24, VAMPYKOPS. 525 the anterior extremity of its outer margin from the end of the muzzle ; the tragus is similar to that of V. lineatus. Wing- and interfemoral membranes as in V. lineatus. Fur dark brown above and beneath, the upper facial streaks pale but distinct, the lower represented by a short naked white patch of integument on either side; a very distinct but narrow white line commences on the crown of the head and extends along the spine, contrasting strongly with the surrounding dark-coloured fur. On the wing-membrane above the fur extends outwards scarcely as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the middle of the femur; the antebrachial membrane is nearly naked, but the humerus and the muscular part of the forearm are covered; the interfemoral membrane is almost naked on its upper surface, but fringed along its posterior margin; the legs and back of the feet are clothed with short hairs.
Incisors as in FV. lineatus, the upper middle pair with very oblique cusps widely separated at their bases, but meeting by the inner sides of their extremities (Plate XXIX. fig. la); the first upper premolar has a broader and more projecting base posteriorly than in that species, and its cusp is comparatively shorter (Plate XXIX. fig. 1); last upper molar directly behind the second molar, not pressed inwards, as large as one of the upper middle incisors ; the first lower molar is triangular in horizontal section, and equal in antero-posterior diameter to the rectangular second molar ; the last molar is nearly square, rather more than one quarter the superficial extent of the antepenultimate molar in horizontal section (Plate XXIX. fig. 1).
Length, head and body 3'4, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0':35, head 1'35, eye from anterior margin of the nose-leaf 0'-45, nose-leaf 0'°5 x 0'°35, head 1°35, ear 0-9, tragus 0'°35, forearm 2"-35, thumb 0:5 ; third finger—metacarp. 2°15, 1st ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 1'°2, 3rd ph. 0°85; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'°15, 1st ph. 0-75, 2nd ph. 0'°85; fifth finger—metacarp. 2':2, lst ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'°7 ; tibia 0°85, calcaneum 0'"28, foot 0''6. Hab. Costa Rica; Venezuela (Puerto Caballo).
This is the largest known species of the genus, and in size is to V. lineatus as small individuals of A. perspicillatus to A. cinereus, In Dr. Peters’s very short original description the nose-leaf is described as being soldered down to the muzzle in front, which is not the case in the well-preserved specimen from which I have taken the above description, although the part of the nose-leaf in front of the nasal apertures is very short. It appears evident, however, that the original description was taken from a dried specimen in which the free front edge of the nose-leaf had so shrunk up in the drying process as to quite escape notice.
a. g ad., al. Costa Rica. Purchased,
526 PHYLLOSTOMID.%.
25. STENODERMA.
Stenoderma, Geoffroy, Descr. de l’ Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812), Artibeus, Gervais (non Leach), Exupéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 34 (1855).
Phyllops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356.
Ariteus, Gray, P. ZS. 1866, p. 117.
Histiops, Peters, l. c. 1869, p. 899.
Stenoderma, Phyllops, Peltorhinus, Peters, 1. c. 1876, p. 483. Crown of the head slightly elevated ; muzzle very short and broad, in length considerably less than the distance between the eyes ; ears and general form of the nose-leaf as in Artibeus ; interfemoral membrane short.
1 2-2 2-2 3-3 Dentition. Ine. 4 c. a pm. 5-5, WM. 5-5 OT 5—3- Molars very broad, with concave crowns, as in Artibeus; palate extremely wide and short, deeply emarginate behind, owing to the absence or imperfect development of the horizontal plate of the palate-bones.
Range. The Antillean Subregion.
The species of this genus agree so closely in external characters, and even in dentition, with those of Artibeus, that it would be impossible, from a consideration of these characters alone, to separate them into a distinct genus. The skull, however, shows remarkable differences in its structure, the horizontal plate of the palate-bones, which is so well developed in Artibeus, being here either partially or wholly absent, and the length of the jaws being so much diminished in proportion to their width, that both the upper canine and first premolar are in a plane considerably internal to the second premolar. The habits of the species of Stenoderma appear to be similar to those of Artibeus (see p. 514).
