23. ARTIBEUS. 517 two external, narrow, sharp-edged cusps, the flat or slightly concave inner side of the tooth forms quite four fifths of its crown, and has two very small cusps on its antero-internal margin, which become worn down with age; second molar two thirds the antepenultimate molar, with a single narrow and long external cusp, one posterior and one internal and anterior basal cusp, between these cusps the crown of the tooth is concave; third molar very small, scarcely larger than one of the lower incisors, placed in a concavity in the posterior side of the second molar, and very easily overlooked on examination; lower incisors very small, equal, not grooved ; canine with a small posterior basal cusp; first lower premolar obliquely lozenge-shaped ; second premolar with a posterior obtuse basal cusp; molars with broad flat crowns, from the anteroexternal and antero-internal margins of which short cusps arise, the second molar about three fourths the first, the last molar very Pra circular, about the size of the last upper molar (Plate XXVIII. gk):
Length (of an adult 9), head and body 8”-2, interfemoral membrane in the middle 07, head 1':2, ear 0-55, tragus 0'28, nose-leaf 0'°5x0''3, forearm 2'-6, thumb 0'"6; third finger— metacarp. 2'°3, 1st ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 1'"2, 38rd ph. 0'°9; fourth finger—metacarp. 2':25, 1st ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger— metacarp. 2'°3, Ist ph. 0'5, 2nd ph. 0'"7; tibia 0'°95, foot 0''°65. Hab. Guiana, Brazil (Pernambuco).
I have identified this species with that described by Spix under the name of Phyllostoma planirostre, as the characters agree in all respects. The absence of the last minute upper premolar in the type may be due either to the immaturity or to the advanced age of the specimen. Of three specimens from Pernambuco in the Collection, one (immature) has the last upper molar extremely small, so small as to be discovered with considerable difficulty; the second and third (immature and adult respectively) have no trace of this tooth.
This species appears to be very abundant in British Guiana. I found colonies of it inhabiting the roofs of every house in which Bats were discovered. It is especially common in the roofs of the sugar-factories, the heat of which probably attracts it. a,b. § ad., al. Isle of Grenada. Purchased.
c. ad. sk. America.
d, ad. sk. America. Purchased.
e. 2 ad., al. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]. SF. o ad, al. Demerara. Capt. Sabine [P. ].
g. @ ad, al. Demerara, G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}.
A. & imm., al, Demerara. Purchased.
a fd imm,, al. Para. Purchased, _ Jj-l. imm. et ad. sks. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.}. m. ad. sk. Acapulco. Purchased.
nm. 9 ad., al, M. Lidth de Jeude.
518 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.
Var. a.
Artibeus concolor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 357. Much smaller than adult specimens of A. planirostris, the forearm measuring 1'°85 as compared with 2-6. Fur, above uniform brown, paler beneath, without either white streaks on the head or white spots on the shoulders ; wing-membranes dark brown, except the space between the second and third finger, which is whitish brown. In other respects quite similar to A. planirostris. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2'°6, head 1”, ear 0”°63, nose-leaf 0'°48, forearm 1':85, tibia 0'°7.
Hab. Paramaribo, Surinam.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
The above is taken from Dr. Peters’s short description, as I have not yet seen the type.
a. © ad,, al. Upper Amazons. Purchased.
2. Artibeus bilobatus.
Uroderma personatum, Peters (non Wagner), MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, pp. 587, 588 (see footnote).
