6. VESPERUGO. 221 dentition and in the free last caudal vertebra; but it is readily distinguished by the straight outer margin of the ear-conch, by the colour and distribution of the fur, and by the large number of caudal vertebra.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 29. Vesperugo circumdatus.
Vespertilio circumdatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 214 (1835-41).
Vesperugo circumdatus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 738 (1855).
Ears shorter than the bead, obtuse, rounded off above; the inner margin of the conch very convex in the lower half, straight in upper, upper third of the outer margin concave beneath the obtuse extremity, then convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a convex lobe, the upper margin of which is not notched; the tragus reaches its greatest width about the middle of its inner margin, then sloping inwards to form with the inner margin an acute angle; inner margin slightly concave, a rounded lobule at the base of the outer margin; nostrils scarcely projecting, opening sublaterally with a concave space between. Wings from the base of the toes; no postcalcaneal lobe; half the last caudal vertebra free.
The fur is very peculiar and characteristic of the species. Above, intensely black, the extremities of some of the hairs bright ferruginous, more apparent by reflected light; beneath, dull black; the extremities of most of the hairs shining greyish or ashy; fur very long and very dense, extending upon the face in front of the eyes, leaving the terminal third of the muzzle half naked; the base of the ears behind covered, a small tuft of hairs in front of the base of the tragus. Wings almost naked, no band of hairs posterior to the forearm; the basal third of the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane with rather short black hairs; legs naked. Integument black. Temminck mentions that the black ears are margined by white, but I have not observed the white border in the type in the Leyden Museum ; it is probably more apparent in recent specimens. : ; a Upper incisors like those of the Serotine; the inner incisors long and strong, faintly bifid at their extremities; the outer incisor on each side very small, close to the outer and anterior part of the base of the inner incisor, with a weak oblique cusp ; first upper premolar very small, in the inner angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar; lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws. ; Skull slightly vaulted and raised above the face-line ; a rather deep longitudinal groove in the frontal, with prominent but short and blunt postorbital processes. :
Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2’°4, tail
222 VESPERTILIONID.E.
1'"3, ear 0'°5, tragus 0'"22, forearm 1:5, thumb 0'"2, third finger 3”, fifth finger 1'-85, tibia 0'°5, foot 0'-4.
Hab. Peninsula of India; Java.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
V. circwndatus may be at once distinguished from all the nearly allied species of this genus by the intensely black colour of the fur, similar black fur being present in a few other species only of Vespertilionide.
a. ad. sk. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
30. Vesperugo indicus.
About the size of large specimens of V. maurus, which it resembles also in the form of the head and ears.
Fars short, triangular; the outer margin of the ear-conch straight almost from the tip to its termination at a short distance behind the angle of the mouth; tragus broad, with a straight inner and almost evenly convex outer margin, at the base of which there is a distinct triangular lobe; muzzle broad in front, the margins of the nostrils scarcely projecting.
Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe well developed, semicircular; the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting. Fur dark reddish brown above and beneath, the extremities of the fur beneath slightly paler. The wing and interfemoral are clothed only along the sides of the body. Ears and membranes dark brown or black.
The upper incisors are very similar to those of V. noctula; the inner incisor on each side is bifid at its extremity, and is exceeded in cross section at the base by the outer incisor, which has an oblique internal cusp not equalling the outer cusp of the inner incisor in vertical extent; the outer side of the outer incisor is hollowed out to receive the extremity of the lower canine when the jaws are closed; first upper premolar quite internal to the toothrow, not visible from without; the second upper premolar almost touching the canine; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws. Length (of an adult ¢ ), head and body 2'1, tail 1'*7, head 0-65, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1'°5, thumb 0'"28, third finger 2"-7, fifth finger 1'9, tibia 0'°55, foot 0'"35.
Hab. India (Mangalore, Malabar coast; Madras).
Two specimens of this species, an adult and an immature male, were sent to the writer from Mangalore by Dr. A. F. Dobson. The immature specimen still retains the milk dentition, but the forearm measures 1°3 inch, more than that of adult individuals of V. abramus from the same locality.