The three species which represent this genus are by Dr. Peters considered generically distinct, and a separate genus has been formed by him for each, the three genera constituting a group. The characters by which these genera are, according to Dr. Peters, defined, will be understood from the Synoptical Table below, in which I use them for distinguishing the species. The presence or absence of the last minute upper molar can scarcely be considered even of specific value (as I have shown in the allied genus Artibeus); the obtuse outer cusp of the inner incisor in S. achradophilum is represented by the projection near the middle of the outer side of the same tooth in S. rufum and S. falcatum, and the concavity of the frontal bones in S. rufum differs in degree only from that of the same parts in S. falcatum, while the similarity of the dentition of the two species indicates their near affinity.
This genus, founded by Geoffroy on a single badly-preserved specimen (S. rufum), was long confounded with Artibeus, and Dr. Peters, on examination of the type (from which the skull had been removed), believed that it was identical with his genus Vampyrops; subsequently, however, he has shown that the missing skull was described and figured by Gervais under the name of Artibeus undatus (vide MB, Akad. Berl. 1876, pp. 429-433).
25, STENODERMA. 527 Synopsis of the Species.
a. Molars at upper central incisors bicuspidate; sides of the palatal emargination parallel. (Subg. Peltorhinus, Ptrs.) .... 1. 8. achradophilum, p. 527. b. Molars 3 upper central incisors unicuspidate.
a'. Frontal deeply concave; sides of the palatal emargination parallel. (Subg.
Stenoderma, Ptrs.) ..... cece cece ees 2. S. rufum, p. 529. b'. Frontal slightly concave; sides of the palatal emargination converging forwards. (Subg. Phyllops, Ptrs.)...... 3. 8. faleatum, p. 529, 1. Stenoderma achradophilum.
Artibeus jamaicensis, Gosse (non Leach), A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 270 (1851), pl. vi. fir. 3; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist, 1839, p-. 2; Gervais, l.c. p. 35, pl. ix. fig, 2.
Artibeus achradophilus e¢ sulphureus, Grosse, J. c. p. 271, pl. vi. figs. 4, 5.
eae flavescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 117.
Peltorhinus achradophilus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1876, pp. 433, 484, pl. ii.
Muzzle short and very broad, the distance between the eyes exceeds considerably the distance from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle; centre of the front margin of the horizontal nose-leaf slightly produced forwards in a small V-shaped process, terminating in a small wart-like elevation near the margin of the upper lip; posterior nose-leaf ovate-lanceolate, with an abruptly narrowed and very acute summit, with a longitudinal central ridge on its front surface as in Artibeus persprcillatus, which species it also closely resembles in the form of the ear-conch and tragus; lower lip with a small central wart in front, bounded by a smaller wart on each side and one on each side beneath.
Interfemoral membrane short, regularly concave behind; wings from the tarsi.
The fur of the body extends densely upon the wing-membrane above as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the ankle; nearly two thirds of the forearm are thickly covered, and fine hairs extend along the distal third to the carpus; the legs and the interfemoral membrane are covered with rather long hairs, which form a fringe along the posterior margin of the interfemoral and extend upon the legs to the base of the claws, some short hairs appearing on the wing-membrane and fringing part of its posterior margin. Fur, above, light reddish brown, paler beneath, the middle of each hair lighter coloured; a small white patch of hair on each shoulder at anterior point of origin of the antebrachial membrane ; no facial streaks. In immature individuals the fur is darker throughout.
