PHYLLOSTOMID. 445 ployed in flying, and with the manifestly adhesive nature of the sole of the foot and inferior surface of the legs, lead me to believe that this species hunts for its insect food, not only in the air, but also on the branches and leaves of trees, among which its peculiarities of structure would, without doubt, enable it to creep about with ease and security.
a. ad. sk. (type). New Zealand.
(Figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terroy.’) b. ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir I. Belcher.
e. ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G.Grey [C.].
d, Q ad., al. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].
e,f. ad. sks., in al. Wellington, N, Zealand. Colonial Museum [P.]. g. skeleton (imperfect).
Family PHYLLOSTOMID.
Phyllostomata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 256. Phyllostomide, Gray, Dobson, Ann. §& Mag, Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 347.
Bats with cutaneous processes either surrounding or close to the nasal apertures; with moderately large ears and well-developed tragi; with three phalanges in the middle and one in the index finger; and with, generally, well-developed united premaxillary bones.
The teeth vary very considerably in number and form in the different groups into which the family is divisible, ranging from 36 in the genus Glossonycteris to 20 in Desmodus. The upper middle incisors are generally well developed; the number of true molars extremely variable in some genera.
Antebrachial membrane well developed (except in the Desmodontes), extending along the forearm and enclosing the base of the thumb; tibia rather long and straight, fibula slender or rudimentary ; tail very variable, in a few genera well developed, in most either very short or rudimentary or altogether absent. These Bats are readily distinguished. by the presence of a third phalanx in the middle finger, associated with either distinct cutaneous nasal appendages or with well-developed central upper incisors, or with both. Unlike the Rhinolophide, their eyes are generally large and the tragus well developed, maintaining almost the same form throughout the different species, however much the other parts of the body may vary in shape. ; Their fur is generally of a dull colour, and the face and back (in the group Stenodermata especially) are often marked with white streaks, as in the Pteropodide, of which they take the place in the Western Hemisphere. A few species, probably all those with the
446 PHYLLOSTOMID®.
tail and interfemoral membrane well developed, feed principally on insects, while the greater number of species of the groups Vampyri and Glossophage appear to live on a mixed diet of insects and fruits, and those of the group Stenodermata wholly on fruits; the Desmodontes, of which two species only are known, are truly sanguivorous, and have their teeth and intestinal tract specially modified in accordance with their habits (see further remarks on habits and internal structure under heads of groups and genera).
From the large development of the antebrachial membrane it may be inferred that the species of this family are unfitted for walking on a horizontal surface ; and this is quite in accordance with the observations of those who have noted their habits (see remarks on the habits of Macrotus waterhousit), which are therefore, in this respect, in direct contrast with those of the Molossine. The insectivorous species capture their prey on the wing, while the frugivorous hang suspended from a branch of the tree on the fruit of which they may be feeding, this position allowing free motion to the arms and thumbs, which the animal uses for holding its food to its mouth. In the Desmodontes alone, which cling by their extremities to the body of the animal whose blood they may be sucking, the antebrachial membrane is narrow, and scarcely developed along the forearm.
Range. The Neotropical Region. Apparently limited to the forestclad districts of the tropical and subtropical parts of this region, and probably not extending much further south than the thirticth parallel of latitude.
The genera of Phyllostomide fall naturally into two subfamilies, according as the nostrils open at the extremity or on the upper surface of the muzzle, the species of the first division being all insectivorous, while those of the second subsist generally on a mixed diet. These subfamilies are again divisible into groups of allied genera according to the form of the skull and teeth.
Synopsis of Subfamilies and Groups.
I. Nostrils opening by simple apertures at the extremity of the muzzle in front, not margined by a distinct nose-leaf; chin with expanded leaf-like appendages .......... Subfamily LOBOSTOMIN /&. Group MORMOPES, p. 447.
{J. Nostrils opening on the upper surface of the muzzle, the nasal apertures more or less surrounded or margined by well-developed cutaneous appendages, forming a distinct nose-leaf ; chin with warts. Subfamily PH YLLOSTOMIN &. a. Molars well developed ; upper incisors 4.
a'. Muzzle long and narrow; outer side of true molars with Wshaped cusps.
7. CHILONYCTERIS. 447 a’. Tongue moderately long, terminating in an obtuse tip; upper surface of the lower lip not divided in the centre by a deep groove .. Group 1. VAMPYRI, p. 458. b". Tongue very long, much attenuated towards the tip; upper surface of the lower lip divided by a deep groove in the centre............ Group 2. GLOSSOPITAG 48, b’. Muzzle short, broad, and ob- [p. 497. tuse; true molars broad and flat, with an outer notched cutting-edge ..........0... Group 3, STENODERMATA, b. No true molars, or, if present, with [p. 511. crowns reduced to a narrow cutting-edge ; upper incisors 2, large, trenchant ............ Group 4. DESMODONTES, [p. 545.
