. Mrs. Stanley [P.]. b. ¢ ad. sk. Gippsland. Purchased.
ce. 9 ad. sk. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. sk. Purchased.
15. Nyctinomus megalotis.
Nyctinomus megalotis, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 728. Ears nearly as long as the head, projecting when laid forwards nearly one fifth of an inch beyond the end of the muzzle; inner margins united on the muzzle by a low band at a distance from the end of the nose equal to the length of the base of the antitragus ; inner and outer margins of the ear-conch evenly convex above; earkeel very deep and slender in lower third, where it is partly folded upwards and backwards, so as to present a flat surface externally ; superior and inner margin of the conch with four minute horny projections ; antitragus rather small, but separated posteriorly by a deep notch, convex, about once and a half as long as high (Plate XXII. fig. 5): tragus quadrate, with a straight superior margin and projecting outer angle; inner margin straight, outer slightly concave. Extremity of the muzzle very obliquely truncate. Upper lip very expansible, with a few deep vertical grooves. No gular sac.
Thumbs and feet small. Wings from the lower end of the tibie. Fur dark brown, above and beneath, with slightly greyish extremities ; the base of the hairs whitish. The face is nearly naked, a
13. nycrrnomus. 435 few hairs form a fringe along the anterior margin of the upper lip beneath tho nostrils. With the exception of a narrow band of very short fine hairs, which extends on the upper surface of the wingmembrane behind the forearm to the carpus, the membranes external to the humerus appear to be quite naked; along the sides of the body the fur extends as far outwards, above and bencath, as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee. Upper incisors separated by a space in front; lower incisors four, bifid, crowded; internal basal cusp of canine small; first upper premolar small, conical, acutely pointed, in the centre of the rather wide space between the canine and second premolar ; second upper premolar with an acute internal basal cusp; first lower premolar not crowded, as broad at the base as the second, which exceeds it (as in all other species of the genus) in vertical extent. Length (of an adult 3, the type), head and body 3”, tail 2'1, tail free from membrane 1:1, head 1-15, ear 1", tragus 0'°15 x 0"-1, forearm 2'°35, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 2'"25, Ist ph. 0'°95, 2nd ph. 11; fourth finger—metacarp. 2':1, Ist ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 0-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 11, lst ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 0'"2; tibia 07, foot 0°45.
Hab. Surinam.
a, fo ad., al. (type). Surinam.
16. Nyctinomus macrotis.
Nyctinomus macrotis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. p.5 (1839) ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 729, fig. 6.
Dysopes auritus, Nat., Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 368 ; Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 69 (1854).
Dysopes laticaudatus et cxcus, Rengger, Sdugeth. Paraguay, p. 88. ? Dysopes aurispinosis, Peale, United States Explor. Exped. viii. p. 21 1844).
encom auritus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 573. Fars large, nearly as long as the head, conjoined to a height of 0-2 inch, the inner margins very convex, and consequently close together for more than half their length above the band uniting their bases; integument forming the ear-conch very ‘thin, translucent ; keel very deep, projecting outwards beyond the antitragus, but also very slender, curved backwards and upwards; tragus small, quadrate, superior margin straight or very slightly concave, upper half of outer margin concave, lower half forming a prominent angular projection ; antitragus considerably longer than high, terminating in front between the eye and the angle of the mouth, separated posteriorly by a deep notch (Plate XXII. fig. 6). Face deeply grooved horizontally beneath the eye, which is remarkably prominent and directed forwards. Muzzle slender, concave between the ears and the projecting sharply cut superior margins of the nostrils; nasal apertures directed almost laterally, separated by a wide space, which is divided in the middle by a raised vertical ridge. Upper lip deeply furrowed by oblique wrinkles, No He sac. 2F
436 EMBALLONURID.
Thumb rather short, with a small callosity ; terminal phalanx of third finger very short. Wings from the distal third of the tibie. Fur short, reddish brown above and beneath; on the upper surface extending upon the wing-membrane as far outwards as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint, on the base of the interfemoral, and outwards behind the forearm in a narrow band to the carpus.
Teeth slender, with very acute cusps. Lower incisors four, crowded, bifid. First upper premolar small, but acutely pointed, in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar ; second premolar large, with a long and very acute internal basal cusp.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2), head and body 2’8, tail 19, tail free from membrane 1", head 1'"1, ear 1”, tragus 0°15 x0O'"1, forearm 2'"2, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 2'1, Ist ph. 0-9, 2nd ph. 1”; fourth finger—metacarp. 2”, Ist ph. 0'°75, 2nd ph. 0":1; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”, Ist ph. 0'"7, 2nd ph. 0'°3; tibia 0°65, foot 0'°4.
Hab. Cuba; Brazil (Mato Grosso); Paraguay.
a. 2 ad., al. (type). Cuba. W.S. MacLeay [P.]. The next species, NV. gracilis, resembles NV. macrotis very closely in general structure, and forms with it a separate section of the genus, distinguished by the peculiar shape of the muzzle. 17. Nyctinomus gracilis.
Dysopes gracilis, Natt., Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 368; Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 708 (1855).
Nyctinomus gracilis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 573; Dobson, P. Z, 8. 1876, p. 781.
Ears conjoined by the bases of their inner margins only ; general form of the ear-conch quite similar to that of NV. macrotis, but the antitragus is higher than long, separated posteriorly by a very deep notch, and terminating abruptly in front near the angle of the ‘mouth (Plate XXII. fig. 7): tragus very small, quadrate, outer margin con¢ave. Muzzle and remaining parts of the body as in NV. macrotis. No gular sac.
Fur short, dark brown above and beneath, extending upon the wing-membranes along the sides of the body only. >Length (of an adult ¢ specimen), head and body 25, tail 15, tail free from membrane 0''*7, head 0'"9, ear 0'"75, tragus 0'*1x 0”-08, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0'°3; third finger—metacarp. 1'°7, Ist ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 0:9; fourth finger—metacarp. 1’65, Ist ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0'"1,; fifth finger—metacarp. 1", 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 015; tibia 0-5, foot 0'°35.
Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso); Ecuador; Central America (Guatemala, Panama).
Although much smaller, and with comparatively shorter ears, this species resembles NV. macrotis so closely in its general structure that,