32. DESMODUS. 549 ticulum of the stomach appears to vary from two to five or six inches, the size in each specimen probably depending on the amount of food obtained by the animal before it was captured. Length, head and body 3”, head 1”, ear 0'°75, tragus 0'"3, forearm 2-5, thumb 0'-65 ; third finger—metacarp. 2"1, 1st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0-65, 3rd ph. 0-65; fourth finger—metacarp. 2’-04, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0-6 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2”, Ist ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0"-6 ; tibia 1'-05, foot 0'"6.
Hab. Mexican Subregion (Oaxaca; Vera Paz, Guatemala); Brazilian Subregion (Ecuador, Bolivia, Guiana, Para, Mato Grosso, Sta. Catherina) ; Chilian Subregion (Peru; Coquimbo, Chili). The first published description of the very peculiar form of the stomach of this species appears to be that by Professor Huxley in the ‘ Proceedings ’ of the Zoological Society for April 1865. Prof. Peters, of Berlin, had previously noted (in the MS. pages of a work on the Mammalia not yet published) the presence in the Desmodontes of an intestiniform appendage to the stomach; but no other zoologist seems to have been aware of the existence of this remarkable departure from the simple type of stomach found in all other groups of Microchiroptera.
The blood-thirsty propensities of some of the Bats of the Neotropical Region were long known to travellers, and several species of other groups of this family were set down as blood-suckers by various eminent travellers and naturalists, and named accordingly, Thus the name Vampyrus was suggested to Geoffroy and adopted by Spix, who also considered that the Bats of the group Gilossophage were addicted to blood, and accordingly described G'lossophaga soricina ( G. amplexicaudata, Spix) as a very cruel blood-sucker (“‘sanguisuga crudelissima”), believing that the long fibrillated tongue was used to increase the flow of blood. Waterton considered Artibeus (?)planirostris (now knawn to be frugivorous in its habits) to be the veritable Vampire ; but neither he nor any of the naturalists that preceded him had succeeded in detecting any individual in the act of drawing blood. It fell to the lot of Mr. Charles Darwin to determine one of the species at least; and the following is his account of the circumstances under which the discovery of the sanguivorous habits of this species was made :—‘‘ The Vampire Bat is often the cause of much trouble by biting the horses on their withers, The injury is generally not so much owing to the loss of blood, as to the inflammation which the pressure of the saddle afterwards produces. The whole circumstance has lately been doubted in England ; I was therefore fortunate in being present when one (Desmodus @orbignyi, Wat.) was actually caught on a horse’s back. We were bivouacking late one evening near Coquimbo, in Chili, when my servant, noticing that one of the horses was very restive, went to see what was the matter, and fancying he could detect something, suddenly put his hand on the beast’s wither’s, and secured the Vampire” *.
* ©Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World,’ p. 22 (1838).
550 PHYLLOSTOMID &.
a, b. ad. sks, Oaxaca, Mexico.
(In an old gold-mine shaft, 30 to 40 yards from the surface.) ce. ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala. . Salvin, Esq. [C.]. d, e. juv. et ad. g, al. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C. ]. f. ad. sk. Ecuador. Prince Bonaparte [C.]}.
g- & ad, al. Peru. Lord Lilford [P.].
h. ad. sk. Coquimbo, Chili. Charles Darwin, Esq. (Skin of individual caught in the act of sucking the blood of a horse, referred to in Mr. Darwin’s ‘ Naturalist’s Voyage.” Type of D. @’orbignyt, Waterhouse, and original of figure and description in the Voyage of the ‘ Beagle ’.)
a. ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Bridges (C.].
j. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina, Brazil. Purchased. k. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
q, ad. sk. Bolivia. Purchased.
m. ad. sk. No history.
n, skull. (Labelled Desmodus d’orbignyt.)
33. DIPHYLLA.
Diphylla, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 68 (1823); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 383 (1844), v. p. 615 (1855). Muzzle and ears as in Desmodus ; lower lip reflected outwards in front of the incisors, not grooved ; interfemoral membrane not developed in the centre; calcaneum short; tail none. sh re 2-2 1-1 Dentition. Inc. 5, G. Top PM. g——: M. 75.
The single molars in the upper and lower jaws rudimentary, and not distinguishable by form from the premolars. This genus, like Desmodus, is represented by a single species only. 1. Diphylla ecaudata.