If we arrange these groups according to their natural affinities, the Vampyri should be placed between the Glossophage and the Stenodermata.
Subfam. I. LOBOSTOMIN i.
Group MORMOPES.
The characters of the single group are those of the subfamily. Synopsis of Genera.
a. Crown of the head moderately elevated above the face-line, the basicranial axis almost in the same plane as the facial.. 1. Curmonycreris, p. 447. b, Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line, the basicranial axis almost at right angles with the facial........ 2. Mormops, p. 454. 1. CHILONYCTERIS.
Chilonycteris, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 4 (18389); Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 74 (1854); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, .359.
baton Gundlach, Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 356. Phyllodia, Gray, P. Z. S. p. 50 (1843). Crown of the head moderately elevated above the face-line ; ears separate, the inner margin of the ear-conch arising from the side of the head; form of the ear very similar in all the species, broad below, attenuated abruptly above, the deep outer margin carried forwards almost to the angle of the mouth; tragus longer than broad, rounded off above, a horizontal projecting lobule at the middle of its inner margin ; muzzle moderately long and broad, but not deep, obliquely and sharply truncated in front from before
448 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.
backwards; the nasal apertures circular, close together, opening on this obliquely directed surface ; lower lip much expanded and folded outwards, with numerous small rounded papillie in front; chin with a horizontal cutaneous expansion.
Wing-membrane from the proximal extremity of the caleaneum and from the tibia; interfemoral membrane large, with long calcanea ; tail perforating the membrane, and appearing upon its upper surface.
Dentition. Ine. 4, C. =, pm. = m. =.
The upper middle incisors larger than the outer incisors, with broad notched edges; the lower incisors triangular in cross section, the base outwards ; second lower premolar minute, half internal. Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region. The species of this genus are insectivorous; the stomachs of individuals examined by Mr. Osburn and by the writer were invariably found to contain remains of insects. All the species are very closely allied to one another, agreeing together remarkably in the form of the muzzle and of the cutaneous chin appendages, in the peculiarly attenuated ears, in the general structure of the body, and, especially, in dentition. In one species (Ch. davyi) the wing-membrane, instead of arising from the sides of the body as in all the other species, is connected to the centre line of the back by a narrow ligament only, and the back of the animal behind the shoulders is naked. On this account this species has been made the type of a genus (Pteronotus, Gray) ; but that genus cannot stand, neither can the character on which it is founded be considered sufficient to warrant the formation of a distinct subgenus, for Ch. davyi differs in none other important respect from the other species of the genus, and the variability of the point of attachment of the wing-membrane is quite as well marked in other genera of Chiroptera.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Wings from the sides of the hairy back.. (Subgen. CHILoNYCTERIS.) a. Lower third of the inner margin of the ear-conch thickened and separated by a right-angled notch from the upper two thirds.
a. A small tooth-like projection from the upper margin of each nostril; outer margin of the ear-conch abruptly convex at the commencement of its lower two thirds, forming an acute-angled notch; forearm 1'"65 ...........06, 1. Ch. macleayii, p. 449. b'. No tooth-like projection from the upper margin of each nostril.
a'', Outer margin of the ear-conch abruptly convex at the commencement of its lower two thirds, forming a right-angled notch ; forearm 18.. 2. Ch. personata, p. 461.
1. CHITONYCTERIS. 449 6". Outer margin of the ear-conch gradually convex at the commencement of its lower two thirds; forearm OE ofa tige Gteree Ronee aU Mother Wee NOU b 3. Ch. psilotis, p. 451. 6. Lower third of the inner margin of the ear-conch not thickened, continuous with the upper two thirds.
6. No tooth-like projection from the upper margin of each nostril.
a”. Outer margin of the ear-conch abruptly convex at the commencement of its lower two thirds, forming a right-angled notch.
a’, Crown of the head more elevated ; an obtusely conical projection on the upper surface of the muzzle; forearm 21 suction dagen: 4. Ch. parnellit, p. 452. b'". Crown of the head less elevated ; a small transverse rounded projection on the muzzle; forearm ADE tes lato ndusta-a¥e Guile atte ioonones 5. Ch. rubtginosa, p. 452 II. Wings from the spine; back behind the shoulders naked ............... ee eee ee (Subgen. Prrronorvs.) a, Ears and muzzle as in Ch. personata ; forearms 18674 Mitts ctineigusasnee Aven 6. Ch. davyt, p. 453. 1. Chilonycteris macleayi.
