2. PTEROPUS. 61 the females shot had young of considerable size attached to the breasts.”
a. 2 imm. sk. e). Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.]. b. 9 ad. sk. ee Se c,d. Simm. &ad.sk. Australia.
e,f. d imm. sks, N. Australia (Quail Island), Dr, Elsey [P.]. g-l. 3 & 2 juv,, al. N. Australia (Quail Island). Dr. Elsey [P.]. m. 2 ad. sk. Howick’s group. Voy. ‘ Rattlesnake.’ mn. & imm. sk. Gould Island. Voy. ‘Fly.’
o. o ad. sk, Percy Island. Purchased.
p. skull, 36. Pteropus conspicillatus.
Pteropus conspicillatus, Gould, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p.109; Gould, Mammals of Australia, iii. pl. 29 (1858).
Ears as in Pt. medius, but shorter, obtusely pointed, and more abruptly narrowed above ; interfemoral membrane very narrow, quite concealed by the fur in the centre.
Face and crown of the head black, with a ring of pale brownishyellow fur round each eye, extending slightly forwards on the cheek ; back of the head, nape, and shoulders pale yellowish; chin, throat, and neck black, with some yellow fur extending round from the back of the neck ; breast and abdomen black, with a few shining yellowish hairs ; back similar.
The fur is short, even on the neck above, and scarcely extends upon the forearms or legs; on the back, across the loins, slightly more than 2 inches wide.
Upper incisors strong; central lower incisors separated by a space, each half the size of the outer incisor ; canine and second premolar separated by a moderately wide space in both jaws; first upper premolars deciduous ; premolars and molars as in Pt. medius ; last upper molar larger than the first lower premolar, which is slightly larger than the last molar.
Zygomatic arches much curved outwards; postorbital processes of the frontal very long, almost circumscribing the orbit, and nearly meeting the corresponding processes from the zygomatic arches. Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body about 10”-12", ear 1':25, eye from tip of nostril 1'"2, forearm 7”, thumb 2'’-3, second finger 4'°6 ; third finger—metacarp. 4''°3, 1st ph. 3'':3, 2nd ph. 5'2 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 4'''6, 1st ph. 2-1, 2nd ph. 2'"2 ; tibia 3'"2, foot 2:3.
Hab. Australia (Fitzroy Island; Rockingham Bay, Queensland) ; Yule Island, New Guinea.
This species resembles Pt, gouldiz, but the light-coloured rings round the eyes at once distinguish it. Mr. Pierson Ramsay (who has lately had an opportunity of examining several specimens from Rockingham Bay brought to the Sydney Museum) remarks * that the “‘golouring of the orbits is more defined in some, paler in others ; * Proc, Linn, Soc. N. §. Wales, 1877, pt. ii. p. 7.
62 PTEROPODID.E.
males with unctuous collar ; largest adults 184 inches long, forearm 7 inches.”
Mr. Macgillivray, who first discovered this species, gives the following notes on its habits in his Journal :—“ On the wooded slope of a hill on Fitzroy Island I one day fell in with this Bat in prodigious numbers, looking while flying in the bright sunshine (so unusual’for a nocturnal animal) like a large flock of rooks. On close approach a strong musky odour became apparent, and a loud incessant chattering was heard. Many of the branches were bending under their load of Bats, some in a state of inactivity, suspended by their hind claws, others scrambling along among the boughs, and taking to wing when disturbed.”
a. 3 ad. sk. Fitzroy Island, east coast Voy. of ‘ Rattlesnake.’ of Australia.
b. oS ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
(Figured and described by Gould.)
e. skull of a.
37. Pteropus ocularis.
Pteropus ocularis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 826. Ears shorter than the muzzle, like those of Pt. griseus ; wings about three quarters of an inch apart at their origin from the sides of the back ; interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre. Muzzle light reddish brown; eyes surrounded by broad light reddish-brown rings, separated in the middle between the eyes by a narrow dark brown stripe; crown of the head, chin, throat, and abdomen dark brown, with some light yellowish hairs; nape and sides of the neck reddish yellow, paler yellow at the shoulder-level, separated by a well-defined line from the dark brown fur of the back.