Diphylla ecaudata, Spiz, op. cit. p. 68, pl. xxxvi. fig. vii. ; Wagner, 1. c. Slightly smaller than Desmodus rufus, which this species resembles in the form of the ear-conch, muzzle, and upper incisors. The upper margin of the small leaf above the nasal apertures is straight or very slightly concave, and posteriorly a raised (?)glandular ridge forms a semicircle between and behind the eyes, somewhat broader on the sides, but not thickened in the centre; lower lip reflected outwards in front of the lower incisors, forming a squaresided naked surface; angles of the mouth folded outwards, as in Desmodus rufus. Form of the ear-conch very similar to that of D. rufus ; tragus broader above, with an obtuse extremity, and a welldefined lobule at the base of the outer margin. Metacarpal bone of the thumb much shorter than in D. rufus, and almost contained within the membrane; but the relative proportions of the other bones of the finger very similar to those of that species.
Wing-membrane from the tarsus or metatarsus; interfemoral membrane margining the legs, not developed in the centre; calcaneum short, projecting.
33. DIPHYLLA. 551 Fur, above, reddish brown ; beneath, yellowish white, darker at the base of the hairs.
Skull very similar to that of D. rufus, but the jaws are slightly longer, owing to the presence of an additional rudimentary molar in both jaws. Lower incisors narrow, much expanded in the direction of the jaws, pectinated, forming a semicircular row, touching each other; the outer incisors wider than the inner ones, with six notches, the inner incisors with three; upper incisors and canines as in D. rufus; the two upper premolars nearly equal in size, narrow, with sharp-edged slightly notched crowns; close behind them the single very small oval molar, its long diameter at right angles to the direction of the jaw; in the lower jaw the premolars are smaller and the molar larger, the first premolar with a slight indication of a central cusp equal in size to the third, which is somewhat similar in shape, and larger than the second, which slightly exceeds in size the rudimentary molar.
The alimentary canal (which I have not had an opportunity of examining) is probably generally similar to that of Desmodus rufus. Length, head and body, about 2''-6, head 1”, ear 0''-65, tragus 03, forearm 2", thumb 0-5; third finger—metacarp. 2", 1st ph. 0'°45, 2nd ph. 1:1, 3rd ph. 0-9; fourth finger—metacarp. 2’, 1st ph. 0'-4, 2nd ph. 0-8; fifth finger—metacarp, 1’-95, 1st ph. 0"-45, 2nd ph. 0-65 ; tibia 0''*7, foot 0'°55*.
Hab. Brazil.
* Prof. Peters most kindly afforded me an opportunity of examining (during my visit to the Berlin. Museum) a well-preserved specimen of this little-known species,
55z ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
Page 2. MEGACHIROPTERA.
To definition add :— Second finger with three phalanges: Spigelian lobe of the liver illdefined or absent.
Page 2. MICROCHIROPTERA. To definition add :— Second finger with a single rudimentary phalanx, rarely (in Rhinopoma only) with two: Spigelian lobe of the liver well developed and separate.
Page 7. Epomophorus monstrosus. In Table, for 2nd and 4th fingers read 3rd and 5th fingers respectively.
Line 13 from bottom, for “d. 9 imm.” read “d. 3 imm.” Page 9. Epomophorus macrocephalus. In Table, for 2nd and 4th fingers read 3rd and 5th fingers respectively.
a= Page 36. Pteropus samoensis. h. f ad., al. Samoa. Rev. 8. J. Whitmee [C.]. Page 51. Pteropus edulis. Line 1 from top, for “f. 2 juv.” read “f. S$ juv.” Page 59. Pteropus fuscus. Line 7 from bottom, after word “ backwards” insert (Plate IV. fig. 5).
re ree Page 65. Pteropus keraudrenii. w. 2 imm. Samoa. Rey. 8. J. Whitmee [C.]. Page 92.
Between lines 5 and 6 from bottom insert “Group 2. MACROGLOSSL.”
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 553 Page 143. Phyllorhina speoris. To synonymy add :— Hipposideros aureus et templetonii, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeylan. pp. 17, 18.
ye ee Page 159. Megaderma spasma. y. oad, al. Placer, N.E. Mindanao. Purchased. Page 170. THYROPTERA.
