4, PHYLLORHINA. 133 an obtuse vertical angle; the apex of this triangle is divided into three points by two narrow perpendicular incisions, extending halfway to the base, the extremities of which are attached to the membrane forming the horseshoe by a vertical band on either side (Plate VIII. fig. 5).
Wing-membrane attached to the lower part of the ankles; tail of six caudal vertebre, the last two free.
Fur long and silky, above bicoloured, pure white at the base and for two thirds its length, the remaining portion purplish brown ; beneath dirty white throughout.
Length, head and body 1'-6, tail 1'-2, head 06, ear 0'"4 x 0'"85, forearm 1'"5, thumb 0-2, third finger 2’-6, fifth finger 1:8, tibia 0"-68, foot 0'-3.
Hab. Pinang.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 4. Phyllorhina commersonii.
Rhinolophus commersonii, Geoffroy, Annal. du Muséum, xx. p. 268, pl. 5 (1818).
Rhinolophus gigas, Wagner, Wieym. Archiv, 1845, p. 148; Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 650 (1855).
Phyllorbina vittata, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 32, pl. 6, pl. 18. figs. 7-13; Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de Guiné, p. 72 (1853).
Macronycteris gigas, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 82. Phyllorhina commersonii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 318. Fars narrow, attenuated towards their extremities, which are very narrowly rounded off; inner margin of the conch slightly convex in lower, straight in upper half, outer side shortly emarginate immediately beneath the tip, becoming gradually convex downwards (Plate IX. fig. 2) ; head very long, and thick in front ; nose-leaf comparatively small, not equalling the muzzle in width ; transverse leaf as wide as the horizontal leaf, short, upper margin straight, concave, front surface divided by a central vertical ridge, with an ill-defined ridge on each side; sides of the muzzle with four erect longitudinal leaflets ; immediately behind the nose-leaf, and in a line between the eyes, the longitudinal opening of a large frontal glandular sac. Forearm as long as the head and body; wings from the ankles ; interfemoral membrane short, straight or concave behind; the last caudal vertebra, or the last and half the antepenultimate vertebra, free.
Fur everywhere short and limited to the body. Above, on the head and neck and anterior part of the neck light brown with greyish extremities, a more or less broad band of the same colour on each shoulder confluent in the centre of the back and extending to the root of the tail; along the sides of the body grey, approaching pure white in some specimens ; beneath white, except a patch of hrown on each shoulder, and the fur along the centre of the chest
134 RHINOLOPHID A.
aud abdomen has a dark shade. Some specimens have the fur of a reddish tinge throughout.
First upper premolar minute, external, scarcely raised above the level of the gum; canines remarkably long and strong, proportionally much larger than in any other species of the genus. Length, head and body 4'""4, tail 1"*7, head 1’°6, ear 1'"2 x 0'"7, nose-leaf 0'"5 x 0-45, forearm 4'°45, thumb 0'"75; third finger— metacarp. 3”, lst ph. 1'-45, 2nd ph. 1-85; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-85, Ist ph. 1-15, 2nd ph. 0'°75; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'°75, Ist ph. 1°15, 2nd ph. 0°75; tibia 1'-6, caleaneum 0’°85, foot 0'"9. Hab. Ethiopian region (Gambia, Angola, Zanzibar, Cape Delgado Islands, Madagascar).
This, the largest species of the family, is widely distributed throughout the Ethiopian region, from the west coast of Africa to Madagascar. It varies considerably in size, the length of the forearm in some adult individuals attaining a length of nearly 43 inches, while in others it is an inch less.
a. @ ad., al. Gambia. Earl of Derby [P.].
b. oad, al. Benguela. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
ec. ad. sk, Angola.
d. 9 ad, al. Zanzibar. Purchased.
e. d ad, al. Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [P.}.
f. oad, al. Africa. Mr. Brandt’s Coll.
g. ad. sk. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.
A. Q ad., al. Madagascar. Purchased.
a f ad., al. No history.
j. ad. sk. Purchased k. skeleton. Benguela. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
5. Phyllorhina cyclops.
Phyllorhina cyclops, Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la cdte de Guiné, p. 75 (1853).