Chilonycteris macleayii, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. P: 5, pl. i. fig. 2 (1839); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdiugeth. i, p.448 (1844), v. p. 678 1855); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 361. Lobostoma quadridens, Gundlach, Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 357. Chilonycteris fuliginosa, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 20. ; Chilonycteris grisea, Gosse, Naturalist’s Sujourn in Jamaica, p. 326, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1851).
Chilonycteris quadridens, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 65. Ears very narrow, attenuated above, and subacutely pointed ; inner margin of the ear-conch commencing in a small lobe, then convex and thickened, abruptly flatly emarginate at the junction of its lower and middle thirds ; middle third faintly convex, with four or five minute tooth-like processes (as in some species of Nyctinomus); upper third straight; outer side deeply and flatly emarginate for half its length beneath the tip, the emargination terminating in an acute-angled notch formed by an abrupt elevation, from which, to the termination of the outer margin in a line beneath the eye near the angle of the mouth, the increased width of the ear-conch is maintained (Plate XXII. fig. La, ear, double natural size): tragus longer than broad, the outer margin slightly slanting upwards and inwards above ; about the middle of the inner margin a well-marked horizontal lobe. On the upper surface of the muzzle, about 0°15 behind the nasal apertures, a small elevation of the integument, almost concealed by the fur, projects slightly; and at G
450 PHYLLOSTOMID&.
its extremity four well-defined cutaneous tooth-like processes project upwards, one from the sharply cut upper margin of each nostril, and one larger on each side (Plate XXIII. fig. 1). Lower lip much expanded outwards, with a thin free edge broader in front, the surface opposite the canines covered with wart-like papille ; from the chin an underlying cutaneous expansion is directed horizontally outwards, and almost touches the lower free margin of the lip; the inferior surface of this expansion is marked by three parallel ridges in this and in all other known species (Plate XXIII. fig. 1). Wings from the inner side of the lower third of the tibiae and from the calcanea.
Above greyish brown; beneath, much paler, almost white. Brain-case vaulted, and considerably raised above the face-line, but the cranio-facial axis is almost in the same right line ; frontal bones flattened, but not expanded laterally; no postorbital processes ; zygomata short and very slender; nasal opening small, directed forwards ; premaxillary bones united, but slender; central upper incisors triangular in outline, the apex at the root, the base deeply notched, forming the cutting-edge; outer upper incisors very small, with a broad.base and a single oblique acutely pointed cusp directed forwards and inwards; first upper premolar small, with a single acutely pointed vertically directed cusp; second upper premolar equalling the canine in cross section at the base, its acutely pointed cusp slightly exceeding the molars; molars with well-developed W-shaped cusps, the last molar half the antepenultimate molar ; lower incisors trifid, equal, each tooth triangular in cross section at the base, the apex of the triangle inwards ; first and third lower premlars equal in vertical extent, the cingulum of the first more developed upwards; second lower premolar very small, internal to the tooth-row, not visible from without; the three lower molars nearly equal in size.
Length (of the type, an adult ¢), head and body 1'°75, tail 0"-95, head 0'°65, ear 0'°65, tragus 0:2, forearm 1':65, thumb 0-25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 0'"32, 2nd ph. 0'"5, 8rd ph. 0'°45; fourth finger—metacarp. 1''3, Ist ph. 0'°33, 2nd ph. 0°33; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°15, 1st ph. 0'"35, 2nd ph. 0''-35 ; tibia 0'°6, foot 0°33.
Hab. Antillean Subregion (Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica). This species is easily distinguished from all other known species by the small erect cutaneous processes above the nostrils, and very acute-angled notch terminating the emargination on the outer side of the ear.
a. & ad., al. (type). Cuba. W.S. MacLeay, Esq. tpt be 6 & 9 ad, al. Cuba. W.S. MacLeay, Esq. [P. ]. d. & ad, al. Port au Prince, Hayti. J. N. Tweedy, Esq. te. : (Type of Chilonycteris fuliginosa, Gray.)
e. fo ad., al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Chilonycteris grisea, Gosse.)