V. ceylonicus, Kelaart (Prodr. Faunz Zeylanice, p. 22), may be identical with this species, as the description and most of the measuremonts correspond closely; but the outer upper incisors are described as having two or three cusps, and the length of the tibia
6. VESPERUGO. 223 is given as 0°7 inch. As the type appears to have been lost, it 1s now impossible to recognise Kelaart’s species with certainty. a. f$ imm,, al. Mangalore. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. b. ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
31. Vesperugo brachypterus.
peda aar brachypterus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 215, pl. 53. figs. 5,6; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 744. Vesperugo brachypterus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 92 (1877). Head flat ; muzzle broad, obtuse; glandular prominences smooth, rounded, naked; ears triangular, rounded off evenly above, the outer margin straight, the distance between the bases of the inner and the outer margins less than the distance between the base of the inner margin and the summit of the ear; the tragus reaches its greatest breadth opposite the base of its inner margin, thence narrower upwards and inwards, obtusely pointed and inclined inwards. Wing-membrane from the ankle or tarsus; extremity of the tail scarcely projecting.
Fur short, on the upper surface scarcely extending to the membranes; beneath, covering the wing-membrane thinly as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the distal third of thefemur. Above, dark brown; beneath, reddish brown with a yellowish tinge. Inner upper incisors long, with a second cusp placed posteriorly and externally ; outer incisor on each side not equal in length to the outer cusp of the inner incisor, and in transverse section in the middle not equal to one third the inner incisor; lower incisors next canines larger than the others, middle incisors slightly overlapped by the outer edges of the inner incisors; first lower premolar slightly longer, and in transverse diameter nearly double the second, also nearly equal to the lower canine in vertical extent ; second upper premolar separated from the canine by a rather wide'space, through which the small internal first premolar is distinctly*visible. Length, head and body 2’1, tail 1-2, head 0"-7,ear 0'"-55, base of the inner margin to summit of ear-conch 0°33, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1":5, thumb 0'"3, tibia 0'"55, foot 0-4.
The above measurements have been taken from a specimen in the Berlin Museum, which does not appear quite adult; the measurements of the short wings have therefore been omitted. Hab. Java, Sumatra, Banca.
32. Vesperugo pipistrellus.
Vespertilio pipistrellus, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 167, pl. 54 (1775); Eraleb. Syst. Regne Anim. p. 148 (1777); Gmel. Linn. Syst. Natur. p. 48 (1788); Geoffroy, Descript. de V Egypte, ii, p. 116 (1812); Kuhl, Wetter. Ann. iv. p.53 (1817); Desmarest, Mammal. p- 189 (1820) ; Jenyns, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 163; Bell's Brit. Quadr. p. 31 (18387); Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Temminck, Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 194, pl. 48 (1840). ; Vespertilio pygmezus, Leach, Zool. Journ. i. p. 560 (1825); Bell, British Quadrupeds, p. 31 (with a woodcut) iss).
224 VESPERTILIONID.A.
Scotophilus murinus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 497 (1888). Vespertilio lacteus, Temminck, l. c. p. 245.
Vesperugo pipistrellus, Keys. & Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 321; Wirbelth. Europ. p. 49 (1840); Fauna Deutschl. p. 61, figs. 39, 40 (1857); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. p. 730 (1855) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 95 (1876).
Kerivoula grisea, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 258 (1842). Muzzle obtuse, glandular prominences well developed, causing a considerable depression between them and the crown of the head, not easily perceived, however, in the living animal, owing to the length of the fur in this situation; the nostrils open almost directly forwards. Lars broadly triangular, rounded at the tips; a concavity, occupying rather more than one third of the upper part of the outer margin, commences beneath the broadly rounded summit of the ear; the outer side then becomes abruptly convex, again slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminates in a convexity which supports about the middle a small rounded lobe directed upwards. The tragus is rounded off towards the inner margin above, the outer margin convex and sloping inwards in its upper third, the inner margin straight or slightly concave ; the outer margin has a triangular lobule above the base, not succeeded by an emargination, and then becomes parallel to the inner margin.
Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe well developed, rounded, placed on the caleaneum at a distance from the end of the tibia equal to half the length of the foot; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.