528 PHYLLOSTOMID 2.
The upper incisors form a straight line between the canines; the central incisors are much longer than the outer ones, directed vertically downwards, and bicuspidate, the inner cusp of each tooth narrow and acute, the outer cusp broad, obtuse, and shorter (Plate XXVIII. fig. 2a); outer incisors very short and flat-crowned, about as long as the cingulum of the canine; lower incisors equal, deeply and widely grooved in front and above; upper molars very broad, the breadth of the first upper molar equal to the conjoined anteroposterior diameters of the first and second molars; second upper molar nearly equal to the first in antero-posterior diameter; third lower molar small, oval, placed transversely directly behind the antepenultimate molar, about equal in size to the base of one of the middle upper incisors (Plate XXVIII. fig. 2). Palate deeply emarginate as far forwards as a line joining the anterior inner margins of the first upper molars of opposite sides; sides of the emargination parallel. Length (of an adult 9, type of A. achradophilus, Gosse), head and body 2-2, head 08, ear 0-7, tragus 0”-22, nose-leaf 0”-4 x 0'"25, forearm 1”-6, thumb 0-4; third finger—metacarp. 1”-6, Ist ph. 0"-58, 2nd ph. 0"-95, 3rd ph. 07; fourth finger—metacarp. 1:6, Ist ph. 0”-5, 2nd ph. 0”-65; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”-63, Ist. ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0”-55; tibia 0”6, caleaneum 0-2, foot 0”-4. Hab. Jamaica; Cuba.
I have examined the types of A. jamaicensis, A. achradophilus, and A. sulphureus, Gosse, which are preserved in alcohol in this Collection, and I agree with Dr. Peters’s statement, that they are all referable to the same species. They differ only in the depth of the colour of the fur, which appears to depend upon age, as the smallest of four specimens, the type of A. jamaicensis, Gosse, has fur of a darker shade than in any of the other three.
Mr. Gosse remarks that this species “feeds on the fruit of the Naseberry (Achras sapota). About a quarter of an hour after the sun has set, and while the horizon is still glowing with effulgent clouds, these Bats begin to fly round the tree...... On pick~ ing up the fruit find that it has been just bitten, nibbled in a ragged manner. Fragments of Naseberry of considerable size, partly eaten by a Bat, are frequently found at the distance of half a mile from the nearest Naseberry-tree. The Rose-apple (Hugenia jambos) is also a favourite fruit.” * a. $ imm., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. (Type of Artibeus jamaicensis, Gosse, non Leach.) b. 2 ad., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. (Type of Artibeus achradophilus, Gosse.) — c. 2 ad., al. Content, Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. hee (Type of Artibeus sulphureus, Gosse, Ariteus flavescens, Gray t d. 2 ad., al. Jamaica, Sir Andrew Smith me e. 2 ad., al. Cuba. W.S. MacLeay, Esq. [ P].
* «Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’ p. 268.
25, STENODERMA. 529 2. Stenoderma rufum.
Stenoderma rufum, Geoffroy, Deser. de ? Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Bel 1876, pp. 480-434 pli. figs a Artibeus undatus, Gervais, Exped. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, Mammiferes, p. 35, pl. ix. fig. 3 (1855).
Dermanura undatum, Gervais, Compt. Rendus de ? Acad. des Sciences, 1856, p. 547, Histiops undatus, Peters, J, c. 1869, p. 899.
This species is known only from a skin in bad condition and a skull preserved in the collection of the Paris Museum, and from the descriptions and figures referred to above.
The central upper incisors are unicuspidate; a small obtuse prominence, near the middle of the outer side of each tooth, corresponds to the obtuse outer cusp of the same tooth in S. achradophilum; in the upper jaw a minute third molar, nearly equal to the base of the middle upper incisor in cross section, is placed immediately behind the second molar to the inner side of the tooth-row ; second upper molar as large as in the preceding species. Palate emarginate as far forwards as a line joining the anterior inner margins of the first upper molars of opposite sides; sides of the emargination parallel as in S. achradophilum. Frontal bones deeply concave in front. Hab. Unknown.
3. Stenoderma falcatum.
Arctibous falcatus, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 1. Phyllostoma albomaculatum, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl, 1861, .155.
Ply lope falcatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1876, p. 433. ~ Ears, nose-leaf, and general external form as in S. achradophilum, with which it also agrees closely in size.