Kars nearly as long as the head, attenuated in their upper thirds and subacutely pointed, very similar in shape to those of Ph. commersonit (Plate IX. fig. 1); the nose-leaf is peculiar and characteristic, though in general structure agreeing with that of most of the species of the genus (Plate IX. figs. 1a, 14); from the centre of the base of the sella a club-shaped process about one tenth of an inch long is directed forwards (fig. 16), and a similar but more slender and somewhat longer process projects vertically upwards from the centre of the upper margin of the transverse erect nose-leaf, its base being continuous with the central ridge dividing the concave front surface of this part of the nose-leaf, which is divided by three ridges into four cells altogether, as in Ph. speoris, and is narrower than the horizontal horseshoe-shaped portion, which projects considerably beyond the muzzle in front, and, laterally, conceals two secondary leaflets on the sides of the muzzle; the margins of the eyelids are very prominent, and on the forehead a large frontal sac with a longitudinal aperture is found in the male, as in PA. commersonii.
4, PHYLLORHINA. 135 Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus; interfemoral membrane small, angularly emarginate behind, the end of the tail projecting.
Fur dark brown above and beneath.
Teeth as in Ph. commersonit.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 28, tail 0'"85, head 1’""1, ear 1"-15, nose-leaf 0'°5 x 0'"5, forearm 2'45, thumb 0°45; third finger—metacarp. 1°85, 1st ph. 0'"7, 2nd ph. 1°05; fourth finger —metacarp. 1°85, 1st ph. 0'"45, 2nd ph. 0"-55; fifth finger—metacarp. 1"*7, 1st ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0-5; tibia 1°15, calcaneum 0'6, foot 0'65.
Hab. West Africa.
This very remarkable species, at once distinguished by the peculiar club-shaped processes projecting from the nose-leaf, is evidently closely allied to Ph. commersonit, inhabiting the same zoological region, with which it agrees in the form of the ears, in the structure and position of the frontal glandular sac, and in the general form of the teeth.
a. fo ad., al. Cameroon Mountains. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. W. Africa, Dr. Giinther [P.].
6. Phyllorhina armigera.
Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. p. 699 (1835); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 657 (1855). Hipposideros armiger, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1844, p. 346 ; pardon, Mammals of India, p. 27 (1867).
Hipposideros diadema, Cantor (non Geoffroy), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1846, p. 181.
Gloionycteris armigera, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 82. Phyllorhina swinhoei, Peters, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 616. Phyllorhina armigera, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 317; Dobson, P. ZS. 1878, p. 242; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 64, figs. a, b (heads of ¢ & Q) (1876), The hinder erect nose-leaf narrow, not so broad as the horseshoe ; upper edge sinuate, slightly elevated in the centre and at either extremity ; vertical ridges beneath well developed, prominent, enclosing moderately deep cells. The wart-like elevations on each side above the eyes, so constant in the species of the genus, are, in this species, usually greatly developed, forming large, thickened, longitudinal elevations, extending forwards on each side of the posterior erect nose-leaf, and backwards towards the frontal sac. Tn old males the development of these elevations is very great, and they form posteriorly the raised boundaries of a triangular fleshy naked space on the forehead, at the apex of which the large frontal sac is placed (Plate IX. fig. 3). These parts are not so well developed in young males and females; in the latter they appear as comparatively small longitudinal wart-like bodies covered with straight hairs, and in them also the frontal sac is small and placed close behind the posterior erect nose-leaf. On either side of the muzzle four erect longitudinal leaflets.
136 RHINOLOPHIDA, Wing-membrane attached to the tibia a short distance above the ankle-joint; tail long, last vertebra generally half free; interfemoral membrane triangular behind.
Colour of the fur variable; in a large specimen from Darjeeling dark brown, somewhat paler at the base; in two females from Nipal, on the dorsal surface the fur is tricoloured—at the base, for rather more than one third its length, pale sepia, then a band of grey for the same extent, the remaining portion of the hair dark sepia with paler tips; beneath, at the base and for half their length, of a shade intermediate between that of the upper and lower thirds of the hairs on the upper surface, the remaining portions to the tips of a lighter shade of the same colour.