The head and face, as far as the glandular prominences of the muzzle, are densely covered with hair; in front the muzzle is clothed with short fur, interspersed with a few long straight hairs. The body is densely covered with rather long fur, black at the base and for half the length of the hairs, the remaining half light brown, or, in specimens inhabiting sandy districts, ashy, causing the fur to appear almost white throughout; beneath, about three fourths of the length of the hairs is black, the remaining part to the tips more or less ashy, sometimes with a yellowish or canary-colour tinge, especially during the breeding-season; in others the colour of the fur beneath scarcely differs from that above.
On the upper surface the fur of the body extends thickly upon the wing-membrane as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus and the knee-joint ; on the interfemoral it extends nearly as far as a line drawn between the ankles when the tail and interfemoral membrane are extended; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line joining the elbow- and knee-joints ; the fur of the body passes upon the interfemoral at the root of the tail only and along the inner sides of the thighs, about half the remaining portion is covered with very fine short hairs, extending principally along the tail.
The upper incisor on each side is long and bifid, the lesser cusp external ; the outer incisor as long or slightly longer than the outer cusp of the inner incisor in fully adult individuals; in older specimens
GO. VESPERUGO, 225 the point becomes worn or the inner incisor grows longer, and it is then slightly or considerably shorter. The length of this incisor, however, is variable within a short compass; and I have found it in the same individual shorter than the outer cusp of the inner incisor on one side of the mouth, and longer than it on the other. Lower incisors very slightly crowded, in the direction of the jaws. The second upper premolar is separated by a small space from the canine, and through this interval the summit of the small internal first premolar is visible, which is larger than in V. abramus. Length, head and body 1-65, tail 1-4, head 0'°55, ear 0°45, tragus 0'"22, forearm 1-25, thumb 0'°22, third finger 2’°1, fifth finger 1'-55, tibia 0'°45, foot 0'-22. Hab. The Palearctic Region, apparently generally distributed. V. lacteus, Temminck, which I have identified with this species, was founded on two specimens from an unknown locality, which the describer thought was probably South America, as they were discovered in a coliection made in that region. These specimens, which are preserved in the collection of the Leyden Museum, agree in all respects in structure and in the colour of the fur with specimens of V. pipistrellus from the sandy deserts of Eastern Turkestan ; and it is probable that this species has always very pale-coloured fur when inhabiting dry sandy districts, as has been observed under similar conditions in other species of Bats, as in V. kuhlii and V. serotinus. The same remarks apply to Kerivoula grisea, Gray (also from unknown locality), which I cannot distinguish from this species.
a. Q juv.,al. Surbiton. Dr. Giinther [P. ]. b. ad., al. England. Purchased.
ec. ad., al. Netley, Hampshire. G.E. Dobson, M.B.[P.]. d. imm. sk. Dartmoor. W. E. Leach, M.D.|P. |. (Type of Vespertilio pygmaeus, Leach.) e. fo ad., al, Co. Longford, Ireland. G.E. Dobson, M.B.{P.]. jf. ad. sk. Europe. Leyden Museum [P.]. g. ad. sk. Hamburg. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. A-k. 3 & Qad.,al. Bonn. Dr. Giinther pt Lm 6 & Q ad.,al. Tibingen. Dr. Giinther [ P. ]. n,o. & ad., al. Berlin. Dr. Giinther [P.]. p» Q ad., al. Transylvania. Messrs. Danford & gq. & ad, al. Sicily. Browne [P.].
r. o juy., al. Sicily. ’ s,t. 6&Qad., al. Malta. eee Feilden oa: u. ad. sk. Madeira. O. Blewitt, Esq. [P.}. vw. bd & Pad. ? Gaboon. Purchased.
z-a'. d&P ad., al. No history.
bd’. ad. sk. Zool. Soe. Coll.
ce’. 9 ad, al. Purchased.
d’. © ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
e’. ad. sk.
Si. Q juv, al. ; ; ' g. & imm.,, al. (Type of Kerivoula grisea, Gray. A’, skull. England. Mr. Yarrell’s Collection. v,7'. skulls. Berlin. Dr. Giinther [P.]. k'-n'. skeletons. England. Purchased. Q
226 VESPERTILIONID &.
33. Vesperugo tenuis.
Vespertilio tenuis, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 229, pl. 57. figs. 5-7 (1835-41).