The frontal between the supraorbital ridges is flattened, not deeply concave as in S. rufum, and the palate is angularly emarginate as far forwards as a line joining the centres of the first upper molars of opposite sides, the sides of the emargination converging forwards and forming an angle. The antepenultimate or second upper molar is scarcely three fourths the size of the first molar, while the corresponding teeth in S. rufum and S. achradophilum are nearly equal in their antero-posterior diameters. The third upper molar is even smaller than the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw, and is placed close behind the second molar to the inner side of the tooth-row (Plate XXVIII. figs. 3, 3).
Length (of the type specimen), head and body 1'-9, head 075, ear 0'°6, tragus 0:23, forearm 1''-65, thumb 0'"4; third finger— metacarp. 1'°5, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 0'8, 3rd ph. 0'-45 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"5, 1st ph. 0"-5, 2nd ph. 0-5; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'°5, Ist ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 0'-5; tibia 0'"6, foot 0'-4. Hab. Cuba.
The arched condition of the index finger outwards, from which this species has derived its specific name, although more or less 2M
530 YPHYLLOSTOMID.28.
present in every species of the genera allied to Artibeus, and therefore not to be depended upon as a distinguishing character, appears to be, however, much more marked in this species than in any other, the membrane between the index finger and the metacarpal bone of the third finger being 0-4 inch wide in the centre. a. d imm,, al. (type). Cuba. W.S. Macleay, Esq. [P.]. 26. AMETRIDA.
Ametrida, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847). Muzzle exceedingly short and broad, crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line ; ears, nose-leaf, and chin-warts as in Stenoderma.
Dentition. Inc. ‘ c. — pm. = m. — Teeth very similar to those of Stenoderma; palate wider and shorter ; horizontal plate of the palate-bones deficient behind. This genus, founded on a single species, differs mainly from Stenoderma in the great elevation of the crown of the skull above the short and very broad facial portion. Although this seems to be a very important character, I think it doubtful, considering the great similarity in the dentition and in other respects, whether Ametrida can be recognised as more than a subgenus of Stenoderma. 1. Ametrida centurio.
Ametrida centurio, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 896.
Phyllostoma centurio, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. vy. p. 629 (1855).
Head very short and broad, and, owing to the shortness of the neck, appears to rest between the shoulders ; face flattened in front; the opening of the mouth almost wholly anterior, the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper in front; crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line; eyes large, prominent; ears separate, shorter than the head, in general form as in Stenoderma, the tip rounded off, the outer margin coneave below the tip, then convex again, concave opposite the base of the inner margin of the tragus, terminating in a long rounded lobe midway between the base of the outer margin of the tragus and the inferior margin of the eye, below which a small wart is placed ; tragus straight, acutely pointed, the outer margin with four prominent tooth-like projections: noseleaf as in Stenoderma, but comparatively broader and shorter, the front margin of the horseshoe slightly raised, the erect terminal leaf nearly as broad as the horseshoe in the centre, abruptly narrowing above and terminating in an acute point; between the postero-external margin of the horseshoe and the eye, on each side, a prominent obliquely placed glandular process, on the summit of which the openings of three pores are seen; chin with a small cen-
27, CHIRODERMA. 531 tral longitudinal wart bounded laterally and inferiorly by seven smaller warts ; inner margin of the lips with conical papill as in Artibeus (Plate XXX. fig. 2).
Thumb long and strong, first phalanx nearly three times as long as the metacarpal bone; first phalanx of the middle finger two thirds the length of the second phalanx; wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum shorter than the foot; interfemoral deeply emarginate behind, but nearly as much developed as in Artibeus persprcillatus.
' On the inferior surface of the thorax, in the centre, slightly posterior to a line drawn between the mamma, a peculiar transverse elevation exists, at the extremities of which a small projection appears at each side like a teat, from the end of which long hairs arise. This is probably a glandular organ (Plate XXX. fig. 2). Fur soot-brown; a conspicuous white spot on each shoulder at the origin of the antebrachial membrane.