&
1, CHILONYCTERIS. 451 2. Chilonycteris personata.
pee ycrens personata, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 367; id. Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 680 (1855); Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 76 (1854) ; Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1872, p. 360. Slightly larger than the preceding species, and distinguished from it by the absence of the small cutaneous projections from the upper margins of the nostrils and by the less abrupt elevation of the outer margin of the ear-conch at the junction of its upper third with its lower two thirds, which forms here a right-angled notch. According to Wagner and Burmeister, it resembles Ch. davyi (see p- 453) in all respects except in the attachment of the wing-membrane and nakedness of the back.
Fur above dark brown, beneath paler, the extremities of the hairs much paler on both surfaces.
Length, head and body 2'"1, tail 0'"7, ear 0'6, forearm 1-75. Hab. Guatemala; Venezuela; Brazil (Mato Grosso). The type of this species, which I have not yet seen, is preserved in the Vienna Museum, and the above description is taken from Wagener and Burmeister.
3. Chilonycteris psilotis.
Resembles Ch. macleayi closely in size, but easily distinguished by the absence of the notch on the outer side of the ear and of the small projections from the upper margins of the nostrils, as well as by the colour of the fur and by the different proportions of the bones of the extremities.
The inner margin of the ear-conch is quite similar to that of Ch. macleayi, but, at the termination of the emargination which occupies the upper half of the outer side, and is much shallower than in that species, instead of an abrupt elevation forming an acute-angled notch, the margin becomes very gradually convex, almost straight (Plate XXIII. fig. 2, ear, enlarged).
The small projection on the upper surface of the muzzle, expanded lower lip, and horizontal cutaneous process from the chin as in Ch. macleayi, with which it also agrees in dentition. Fur orange above and beneath, with orange-brown extremities ; darker above, paler beneath.
Length, head and body 17, tail 0"-7, head 0'"65, ear 0'"65 x 08, tragus 0-2, forearm 1:65, thumb 0'-25; third finger—metacarp. 1-5, Ist ph. 0-28, 2nd ph. 05, 3rd ph. 0-55; fourth finger— metacarp. 13, 1st ph. 0'"3, 2nd ph. 0-35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-15, Ist ph. 0'"38, 2nd ph. 0'"35 ; tibia 0'"6, foot 0-4. Hab. Unknown.
a,b. d & Q ad., al. (types).
woQ Ww
452 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.
4. Chilonycteris parnellii.
Phyllodia parnellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 50. Chilonyeteris boothii, Gundlach et Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 154.
Chilonycteris osburnii, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 66, pl. xiii. Chilonycteris parnellii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 678. Considerably larger than any of the preceding species ; also differing from all in the form of the inner margin of the ear-conch, which is regularly convex from the base upwards, and the outer margin forms an obtuse-angled notch at the commencement of its lower two thirds, terminating the upper emargination; on the muzzle an obtusely conical elevation ; no projection from the upper margin of the nostril nor from the upper lip.
Fur above dark greyish brown, the base of the hairs much paler ; beneath, the base of the hairs is dark, and the terminal one fourth ashy. Membranes almost naked above and beneath. Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2''3, ear 0-75, forearm 2"°1, thumb 0°25 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'°8, 1st ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 0'"6, 3rd ph. 0:7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-65, 1st ph. 0-38, 2nd ph. 0'°5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°65, 1st ph. 0-38, 2nd ph. 0'"45; tibia 0"-7, foot 0-45. Hab. Cuba; Jamaica (inhabiting caves).
See remarks on the habits of this species by the late Mr. W. Osburn in P. Z.8. 1865, p. 68.
a. ad. sk. (type). Jamaica. R. Parnell, M.D. [P.]. b,c. db & 2 ad. sks. Jamaica. W. Osburn, Esq. [P.]. (Types of Chilonycteris osburnti, Tomes.)
5. Chilonycteris rubiginosa.
Chilonycteris rubiginosa, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 369; Suppl. Schreb. Siugeth. v. p. 680 (1855).
Conspicuously larger than Ch. parnelliz, and differing from it and from all the other species in the less elevated crown of the head. The form of the ear is very similar to that of Ch. parnelli, the inner margin of the ear-conch is similarly evenly convex from the base upwards, but the emargination on the outer side is deeper, and the convexity terminating it is more abrupt, and the ear is altogether much larger; the cutaneous process on the muzzle behind the nostrils is more transverse and less elevated than in Ch. parnellii, and is supported posteriorly by a low ridge placed at right angles to it (Plate XXIII. fig. 3, head, double natural size). Fur varying in colour from bright reddish to dark brown; beneath, the extremities of the hairs are much paler than their bases.
Inner lower incisors trifid, outer incisors bifid. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2'65, tail 1", interfemoral membrane about 1'°5, head 1”, ear 0'-9, tragus 0’3, forearm 2°45,