This genus should form Group IV. of Vespertilionide. Page 172. Nyctophilus timoriensis. To synonymy add :— Barbastellus pacificus, Gray, Zoolog. Miscell. 1881, p. 38. Page 203. Vesperugo propinquus. For “ Vesperugo propinquus, Peters,” read “ Vesperus propinquus, Peters.”
Page 260. Scotophilus temminckii. Add :— a". 9 ad., al. Sir E. Belcher [C. ]. Yo Page 260. Scotophilus heathii. g. & ad, al. No history.
Page 301. Vespertilio goudotii. For “ Plate XIX. fig. 6” read “ Plate XIX. fig. 5.” Cae. Page 320. Vespertilio nigricans. m. do imm., al. Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C. ]. Page 346. Thyroptera tricolor. For third finger—2nd ph. 0'-25 read third finger—2nd ph. 0'°4, 3rd ph. 0°25.
Page 346. MINIOPTERUS.
Line 21 from bottom, for first phalana of the second read first phalanx of the third.
ho Page 417. Molossus perotis. d, ad. sk. Cordova, La Plata. Purchased.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. {Recognised names of species and varieties &c. are printed in italics, synonyms abramus (Vespertilio), 6.
abramus(Vesperugo),226. abrasus (Dysopes), 415. abrasus (Molossus), 415. acetabulosus (Molossus), 440.
acetabulosus(Nyctinomus), 440,441.
achradophilus (Peltorhinus), 527.
achradophilus(Stenoderma),527, acuminatus (Rhinolophus), 113.
acuticaudatus (Molossus), 412.
adversus (Vespertilio), 292,316.
zdilis (Vespertilio), 297. egyptiaca ( Cynonycteris) 74.
segyptiaca (Eleutherura), 79.
egyptiacus (Nyctinomus), 424 x ptiacus(Pteropus),74. sid (Kerivoula), 339. ethiopica (Nycteris), 165. 122 ethiops (Rhinolophus), MP ), 125 afer (Trienops), f aa (Noctilio), 398. affinis (Nycteris), 166. affinis (Pipistrellus), 220. affinis (Pteropus), 68. affinis (Rhinolophus), 112. affinis ( Taphozous), 389. affinis (Vespertilio), 328, 329. . 5, 208 affinis(Vesperugo),220. ss (colecra, Ba, in Roman characters. ] afra (Emballonura), 365. africana (Kerivoula), 835. africanus (Nyctinomus), 422.
africanus (Vespertilio), 310.
aga (Lasiurus), 276. agilis (Vespertilio), 329, albanensis (Hipposideros),150.
albescens (Phyllostoma), 538 albescens (Vespertilio), 326.
albigularis (Marsipolexmus),207.
albigularis ( Vesperugo), 207.
albiventer (Cynopterus), 88.
albiventer (Hyonycteris), 345.
albiventer (Noctilio), 398. albiventer (Nycteris), 165.
albiventer (Nyctinomus), albiyenter (Uronycteris), 88.
albolimbatus (Vespertilio), 230.
albomaculatum (Phyllostoma),529.
alboscapulatus (Cheiropteruges),97.
alboscapulatus us),97.
he (Dichidurus), 391. albus (Dysopes), 410. alecto (Dysopes), 410. alecto (Nycticejus), 361. alecto (Pteropus), 56. alecto (Vespertilio), 361. (Pteroaltivolans (Vespertilio), 212.
amblyotis(Lophostoma), 475.
amblyotis (Phyllostoma), 475.
amboinensis(Phyllorhina), 150.
americana (Atalapha), 269.
americanus 394, Ametrida, 581.
Amorphochilus,357. amplexicaudata (Cynonycteris), 72.
amplexicaudata phaga),499.
amplexicaudata (Phyllophora),499.
amplexicaudata (Pteropus),72.
amplexicaudata tharpyia), 91.
andamanensis (Rhinolophus), 118.
andersoni (Vesperugo), 195 (Noctilio), (Glosso- (Xanandersoni(Vesperus),195. aneiteanus (Pteropus), 29.
aneiteanus (Spectrum), 29 angolensis (Nycteris),165. angolensis (Nyctinomus), 429 angusticeps (Phyllostoma),487.
annectens (Pipistrellus), 234.
annectens (Vesperugo), 234.