Upper incisors feeble, as in Stenoderma falcatum, forming a semicircular row, filling up by their bases the wide space between the canines ; inner incisors moderately long, directed vertically downwards, conical and acutely pointed; outer incisors very short and blunt, scarcely equalling in vertical extent the cingulum of the canines ; lower incisors very small, equal, with crowns deeply grooved from before backwards ; first upper premolar short, equal to half the canine in vertical extent; second premolar as long as the canine, and broader at the base; lower premolars nearly equal to the canine in vertical extent, the second slightly exceeding the first ; molars as in Stenoderma rufum, but narrower. Length (of the type specimen, an adult 9), head and body 1'"7, head 0°65, ear 0'°6, tragus 0'°2, forearm 1'°3, thumb 0'"4; third finger—metacarp. 12, Ist ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0'°7, 3rd ph. 0'°55 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1':05, 1st ph. 0'5, 2nd ph. 0'°6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"1, 1st ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0°55; tibia 0'-65, ealcaneum 0-22, foot 0'-4.
Hab. Brazil.
a, 3 ad,, al. Para. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
27. CHIRODERMA.
Chiroderma, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1860, p. 747. Like Vampyrops generally in external characters, but the muzzle is shorter, the interfemoral membrane much more developed, and the number and character of the teeth different. on ey ey I 2-2 2-2 2-2 Dentition. Inc. 7 OT d C. [=> PM. -3 M. 5-5 OT 3-3- Upper middle incisors slender, with oblique cusps directed inwards and forwards ; the first upper premolar with a very oblique cusp directed forwards ; second molar in both jaws larger than any of the other teeth.
Skull with a deep cleft between the nasal bones leading back- 2m 2
632 PHYLLOSTOMID-E, wards from the nasal opening as far as the space between the orbits * (see Plate XXIX. fig. 36).
Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.
This genus is undoubtedly closely allied to Vampyrops, as the form of the tragus, the muzzle and nose-leaf, and the well-marked facial streaks show. The form of the upper and lower first premolars is, however, very different and peculiar (see Plate XXIX. figs. 2, 3); the second molar in both jaws is larger than any of the other teeth ; and in immature specimens of the different species a well-defined cleft extends backwards from the nasal opening in the middle between the orbits. (See description of skull of Chiroderma villosum, p. 534.)
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Ine. : m. a no white line along the spine.
a. First lower premolar nearly flat-crowned, without a distinct cusp.
a'. Four broad very distinct white streaks on the head; forearm 2" .........0cc0008 1. CA. salrini, p. 532. b. First lower premolar with a distinct anterior cusp.
b'. Second lower molar nearly double the first molar in antero-posterior diameter ; headstreaks narrow; forearm 1'"85 or more.. 2 Ch. villosum, p. 534. e'. Second lower molar about one half greater than the first in antero-posterior diameter ; head-streaks broad ; forearm 1'"4.,.... 3. Ch. pusillum, p. 535. IL. Ine. 5, m. a; a white line along the spine.
a. Four broad very distinct streaks on the head ; HOVER A Ay oon AGaieala oe wales we vntnes 4. Ch. bidens, p. 535. 1. Chiroderma salvini.
Head, ears, and nose-leaf like those of Artibeus perspicillatus, but the muzzle is proportionately narrower in front; the distance between the eyes is considerably greater than the distance of the eye from the end of the muzzle; eyes large: ears equal in length to the distance of the anterior termination of the outer margin of the earconch from the extremity of the muzzle ; horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf nearly circular, free in front and laterally, with a slight convexity forming a small projection from the centre of its anterior margin. The body is short in proportion to the length of the forearm and extent of the wings. Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus ; interfemoral well developed, its posterior margin but slightly concave, the centre of the membrane extending as far back as a line drawn between the ankles; feet small.
* This opening between the nasal bones probably becomes closed in some species when the animal is full-grown, for in a specimen in the Leyden Museum no cleft was found on examination by Dr. Peters (MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 893).