Uroderma bilobatum, Peters, 7. c. 1866, p. 392. Ears, lips, and lancet-shaped portion of the nose-leaf (except that the margin is finely crenulately serrate) quite similar to those of Vampyrops hellert (see p. 524). The horseshoe, of which the margin is free round about, is distinguished from that of every other species by the presence of a rounded lobe on either side. The wing-membrane does not quite extend to the end of the metatarsus. Interfemoral naked, or thinly sprinkled over with very short hairs, triangularly emarginate behind. Calcaneum very short. The fur of the body extends as far as the middle of the forearm ; the whole tibia and the lower end of the femur naked. Brown, with four white streaks on the head and a white line along the middle of the back.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 3”, head 0-95, ear 0'6, tragus 0'-2, forearm 1'-6, thumb 0':4; third finger—metacarp. 1'°55, 1st ph. 0'55, 2nd ph. 0'"85, 3rd ph. 0'°6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-53, Ist ph. 0'"48, 2nd ph. 0°25; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°53, 1st ph. 0-35, 2nd ph. 0'°5; tibia 0''-6, caleaneum 0'"2, foot 0:4, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0'°43, Hab. Cayenne; Brazil (St. Paulo).
The above is a translation of Dr. Peters’s description of this species, of which I have not yet examined a specimen. It was at first mistaken by Dr. Peters for Phyllostoma personatwm, Wagner ; but the type of that species has been lost, and the description given by Wagner is quite insufficient, being equally applicable, as Dr. Peters remarks, to large specimens of either Tampyrops lincatus or Chiroderma villosum.
23. ARTIBEUS. 519 This Species appears to connect Artibeus with Vampyrops through V. lineatus and V. helleri, resembling both in size, in the white facial streaks, in the presence of a white line down the middle of the back, and, in common with the other species, in the number of the teeth, while it agrees with V. helleri closely in the form of the nose-leaf.
3. Artibeus perspicillatus.
Vespertilio perspicillatus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. ed. p. 47; Schreber, Saiigethiere, p. 160, pl. xlvi. a (1775).
Phyllostoma perspicillatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 176, pl. aD Cisse ; ages. Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 402 (1844), v. Actibeus jamaicensis, Leach, Linn. Trans, xiii, p. 75 (1822). Madatzus lewisii, Leach, 7. c. p. 82.
? Phyllostoma superciliatum, Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii. p. 200 (1826).
Arctibeus perspicillatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. p. 487 (1839). Antieely carpolegus, Gosse, A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 151 Pteroderma perspicillatum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 34, pl. viii. fig. 7, pl. x. fig. 1 (teeth) (1855). Artibeus perspicillatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 856. Resembles A. planirostris closely in size and in general appearance, but may be at once distinguished by the front margin of the nose-leaf being completely bound down to the muzzle, in some individuals even confluent with its integument.
Two longitudinal white streaks on the head-are generally well defined in all full-grown individuals, and also a white patch on each shoulder at the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane, in this respect also contrasting with 4. planirostris, in which the two upper head-streaks are only occasionally faintly defined and the shoulder-patches are absent.
Fur, above, dark brown in terminal third, the extreme tips of the hairs greyish, the basal three fourths pale brown; beneath, more greyish on the surface, the greater part of the hairs unicoloured light brown. Distribution of the fur as in A. planirostris. Teeth as in A. planirostris, except that the minute third upper premolar is absent, and the posterior side of the antepenultimate molar is less concave.
Length (of an adult ¢ from Guatemala), head and body 3:35, head 11, nose-leaf 0'"5 x 0':3, ear 0'-9, forearm 2'°7, thumb 0'°6 ; third finger—metacarp. 2-5, lst ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 1'"4, 8rd_ ph. 0-9; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-35, Ist ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 0'°95 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2''5, Ist ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 08; tibia 0-95, caleaneum 03, foot 0°65, interfemoral membrane in the middle 07.
Hab. Mexican, Antillean, and Brazilian Subregions, apparently generally distributed throughout the two first-named subregions, but in many parts of the Brazilian Subregion its place appears to. be taken by A. planirostris.