Fur short and appressed upon the forearm, extending more densely upon the interfemoral membrane along the proximal half of the tibiz ; beneath, the wing-membrane between the humerus and the femur is covered with woolly fur, but both the anterior and posterior limbs are naked.
The teeth in the single specimen known are so much changed by age or disease that their original form cannot be described. Length (of an old ¢), head and body about 10’, head about 2-65, ear 0''°87 x 0'°5, eye from the extremity of the muzzle 1", forearm 5°35, thumb 2'4; third finger—metacarp. 3'"6, 1st ph. 2''-7, 2nd ph. 4’; fourth finger—metacarp. 3'6, 1st ph. 2'':2, 2nd ph. 2'"1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3'°75, 1st ph. 1''°6, 2nd ph. 1'''4; tibia 2'-3, calcaneum 0''°55, foot 2'°2.
Hab, Ceram.
This species is known only from a single specimen of an old male in the collection of the Berlin Museum. In the colour of the fur, and in the light-coloured rings around the eyes, it resembles Pt. conspicillatus from Australia ; but it is very much smaller than that species, and the ears are conspicuously shorter.
2. PTEROPDS. 63 38. Pteropus keraudrenii.
? Pteropus mariannus, Desmarest, Mammal. p. 547 (1822). ee Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de l’ Uranie, i. p. 51, pl. i:
Pteropus keraudrenius, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 186 (1827) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. v. p. 600 (1857). Pteropus tonganus e¢ vanicorensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de U Astrolabe, i. p. 74, pls. 8 & 9 (1833).
Pteropus insularis, Hombron et Jacquinot, Voyage aw Pole Sud, pl. 5 ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 371.
Pteropus dussumierii, Geoffroy, Dict. Class. xv. p. 701. Pteropus sae Maegillwray, Peters, 1. c. 1867, p. 326. Pteropus keraudrenii, Peters, J. c. p. 331.
Pteropus flavicollis et geddiei et vitiensis, Gray, Catal, Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, pp. 107, 109 (1870).
Ears rather narrow, conical, and obtusely pointed, very similar in shape to those of Pt. samoensis, scarcely as long as the muzzle, half the concave surface of the conch thinly clothed with soft hairs. Interfemoral membrane narrow in the centre, concealed by the fur ; wings from the sides of the back.
Face in front of the ears shining yellowish brown intermixed with black hairs ; crown of the head silvery grey; back of the head, neck, and shoulders bright yellowish buff in male, pale buff in female ; back black, intermixed with a few shining grey hairs, the dark colour commencing abruptly, and contrasting strongly with the bright-coloured fur of the neck; beneath, the chin and throat are black, the neck bright reddish yellow intermixed with black, breast and abdomen black, the extremities of many hairs shining grey.
Fur moderately long and dense ; on the upper surface the anterior extremities are nearly naked, but the thighs are covered ; the fur of the back short, appressed, occupying a space across the loins about two inches wide; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered rather thickly by moderately long fur as far as a line drawn from the outer third of the humerus to the knee, terminating abruptly; the thighs are thickly covered, and some hairs extend upon the tibie. The greater number of adult specimens of this species are distinguishable by the above characters, but in others, examples either of not full-grown or very old individuals, with fur characteristic of different seasons or of different localities, the colour, quality, and distribution of the fur are slightly different ; and these differences have chiefly led to the large number of synonyms which are brought together in the above list.
In a young female specimen from Samoa the head, back, and under surface are very dark brown (appearing quite black in alcohol), the back of the head, neck, and shoulders pale reddish yellow ; the interfemoral membrane is about a quarter of an inch deep in the centre, where it is clothed with long fur, which also extends laterally as far as a line drawn between the middle of the tibie ; the tibie are almost
64 PTEROPODIDAR.
naked (as in the adult), a few hairs appearing on their proximal third only *.
First upper premolar (in immature specimens) in the rather narrow space between the canine and the second premolar, nearly as large as one of the middle lower incisors (in old individuals generally absent); last upper molar almost as large as the first lower premolar, which nearly fills the space between the canine and second premolar ; last lower molar scarcely as large as one of the outer lower incisors; premolars and molars with well-developed internal cusps and posterior transverse basal ridges, becoming worn down and quite disappearing in old individuals; the third upper premolar with a slight indication of an antero-internal basal-projection. In a young specimen, still retaining some of the milk-teeth, the first upper premolar is well developed, and quite as large as one of the middle lower incisors.