Anoura, 506.
556 antricola (Phyllorhina), 148.
Antrozous,170. nee (Epomophorus), 1 vpiculatus (Hipposideros),143.
Aquias, 100.
Arctibeus, 514. arcuatus (Rhinolophus), 109.
urgentata (Kerivoula), 340.
argentatus(Chalinolobus), 252.
argentatus 47.
Ariteus, 526.
armiger (Hipposideros), 135 (Pteropus), armiger (Rhinolophus), 135 armigera (Gloionycteris), 135, armigera (Phyllorhina), 135.
arsinoé ( Vespertilio), 328. Artibeus,514.
aruensis (Hipposideros), 150.
aruensis (Phyllorhina), 150.
aruensis (Pteropus), 45. Asellia, 127.
assamensis (Pteropus), 51.
Atalapha, 267. ater (Alectops), 487. ater (Molossus), 415. ater (Vespertilio), 316. aterrimus (Pteropus), 56. atrata (Emballonura), 362.
atratus (Hipposideros), 149.
atratus (Nycticejus), 206. atratus ( Vesperugo), 206. atratus ( Vesperus), 206. auduboni (Vespertilio), 238.
aurantia (Phyllorhina), 126.
aurantia (Rhinonycteris), 126.
aurantius teris),126.
aurantius teris), 126.
aurata (Murina), 279. auratus(Harpiocephalus), 279.
(Rhinonic- (Rhinonyc- ALPHABETICAL INDiX. auratus (Vespertilio), 2.
aureus (Hipposideros), 144,552.
auricularis (Vampirus), 491.
aurispinosis (Dysopes), 435.
aurita (Lonchorhina), 462.
aurita (Phyllorhina), 149.
auritus (Dysopes), 435. auritus (Nyctinomus), 435.
auritus (Plecotus), 178. auritus (Rhinolophus), 121.
auritus (Vampyrus), 471. auritus (Vespertilio), 8.
austenianus (Pipistrellus),218.
australis (Miniopterus), 351.
australis (Molossus), 433. australis (Nyctinomus), 433.
australis (Taphozous), 382.
australis (Vespertilio), 317.
azteca (Carollia), 493. aztecus (Molossus), 437. Balantiopteryx, 369. Barbastellus, 171, 175. barbastellus (Synotus), 176.
barbastellus(Vespertilio), 176 barbatus (Vespertilio), 344.
bechsteinii ( Vespertilio), 308.
behnii(Schizostoma),479. belangeri (Vespertilio), 258.
bengalensis mus),425.
bennettit (Mimon), 491. (Nyctinobennettii (Phyllostoma), 491, bicolor (Phyllorhina), 148.
bicolor (Phyllostoma), 493.
bicolor (Rhinolophus), 8.
bicolor (Taphozous). 380. bicolor (Thyroptera ), 345. bicornis (Phyllorhina), 140.
bidens ( Chiroderma), 535. bidens(Lophostoma),473. bidens (Vampyrus), 473. bilabiatum (Pygoderma), 536.
bilineata (Emballonura), 372 bilineata (Saccopteryx), 372.
bilineata (Urocryptus), 372.
bilobatum (Uroderma), 518.
bilobatus (Artibeus), 518. bivittatus (Nyctinomus), 426.
blainvillit 456.
sar aa a (Mormops), banter (Vespertilio), 316.
blanfordi 242, blepotis (Trilatitus), 348 blepotis (Vespertilio), 348.
( Vesperugo), blosseivillii (Vespertilio), 269.
blythii (Vespertilio), 309. blythii (Vesperugo), 226. bocagii (Vespertilio), 300. bocourtianus (Macrotus), 467.
bonapartii 178.
bonariensis (Molossus), 419.
bonariensis (Promops), 9 (Plecotus), bonariensis (Vespertilio), 69.
bere (Chilonycteris), 52.
borbonicus (Scotophilus), en (Scotophilus) poe (Vespertilio), - 6.
borealis (Vespertilio),203. borealis(Vesperugo),208. borneensis (Rhinolophus),114.
bottz (Vesperus), 191. brachymeles (Molossops), 410.
brachymeles(Molossus), 410.
brachyota (Phyllorhina), 141.