520 PHYLLOSTOMID.Z, As in many other species of Bats, the peculiar mobility of the ears has been noticed in A. perspicillatus. Mr. Osburn remarks of a specimen which he was endeavouring to recapture:—‘“As I cautiously advanced the net, he showed his sense of danger by elevating the head a little, whilst the little round ears underwent a constant and very rapid motion as if vibrating, and, what made it more curious, each independently of the other. It had avery curious effect, like a person rolling his eyes different ways. The nose-leaf had also a motion, but slighter. It looked as if he were feeling for sound and smell, to ascertain the nature of the attack.” a. ad. sk. Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Artebeus jamaicensis, Leach.) b. imm. sk. Jamaica. W. Lewis, Esq. [P.]. Type of Madateus lewisii, Leach.) c,d. ad. sks. amaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. (Types of Artibeus carpolegus, Gosse.) e. fo ad, al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. f & ad., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. g. ad. sk. Jamaica. Dr. R. Parnell [C. ]. h-k. $&Q ad., al. Cuba. W.S. Macleay [P.]. (Types of Artibeus macleayit, Gray, MS.) i, m. ad. sks. 8. Domingo. Purchased. n. ad. sk. Central America. Dr. J. Richardson [C.]. v. ad. sk, Mexico. M. Sallé [C.]. p,q ad. sks. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. rt. S&Qad.,al. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. u. f ad., al. Half-Moon Key, Honduras. Purchased. ve Q ad, al. Costa Rica. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. w, x, ad. sks, New Grenada. Purchased. y. ad. sk. Tachira, Venezuela, Purchased, z. fo ad., al, Venezuela, Mr. Dyson [C.]. a’. ad, sk. Bogota. O. Salvin, Esq. (C.]. b’. ad. sk. Brazil. R. Graham, Esq. [P.]. ce’. ad. sk. Brazil. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.]. d'-f'. ad. sks. Brazil. Purchased. g'. ad. sk. Para. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.]. h’. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina. Purchased. v'. ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. yj. ad. sk Purchased.
B.S ad., al. (Artibeus grandis, Gray, MS.) U-n'. ad. sks, o', ad. sk. Earl of Derby [P.].
p'. skull. Aquatta Vale, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. q'. skull. Jamaica. J.S. Redman, Esq. [P.1. r', skull of 7’.
4, Artibeus cinereus.
Dermanura cinereum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, p. 86, pl. vill. fig. 4, pl. ix. figs. 4 & 4a, pl. xi. fig. 3 (head, skull, and teeth) (1855).
a aa tolteca, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 427, pl. xv. Externally similar to A. perspicillatus, but very much smaller, the forearm being fully one inch shorter than in adult specimens of that
23, ARTIBEUS. 521 species inhabiting the same locality, and the last minute lower molar is absent.
Fur black above and beneath, with a slightly ashy tinge. No white streaks on the face or along the spine.
Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2-15, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0'"4, head 08, ear 0'°65, tragus 0'"25, noseleaf 04 x 0'°23, forearm 1-6, thumb 04; third finger—metacarp. 1-45, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0-8, 8rd ph. 0-6; fifth finger—metaearp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 048; tibia 0:55, calcaneum 0'':2, foot 0'4.
Hab. Central America (Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica) ; Brazil (Rio Ucayali).
The small size of the animal and absence of the third lower premolar is not due to immaturity, for a specimen in the collection from Guatemala with much-worn teeth presents the same characters.
I have examined the type of this species in the Paris Museum, and can find no difference between it and specimens from Mexico (Dermanura toltecwm, Sauss.).
a, ad. sk. Mexico. Mr. Leadbeater [C.]}.
6. fo ad, al. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. ec. f& ad., al, Costa Rica. Purchased.
d. ad, sk. Tropical America.
5. Artibeus quadrivittatus.
Artibeus (Dermanura) quadrivittatus, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 368.
Very similar to A. cinereus, but the nose-leaf is narrower and not so abruptly narrowed at the summit. Interfemoral membrane much deeper, its narrowest part in the centre extending as far backwards as a line drawn at right angles to the centre of the tibia; its upper surface thinly clothed with fine hairs, which also appear upon the legs and upon the backs of the feet.