Length (of an adult ¢ ), head and body 9:5, head 2’-75, ear 1”, eye from nostril 1", forearm 5":7, thumb 2”-4, second finger 4”; third finger—metacarp. 3’"8, lst ph. 2’'8, 2nd ph. 4'"2; fifth finger —nmetacarp. 38, 1st ph. 1'°7, 2nd ph. 1'°7; tibia 2'-6, caleaneum 08, foot 1"°7.
(For comparative measurements of skull, see p. 66. Hab. Polynesian Subregion (except the Sandwich Islands, Gilbert’s group, Ellice’s group, and the islands east of Samoa), apparently generally distributed, extending from the Mariana Islands to Savage Island, and from the New Hebrides to Samoa. Adult specimens of Pt. keraudrenii may generally be easily distinguished from those of other species of the section to which it belongs by the peculiarly light colour of the fur of the neck, which contrasts strongly with the dark-coloured fur of the back, by the blunt conical ears, by the hairs extending slightly upon the legs, and by the form of the teeth. In the bright-coloured patch of fur on the crown of the head, and in the shape of the ears, it agrees closely with Pt. jubatus, but its very much smaller size at once distinguishes it. From Pt. samoensis, which is found in some of the islands inhabited by this species, it is distinguished by the comparatively longer ears and very different quality and distribution of the fur, which, in that species, clothes the legs to the ankles. This character not only at once distinguishes the adult animals, but also the young.
a. ad. sk. Moala Island, Fiji. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [C.]. b,c. 9 imm. & ad.sks. Moala Island, Fiji. | F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. d,e. & ad. sks. _ Ovalau Island, Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Pteropus flavicollis, Gray.)
f. o ad. sk. Totoya Island, Fiji. F.M. Rayner, Esq. [P.}]. gh. imm. & ad. sks. — Tariuni, Fiji. E. A. Liardet, Esq. ty 2 fo ad., al. Fiji Islands. Godeftroy Museum.
Jk. S$ &Q ad, al. Samoa. Godeffroy Museum.
* With this contrast description of young of P¢. samoensis, from same locality (see p. 35).
2. PTEROPUS. 65 2, 2 imm,., al. Samoa, Navigators’ Is. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.]. m. J ad., al. Samoa, Navigators’Is, Rey. S. J. Whitmee fet m. 2 imm.,al. Samoa, Navigators’ Is, Purchased. o. 2 imm., al. Savage Island. Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. p. & ad., al. Aneiteum, N. Hebrides. M‘Gillivray [C.]. (Type of Pteropus geddiei, M‘G.)
gq. ad. sk. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
7. imm. sk. Capt. Denham.
s. im. sk.
t. skull of e.
wu. skull of r.
v. skull. Fiji Islands. Voy. of the ‘ Herald.’ Var. a.
Pteropus insularis, Hombron et Jacquinot, Voy. au Péle Sud, pl. v.; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 391.
Quite similar to Pt. keraudrenii in the form of the ears, in the quality and distribution of the fur, in the form of the skull, and in dentition, but much smaller and slightly different in colour. In a male and female from the Pelew Islands the fur of the neck in the male is bright yellow above, pale yellow on the sides, and divided in front by a band of dark hairs passing backwards from the throat to the breast; in the female the upper surface of the neck is pale buff, and the inferior surface black, the pale-coloured fur not extending beyond the sides of the neck.
Length (of an adult male), ear 0'9, forearm 5'2 thumb 2'"1, third finger 10", fifth finger 6'°9, tibia 2''3, foot 1'"7. Hab. Caroline Islands.
a. & ad. sk. Yap, Pelew Islands. Godeffroy Museum. d. 2 ad., al. Pelew Islands. Godetfroy Museum. e. fo ad., al. Pelew Islands. Godeffroy Museum. d,e. gd ad.& Qim.sks, Pelew Islands. Godeffroy Museum. tf @ imm. sk. Mackenzie Island. Godeftroy Museum. Var. f.