This is the largest Asiatic species of the genus yet discovered ; the fully expanded wings measure nearly two feet across the body from tip to tip.
Length (of an adult ¢, the type), head and body 4'"2, tail 2’-1, head 1'"4, ear (anteriorly) 1-15, forearm 3:8, thumb 05, third finger 5”, fifth finger 4”, tibia 1-6, foot 0'-7. Hab. Himalaya (Masuri, Darjeeling, Nipal, Khasia Hills); Ceylon; China (Amoy).
(For notes on the habits of this species, see ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ referred to above.)
a,b. § & 2 ad.,al. (types). Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. ]. pe oe Nips B, Hs Hodgson, Ean, ed d. 2 imm., al. Khasia Hills. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. e. imm. sk. China. Mr. Fortune [C. ].
f. ad. sk. China. Mr. Fortune [C.].
g. ad. sk, China. J. kh. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
h-j. ad. sks. China (Amoy). R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.]. (Types of Phyllorhina swinhoei, Ptrs.)
k,l. ad. sk. Pinang. Dr. Cantor [P.].
m. skull of e.
7. Phyllorhina leptophylla.
Phyllorhina leptophylla, Dobson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 234; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 66 (1876).
Ears_rather large, nearly as long as the head, broad and triangular, with subacute tips ; the outer margin of the ear-conch slightly concave beneath the tip; upper transverse portion of the nose-leaf small, its upper edge simple, thin, narrower than the horseshoeshaped part, the vertical ridges dividing its front surface discernible at the base only; horseshoe with a small notch in the centre of its front free edge; on the sides of the muzzle external to the horseshoe three small leaflets ; frontal sac small, placed at some distance behind the nose-leaf.
Wings from the tibie near the ankles; interfemoral membrane triangular behind, the extremity of the tail projecting. Fur and integuments dark brown throughout.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'°5,
4. PHYLLORHINA. 137 tail 1"°65, ear 0'°9, forearm 2'-45, thumb 0:4, third finger 3°55, fifth finger 2”-85, tibia 1”, caleaneum 0'-7, foot 0°45. Hab. Khasia Hills, Kastern Bengal.
This species may be at once distinguished from Ph. armigera by its considerably smaller size, by the structure of the transverse portions of the nose-leaf, and by the incised free edge of the horseshoe. Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 8. Phyllorhina diadema.
Rhinolophus diadema, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. xx. p. 263. Rhinolophus nobilis, Horsfield, Zool. Research. in Java. Rhinolophus griseus, Meyen, Nova Acta Acad. xvi. 2, p. 608. Hinelguey diadema et nobilis, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. i vecilena nobilis, Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng. xv. p. 182. Hipposideros lankadiva, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan. p. 19. Phy llothine diadema, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 815; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 61 (1876).
The hinder erect nose-leaf equals the horseshoe and slightly exceeds the sella in width, its free margin forming a segment of the circumference of a circle, with a small blunt projection in the centre, and three vertical ridges on its concave front surface; sella large, with a prominent ridge in the centre, forming a small projection above, and one smaller on each side; sides of the muzzle with prominent vertical leaves, three on each side; no frontal pore. Lars moderate, acutely pointed, concave beneath the tip (Plate IX. fig. 4). Wings from the ankles ; interfemoral membrane large, triangular behind; last caudal vertebra free.
Fur, above, pale shining buff for two thirds the length of the hair, the remaining portion chocolate or reddish brown, with ashy extremities ; beneath, light greyish or buffy brown throughout. Length, head and body 3'°4, tail 2'-3, ear 1 x 0'"8, nose-leat 0'-45 x 0-35, forearm 3:4, third finger 4-7, fifth finger 3'°7, tibia 1’-45, foot 0'°6.