Vesperugo tenuis, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 740 (1856) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 98 (1876).
Ears smaller than those of V. pipistrellus ; tragus rather broad and short, attaining its greatest breadth slightly below the middle of the inner margin; muzzle broad and conical, nearly naked. Feet rather large ; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe distinct, not deep ; extreme tip of the tail projecting. Upper inner incisors sloping considerably inwards and forwards, bifid at the extremity, the outer incisor on each side slender and shorter than the outer cusp of the inner incisor; lower incisors not crowded, in the direction of the jaw ; second upper premolar separated by a small interval from the canine; the first small internal premolar almost concealed by the canine.
Length, head and body 1'°65, tail 1”, head 0'°55, ear 0°42, tragus 0'18, forearm 1°15, thumb 0'28, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1'5, tibia 0'"5, foot 0-25.
Hab. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
34. Vesperugo abramus.
Vespertilio imbricatus, Temm. (non Horsfield) Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 216, pl. 54; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stéiugeth. v. p. 738 (1855). Vespertilio abramus, Temm. l. c. p. 232, pl. 58; Wagner, l.c. p. 739. Scotophilus javanicus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 498 (1838). Scotophilus coromandra, Gray, J. ¢.
Vesperugo nathusii, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 320; Blasius, Fauna Deutschlands, p. 58, figs. 37, 88 (1857). Vespertilio coromandelicus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. p. 159 (1855), Vesperugo blythii, Wagner, op. cit. p. 742 (1855). Scotophilus coromandelicus, Horsfield, A. § M. N. H. 1855, p. 5. Scotophilus pumiloides, Tomes, P, ZS. 1857, p. 51. Vespertilio coromandelicus, Tomes, P. Z. 8, 1858, p. 539. Pipistrellus coromandelicus, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 461. VeRpeneS ae et micropus (Hutton), Peters, P. Z. S. 1872, . 107, 708.
Maperas6 abramus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiroptera, p.97 (1876). Muzzle obtuse, more so than in PV. pipistrellus, glandular prominences on the sides large, rounded, adding more to the width than to the depth of the muzzle, and causing a furrow between them and the crown of the head. Lars triangular, as in V. pipistrellus; but the outer margin is straight or very slightly concave, and the tragus is somewhat shorter, and its inner margin rather more concave.
Feet small: wing-membrane attached to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe distinct, rounded ; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.
The head, and face between the eyes, are densely covered with moderately long fur, while the space in front of the ears, about the
6. VESPERUGO. 99 eyes, and the extremity of the muzzle generally are almost naked. Laterally, the fur of the body covers only the proximal third of the humerus and half the femur, and its extent upon the wing-membrane is limited to a narrow portion along the sides of the body; beneath, the humerus and femur are similarly covered, but a wider portion of wing-membrane is occupied, the fur extending as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knec-joint. The upper surface of the interfemoral is covered as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra ; beneath, the fur of the abdomen covers the root of the tail only, the remaining portion is clothed with very short thinly spread hair.
Above, dark brown, the hair tipped with light yellowish brown, on the head, face, and neck wholly yellowish brown ; beneath, sootbrown, the extremities of the hairs much paler than upon the upper surface.
Upper inner incisors long and bifid, the external cusp placed slightly posteriorly ; the outer incisor on each side slightly exceeding the outer cusp of the inner incisor in length. Lower incisors not crowded. The second upper premolar separated by a slight interval from the canine, through which the summit of the small first premolar may he seen.
Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 18, tail 1-5, head 0'65, ear 05, tragus 0'°23, forearm 1'°35, thumb 0''-25, third finger 2''-45, fifth finger 1''75, tibia 0'"5, foot 0'"3. Hab. Apparently generally distributed throughout the Oriental Region, extending from India through Burma and China to Southern Japan and the islands of the Malay Archipelago, also to the northern part of the Australian Region (Celebes, New Guinea, North Australia). Found during the summer months in the Palearctic Region throughout Middle Europe (Blasius) from the Rhine to Southern Russia, and from Northern Germany to the Mediterranean, even extending into Sweden (Nilsson).