Pteropus loochooensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 106 (1870).
Ears shorter than in Pt. keraudreni, but in shape similar to those in that species; the tibize are also comparatively much shorter, and the measurements of the skull different. Externally this variety resembles Pé. keraudrenii closely.
An old female has the fur of the face pale greyish yellow intermixed with some brown hairs, especially on the sides in front of the ears; neck and anterior part of the breast pale yellow; the remainder of the breast and abdomen brown, with many intermixed greyish-yellow hairs. Young males have fur like specimens of Pt. keraudrenti from Fiji and other islands.
When skulls of Pt. keraudrenwi and of this variety of the same F
66 PTEROPODID.E.
length are compared together, the distance from the postorbital foramen to the extremity of the nasal bones in the former is found to be considerably less than in the latter, while the distance from the postorbital foramen to the supraoccipital crest is much greater; the zygomatic arches in Pt. loochooensis are also less curved outwards, and there is no ascending process; dentition nearly similar in both, but in this species the canine is separated by a greater interval from the second premolar, and the last upper molar is larger, being equal to, if not larger than, the first lower premolar; the last lower molar is smaller than the first premolar, but larger than one of the outer lower incisors.
The following are the comparative measurements of the skulls of Pt. keraudrenit and of this variety :— Pt. kerau- | Pt. loochoodrenii. ensis, HixtremeLenpthi,21.csaeseccssrnssinaseessaaediecoosestqecsnacns2-452°45 From postorbital foramen to the anterior extremity Of the nasal DONE... fendicx<cos snc es deckaaenseseversans 0-95 1:05 From postorbital foramen to the occipital crest ...... 1:55 14 From the anteorbital foramen to the extremity of the MASAIS:;.25.s:saacetuuddaesnssarnadadevsssnenesenagnessesssiats060-7 Length of the bony palate .........ceccceeeceeee nescence Led 115 Length (of an old 2), head and body about 0''9, ear 0''-85, forearm 5''-75, thumb 2'-25, second finger 4'-1 ; third finger—metacarp. 3'-6, Ist ph. 2°75, 2nd ph. 4"; fifth finger—metacarp. 3-75, 1st ph. 1'"7, 2nd ph. 1"9; tibia 2-3.
Hab. Loochoo Islands.
a, 6. imm. ¢ & ad. 9 sks. (type). Loochoo Islands. Purchased. ce. skull of a.
39. Pteropus macklotii.
Pteropus macklotii, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 69, pl. 36. fig. 5 (head); ? Cassin, United States Explor. Exped, viii. (2nd ed. 1858) p. 10; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 333. ? Pteropus vociferus, Peale, J. c. (1st ed. 1848) p. 19; Cassin, le. p. 11. Pteropus floresii, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 106 (1870).
Ears much longer than the muzzle, narrow, and obtusely pointed, naked ; interfemoral membrane very short, and concealed in the centre by the fur.
Face brown, the hairs with bright yellow extremities ; the brown colour more marked on the inferior surface of the muzzle and on the throat; crown of the head and neck bright yellow; across the shoulders brownish yellow, with shining extremities; on the back and arms bright ferruginous yellow; rump reddish yellow, with some shining or greyish hairs; chest and abdomen dark brown, most of the hairs with shining yellow extremities ; pubis reddish yellow. In old individuals the colour of the fur is brighter throughout.
2. PYEROPUS. 67 Hair covering the sides of the face peculiar, long, and directed backwards towards the ears; on the back and arms closely appressed ; fur of the back occupying a space more than two inches wide across the loins; wings one inch apart at their origin from the sides of the back ; legs nearly naked; beneath, the antebrachial membrane and the wings between the humerus and femur and along the forearm are covered with woolly hair.