Hab. Peninsula of India generally, from the Himalaya to Southern India; Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Timor, Batchian Island, Amboyna, Aru Islands, Philippine Islands. Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
a. @ ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
db. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
ce. ad. sk. Pinang. E. I. House Collection.
d,e. ad. sks. Java. Purchased.
f. ad. sk. Java. Leyden Museum.
gy. ad. sk. Borneo. Sir J. Brooke [P.].
h. 3 ad., al. Philippine Islands.
i,j. Q ad., al Philippine Islands.
k. 2 ad., al. Philippine Islands. Purchased.
1, ad. sk. Purchased.
m. ad. sk. A. R, Wallace, Esq. [C.].
n. ad. sk. No history.
o, ad. sk. Timor. Purchased.
Purchased.
p. skeleton.
138 RHINOLOPHID, ? Var. a.
Phyllorhina masoni, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 838 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 62, fig. (head), 1876. The concave front surface of the erect nose-leaf divided into two cells only by a single central vertical ridge. From the under surface of the symphysis of the mandible a small conical bony process projects downwards, about equal to the lower canine tooth in vertical extent, and covered by the integument.
Length, head and body 3”:65, tail 1-65, ear 11, forearm 3'"35, thumb 06, third finger 5”, fifth finger 3'"9, tibia 1'-35, foot 0'°65. Hab. Moulmein, Burma.
Such are the characters of a single specimen, an adult male, preserved in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Together with the absence of the vertical ridges dividing the front surface of the erect nose-leaf on either side of the central ridge is associated a slight difference in the relative measurements of the bones of the extremities, and the occurrence of the peculiar process from the mandible described above. In other respects, however, this specimen agrees so closely with typical examples of Ph. diadema that I now believe the differences in structure exhibited by it are, probably, individual peculiarities only.
9. Phyllorhina nicobarensis.
Phyllorhina nicobarensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beng. 1871, p. 262, pl. xx. fig. 2; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 68, figs. a, 6 (head and nose-leaf) (1876).
Ears large, acutely pointed, outer margin slightly concave beneath the tip; no frontal sac behind the nose-leaf; upper margin of the transverse leaf simple, forming an arc of a circle, folded back and overhanging the concave front surface, which is divided into two cells only by a single central vertical ridge; in front the margin of the horseshoe has three small points.
Wing-membrane from the base of the metacarpal bone of the outer toe; tail of six vertebra, the last free:
Fur, above, light brown at the base, then greyish brown, with light brown extremities ; beneath pale brownish grey. Length, head and body 3”, head 1'1, tail 1'"7, ear 0''-9, forearm 2"-6, third finger 3”°7, fifth finger 2"-8, tibia 1", foot 0'°45. Hab. Nicobar Islands.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. . This species resembles Ph. diadema generally, but is at once distinguished by the erect nose-leaf being divided in front by a single vertical ridge only, by the different attachment of the wingmembranes to the hinder extremities, and by its much smaller size.
4. PHYLLORHINA. 139 10. Phyllorhina pygmza.
Rhinolophus pygmaeus, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 67. Phyllorhina pygmea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 82; Peters, Monatsb. ase) Bert, 1871, p. 317; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 68 Ears oval, with short subacute tips, inclined outwards, the outer margin shortly but conspicuously concave in the upper fourth; nose-leaf large, upper margin of the transverse terminal portion regularly convex, forming an arc of a circle, its front surface with three well-marked vertical ridges (Plate IX. fig. 5); horseshoe projecting by its free margin beyond the upper lip; two vertical leaves on each side; terminal leaf wider than the sella in front; no frontal pore.
Thumb very small. Wings to the tarsus. Interfemoral membrane slightly triangular behind; last caudal vertebra free. The posterior margin of the cingulum of the canine develops a distinct cusp, and also the anterior margin of the second premolar. Length, head and body 1'4, tail 0'°95, ear 0'°5 x 0'"'4, noseleaf 0'°3x0'"25, forearm 1'°45, thumb 0'°15, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1''5, tibia 0'5, foot 0'25.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
a. Q ad., al. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll. 11. Phyllorhina fuliginosa.