Above brown, paler beneath ; the head with four longitudinal, not very distinct, white streaks, arranged as in A. perspicillatus. The outer upper incisors in this species and in A. cinereus have their external cusp nearly as large as the internal, while in A. perspicillatus the internal cusp is the principal part of the tooth. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2-1, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0°55, head 0'8, ear 0''°65, tragus 0':23, noseleaf 0'°45 x 0'-25, forearm 1°55, thumb 0'°38; third finger— metacarp. 1'45, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0°85, 3rd ph. 06; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-45, Ist ph. 0'35, 2nd ph, 0'"5; tibia 0'°55, calcaneum 0'':2, foot 0'°4.
Hab. Surinam ; Brazil.
a. & ad, al. Surinam. Purchased.
b,c. ad. sks. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.]. d. & ad., al. No history.
522 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.
24. VAMPYROPS.
Artibeus, Gervais (in part), Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 35 (1855).
Platyrrhinus, Saussure (in part), Revue et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 429. Vampyrops, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356. Muzzle longer and narrower than in Artibeus ; nose-leaf, warts of the lower lip, and ear-conch as in that genus, but the tragus is deeply incised externally opposite the base of its inner margin, the interfemoral membrane is less developed, and in all the species known a line of white fur extends along the spine.
Dentition. Inc. C. = pm. = m. —.
Teeth intermediate in character between those of Artibeus and those of Sturnira; the middle upper incisors directed obliquely inwards and forwards ; molars much narrower than in Artibeus, the last lower molar well developed; skull in general form as in Artibeus, but the facial portions more lengthened (see Plate XXIX. figs. 1, la, teeth of V. vittatus).
Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.
This genus shows its close relationship to Artibeus in the general form of the ears, of the nose-leaf, and of the warts on the chin ; but the facial portion of the skull is narrower and more produced, the form of the upper incisors is very different, the molars are much narrower above and beneath, the third upper and lower molars are as large or larger in cross section than the upper middle incisors, and in all the known species a narrow line of white fur extends from the head along the centre of the back.
Synopsis of the Species.
a. Smaller; with four very distinct white streaks on the head.
a. Fur extending outwards upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow :
to the knee; forearm 1’"65.............. l. V. hneatus, p. 522. 8. Fur extending outwards as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the middle of the tibia; foreabnac tl ae. ies, secletsPueicice sti acenceets reer 2. V. helleri, p. 524, b, Larger; white streaks on the head much less distinct.
y. Fur extending outwards upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the middle of the femur; forearm 2'"35. 3. V. vittatus, p. 524. 1. Vampyrops lineatus.
Phyllostoma lineatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 180 (1810) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 408 (1844), v. p. 638 (1855) ; Burmeister, Tluere Brasiliens, p. 48 (1854).
Arctibeus lineatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 487 (1838). Artibeeus lineatus, Gerdais, Expéd. du Comte de Cvstelnau, Zoologie, p. 35, pl. x. fig. 2 (teeth) (1855).
24, VAMPYROPS. 523 Vampyrops lineatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356, 1876, pp. 480-482, pl. i. figs, 8-14 (head, tragus, skull, and teeth). About the size of Artibeus cinereus, but the muzzle is conspicuously longer and narrower. ‘Tragus abruptly acuminate, the outer margin with a prominent rounded lobe near its base, and above it a projecting tooth. Horizontal nose-leaf free at the very margin only, circular, finely crenulate ; the lanceolate portion as in A. cinereus.
Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus close to the base of the toes; calcaneum short, distinct; interfemoral membrane short, concave behind, scarcely extending in the middle beyond a line drawn between the knees.
Fur more or less dark brown above, paler or ashy-brown beneath; face with four white streaks arranged as in A. perspicillatus, but much broader and very distinct ; a narrow line of white fur extends from the occiput to the interfemoral membrane; the outer and inner sides of the ear-conch are margined with white in their lower three fourths.