Upper incisors of peculiar shape, long, narrow and acutely pointed, separated by slight intervals from each other; lower outer incisors about twice the diameter of the inner ones and much longer; inner incisors close together in front ; all the lower incisors in young individuals bifid; no trace of first upper premolar; third upper premolar with an antero-internal basal process as in Pé. jubatus, last molar with an antero-external cusp, and larger than the first lower premolar, which stands in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar; last lower molar about the size of the first premolar. Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 9”, ear 1'"25, eye from tip of nostril 1°05, forearm 5’:2, thumb 2':4, third finger—metacarp. 3'°7, lst ph. 2'-7, 2nd ph. 4'"1; fifth finger— metacarp. 37, Ist ph. 1'65, 2nd ph. 1'"6; tibia 2'"3, foot 1'°8. (For measurements of skull, see p. 70.)
Hab. Flores, Timor, Batchian.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
This species is easily distinguished by the long ears (which, in proportion to the size of the animal, are probably longer than in any other species of the genus) and peculiarly long fur on the sides of the face. The dentition is also very characteristic, and the presence of a small antero-internal basal cusp in the third upper premolar connects it with Pt. jubatus.
a. o ad. sk. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 6. S imm. sk. Timor. Purchased.
e. & ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
(Type of Pé. florestz, Gray.)
Var. a.
Pteropus celebensis, Schlegel, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 333, Smaller than Pt. macklotii, but generally similar to it in the colour and distribution of the fur, and in the long ears, which are, however, comparatively broader, and the antero-internal basal process of the third upper premolar is not so much developed; the incisors are similar in both species.
Fur of face and head rather long, yellowish buff; neck similar, but brighter yellow; shoulders bright buff; chin and throat brown, with some shining hairs; neck, chest, and abdomen bright yellowish buff; back dark yellowish brown; fur of humerus very short, appressed, none or very little on the forearms ; legs naked ; distribution of the fur on the membranes beneath similar to that of Pt. macklotii, but the hairs are shorter.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body about sf ear 1'"1, ¥F
68 PTEROPODIDE.
eye from tip of nostril 0"-9, forearm 5", thumb 2'"2; third finger— metacarp. 3’°4, Ist ph. 2'"4, 2nd ph. 39; fifth finger—metacarp. 3'-5, Ist ph. 1/45, 2nd ph. 1°45; foot 15.
(For measurements of skull, see p. 70.)
Hab. Celebes.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
40. Pteropus caniceps.
een caniceps, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 107 oe affinis, Gray, J. c. p. 108.
Fars longer than the muzzle, triangular above, and obtusely pointed, naked; muzzle moderately long ; interfemoral membrane very short behind, concealed by the fur.
Head greyish brown, intermixed with dark brown or black hairs, the extremities of most of the hairs shining; neck and shoulders bright yellowish buff; back shining yellowish grey, intermixed with black or dark brown hairs ; beneath, the neck is darker than above ; breast and abdomen buff, the centre of the breast with a patch of greyish shining hairs.
Above, the anterior extremities are almost naked; the back is covered for a space of about 2 inches wide, and the thighs are thinly clothed, but the legs and feet are naked ; distribution of the fur beneath as in Pt. mackloti.
The teeth on the whole resemble those of Pt. macklotii; but the upper incisors are broader and shorter; the third upper premolar has a slight indication of an antero-internal cusp. Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 8”, head 2'-5, ear 1", forearm 5'"3, thumb 2'"2, second finger 3-9, third finger—metacarp. 3'°5, 1st ph. 2’°6, 2nd ph. 4-1; fifth finger— metacarp. 3'°65, 1st ph. 1°55, 2nd ph. 1""5; tibia 2"-2, foot 1°65. Hab. Batchian Island.
Pt. caniceps, described by Dr. Gray from a single specimen, is probably a hybrid between Pt. hypomelanus and Pt. macklotii. It resembles the former in the general colour of the fur, but differs from it in the longer ears, very differently coloured fur of the back and of the sides of the breast and abdomen, and in the teeth; while it agrees with the latter species in the form of the ears and in the presence of a small antero-internal cusp in the third upper premolar. a, ad. sk. (type). Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. b. imm. sk. Jilolo Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fet (Type of Pteropus affinis, Gray.)
41. Pteropus jubatus.
Pteropus jubatus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, iv. p. i, pl. 16 (1881) ; Ponidiek, Monon. Manali p61 (e86-217 Pe cal Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 695; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867 P. 382 ; Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p.105 (187 6) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 21 (1876). ;