Phyllorhina fuliginosa, Zemminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de Guiné, p. 77 (1853) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 324. Ears much shorter than the head; basal half of the inner margin of the conch exceedingly convex, so as to approach close to the erect nose-leaf, upper half slightly convex, tip subacute, slightly inclined outwards, upper third of the outer margin concave, lower two thirds convex, antitragus semicircular without projection (Plate IX. fig. 6) ; nose-leaf small, horseshoe-shaped membrane very narrow in front of the nasal apertures; on each side two secondary leaflets ; posterior erect leaf short with a slightly convex free margin, its concave front surface not divided by distinct vertical ridges, but in some specimens there is a faint indication of a central ridge, with an ill-defined ridge near the outer margin of the leaf on either side ; no frontal glandular sac, but the forehead, in the position corresponding to the usual place of the sac in other species, is naked. Thumb as long as the foot without the claws; wings from the ankles; tail long, the extremity projecting slightly beyond the triangular interfemoral membrane.
Fur varying considerably in colour: in some specimens. dark brown or even black, the base of the hairs much paler, almost white, beneath paler throughout; in others the hairs are bright orange or reddish yellow above and beneath. The specific name has therefore been ill-chosen.
140 RHINOLOPHID.
Length, head and body 2”, tail 1’:2, head 0'°8, ear 0'°6 x 0''-55, forearm 1'-95, thumb 0'35; third finger—metacarp. 1'4, 1st ph. 0'-7, 2nd ph. 0'"8 ; fifth finger 2’'2, tibia 0°85, calcaneum 0'-38, foot 0''-4.
Hab. West Africa (Old Calabar ; Fernando Po).
a. § ad, al. Fernando Po. Purchased.
b @ ad., al. Old Calabar. A. Muwray, Esq. [P.].
ce, d. ad. sks. Purchased.
12. Phyllorhina caffra.
Rhinolophus caffer, Sundevall, Gifvers. Akad. Forh. Stockholm, iii. p- 118 (1846) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 655 (1855). Phyllorhina gracilis e¢ caffra, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, pp. 36 -39, pls. 7, 8.
Phyllorhina caffra, Temmunck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la cote de Giuiné, p. 78 (1853) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 325. Phyllorhina bicornis, Heuglin, Beitr. Fauna Nordost-Afrika’s, p. 7 1861).
In size and in the form of the nose-leaf closely corresponding with Ph. fuliginosa, but at once distinguished by the much smaller thumb and foot, by the different form of the ears, and, especially, by the presence of a distinct frontal glandular sac. Ears slightly shorter than in Ph. fuliginosa, but the inner margin of the conch is similarly strongly convex in its lower half: in its upper half, however, it is less convex than in that species, and, owing to this and to the greater convexity of the lower two thirds of the outer margin, the subacutely pointed tip does not project outwards, but is directed almost vertically upwards ; at the commencement of the antitragus at the lower third of the outer margin a small but distinct acutely pointed projection. As in Ph. fuliginosa, the nose-leaf is very narrow in front of the nostrils, and there are two secondary leaflets on either side; but the erect leaf, though very similar in outline, is somewhat larger, and its concave front surface has no trace of vertical dividing ridges. Frontal glandular sac small in the male; its position very indistinctly marked in the female.
Thumb short, the metacarpal bone considerably longer than the first phalanx, and wholly inclosed in the antebrachial membrane ; wings from the ankles or from the tarsi; interfemoral membrane large, the last caudal vertebra quite free, projecting abruptly from the straight posterior margin of the membrane ; feet very small, but slightly longer than the thumb. .
Fur, above, greyish brown, the extremities of the hairs darker ; beneath, paler. The inner side of the ear-conch clothed with hairs ; in some specimens the whole concave surface of the conch is more or less covered.
Length (of an adult 9), head and body 2”, tail 1'°2, head 0’'-8, ear 0'°55 xX 0'"55, forearm 1'°85, thumb 0'°25; third finger— metacarp. 1'°35, Ist ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0'"65; fifth finger—metacarp.