Upon the wing-membrane the fur extends outwards nearly as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; the upper surface of the interfemoral is very thinly clothed, but a fringe of fine hairs hangs from its posterior free margin ; the legs are nearly naked, and the toes are clothed with a few hairs.
Middle upper incisors moderate, each with a broad cusp directed inwards and slightly forwards, separated by its base from its fellow of the opposite side, but touching it by the inner side of its extremity ; outer incisors very small, conical, straight, not filling up the spaces between the canines and the middle incisors ; first upper premolar straight, like a small canine, second premolar very large, nearly equalling the canine in vertical extent; anterior cusp of the first molar but slightly shorter ; last upper molar small, placed precisely as in A. planirostris, behind and to the inner side of the antepenultimate molar; lower incisors very small, slightly notched ; middle lower molar largest, first molar next in size, third molar smallest.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2''3, ear 0''65, nose-leaf 0'-4, forearm 1°65, thumb 0''°4; third finger— metacarp. 1'’:6, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0-95, 3rd ph. 0'"7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-5, Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-6; fifth finger— metacarp. 1’°5, Ist ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0-5; tibia 0-6, caleaneum 0''-2, foot 0'"4.
Hab. Brazil (Rio Janeiro ; Sta. Catherina) ; Bahia ; Mato Grosso ; Columbia (Bogotdé) ; Paraguay; Upper Amazons.
a. imm. sk. Bogota, Columbia.
6. imm. sk. Bahia. M. F. de Castelnau [C.].
ce. ad. sk. Sta. Catherina, Brazil.
d. 9 ad., al. Upper Amazons.
e. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
f. do ad, al.
524 PHYLLOSTOMID, 2. Vampyrops helleri.
Vampyrops helleri, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl, 1866, p. 392. The following is a translation of Dr. Peters’s description of this species, of which I have not yet had an opportunity of examining a specimen :— Smaller than V. lineatus, Geoffr., but very like that species. The ears are rounded, emarginate externally, and furnished with a rounded lobe at the base; tragus triangular, pointed, thickened on the inner margin, on the outer thin edge obtusely serrately toothed, and at the base provided with an almost two-lobed process. The horseshoe is free on the edge, each side above thickened, projecting outwards. The lancet is pointed with a broad, also lancetshaped longitudinal raised ridge. The upper lip is finely notched ; the under lip has, in the middle, a large transverse wart between two smaller warts, and near them seven warts in a line, which, with the corresponding row of the opposite side, form an obtuse angle.
Wings from the base of the toes. Interfemoral membrane hairy on the margin. The hair of the body extends outwards as far as the middle of the forearm, and on the upper surface of the tibia, so that as far as a line drawn from the proximal half of the tibia to the elbow the wing-membrane is covered with hair. Brown, with four white longitudinal bands on the head, and a spinal line of the same colour as in V, lineatus.
Length, head and body about 2'"6, head 0'°8, ear 0'°68, tragus 0'-2, nose-leaf O'-4, forearm 1'°4, thumb 0'°45; third finger— metacarp. 1'°45, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"88, 3rd ph. 0'°6; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 0-48, 2nd ph. 0-55; fifth finger. —metacarp. 1'°46, Ist ph. 0'"36, 2nd ph. 0'-4; tibia 0'36, calcaneum 0'"15, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0':23. Hab, Mexico.
The describer remarks that of this species he had examined two perfectly similar examples which Dr. Heller had collected in Mexico.
3. Vampyrops vittatus.
Artibeus vittatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1859, p. 225. Of the size and appearance of small specimens of Artibeus planirostris, but at once distinguished by the generic characters of a much longer and narrower muzzle and a differently shaped tragus.
The distance from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle is very nearly equal to the distance between the eyes; the horseshoe is broader and less developed in front than in A. planirostris, but its margin is also free all round and slightly raised from the muzzle; the length of the ear, anteriorly, is exactly equal to the distance of