This species was long known as Vesperugo imbricatus; but the type of that species is (as I have satisfied myself hy direct comparison of the type specimen in the Museum of the East India Company) an example of the same species described by Temminck under the name of V. macrotis, which consequently becomes a synonym of V. imbricatus. From Blasius’s descriptions and figures of V. nathusii, I have no hesitation in referring it to this species, which evidently migrates northward during the summer months, as it has never been taken in Europe in winter. P V. abramus is probably the most common species of Bat in the Oriental Region, where it takes the place of our Pipistrelle (Vv. pipistrellus). From that species it is easily distinguished by the absence of the deep emargination in the upper half of the outer side of the ear, by the relative lengths of the upper incisors, by its somewhat larger size, and by the extraordinary length of the penis, which, in proportion to the size of the animal, is much greater than in any other species of Bat. This appears to be mainly due to the great development of the prepuce. :
a
228 VESPERTILIONID 2.
ab fg & Q ad, al. China. Rev. G. Vachell [P.]. ce. ad. sk. China. John Gould, Esq. [C.]. (Type of Vespertilio pumiloides, Tomes.) d. & ad.sk. China. John Gould, Esq. [C.]. e. ¢o ad, al. Chefoo. R. Swinhoe, Esq. te ; fig 3 & & ad, al. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. ht. 2 ad., al. Camboja. M. Mouhot fel jy od ad, al. Hong Kong. J. Bowring, Esq te ; k. o ad, al. ? China. J. Bowring, Esq. [C. }. l. @ ad., al. ? China. J. Bowring, Esq. [C.]. m,n. & ad. sk. Japan. Purchased, o. ad. sk. Japan.
DP, q- ad. sks. India. E. 1. Company [P.]. r. ad. sk. ? Calcutta (with MS. note from Blyth). s. ad. sk. P India. Capt. Tytler [P.]. t-d'. 6 & 2 im.etad.,al. Nipal. B. HH. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Labelled Scotophilus fuliginosus, Flodgson.) ef. 2 ad., al. Darjiling. FE. Blyth, Esq. [P.]. gv. 6 & 9 ad, al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. j'. imm. sk. Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.]. kU. $&Q juy. etad.jal. Ceylon. Purchased. m'. 9 ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased. n', 3 imm., al, Ceylon. Purchased. o’”. 2 imm., al. Ceylon. Purchased. p'. & imm., al. Car-Nicobar Island. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.]. q'-s'. 3 & Q juv,, al. Ceylon. Purchased. tv, uw. 3 imm., al. Singapore. Dr. Meyer [C.]. v'. ad, sk. ? Java. E. I. Company [P.]. ° tw’, ad. sk, ? Java. (Labelled “ Lowo-manir.”). w'. o ad., al. Philippine Islands. H. G. Veitch, Esq. [P.]. y'. 3d ad., al. North Celebes. Dr. Meyer [C. ]. (Var. differing slightly in the form and position of upper incisors.) 2. ad. sk. Macassar.
(Labelled Scotophilus nitidus, Tomes, ? type.) a",b", 6 & & ad., al. New Guinea, south Dr. Comrie [C.]. of Huon Gulf.
c',d". 6 & @ ad, al. Australia. Earl of Derby. e"'. & ad, al. Zanzibar.
f". ad. sk. Purchased.
g’. imm. sk. Zool. Soe. Coll.
A”, Q imm., al. M. Lidth de Jeude. 2”, ad. sk. Purchased.
J’. @ imm., al. Old Collection.
kh’, 0". 9 ad., al. Purchased.
m". skeleton. Formosa.
VESPERUGO UESPERUS.
Scotophilus hesperus, Allen, Monogr. Bats of North America, p. 43, figs. 38, 39 (head and ear) (1864).
The following is Dr. Allen’s description of this species, the type of which I have not seen, and of which no specimens, so far as I know, have been received in any of the European Museums :— “ Diminutive. Head small, flat; face blunt and stout, not hairy. Tragus short, blunt, slightly concave on inner, convex on outer border, causing it to incurve. Thumb small; nail dull and minute; foot very small; wing-membrane attached to base of toes. Interfemoral membrane ample. A small excalcaneal lobe of membrane, the termination of caleaneum blending with the membrane. The tip of the tail is not exserted. Body rather slender.