287 Hylophorbus robustus (Blgr.). | Rana rugata v. Kamp. Rana rugata v. Kamp. » solomonis (Blgr.). , | 4 punctata (Ptrs. & Dor.).
Sudest island. kreffti Blgr.
Genyophryne thomsoni Blgr. Solomon islands. Duke of York island. ?Hyla atropunctata v. Kamp. » macrops Blgr.
» thesaurensis Ptrs.
lutea. Bler.
. Faor. » solomonis Vogt.
| Rana guppyi Bler.
» bufoniformis Blgr.
Hyla infrafrenata Gthr.
Rana rugata v, Kamp.
Rana rugata v. Kamp.
Bertrand island. » opisthodon Blgr.
Rana rugata v. Kamp. » Tugata v. Kamp.
Bismarck arch. | : naan :
Hyla brachypus (Wern.). Ceratobatrachus guentheri Blgr. » militaria (Ramsay). Cornufer vitiensis (Girard). Rana ventricosa Vogt. » guppyi Bier.
» boulengeri (Bttgr.). Batrachylodes vertebralis Blgr. Among the seven families of Amphibia, which inhabit the Indo-Australian Archipelago two (Caectlitdae, Pelobatidae) are indian, two (Cystignathidae, Hylidae) australian. The three other ones (Bufonidae, Brevicipitidae, Ranidae) contain both indian and australian species; they are, however, essentially indian, only a few species of them inhabiting Australia; moreover, in the case of the Aufonidae, the australian species belong to genera entirely different from those of the Archipelago. Hence we may assume that 5 families (Caeczlizdae, Pelobatidae, LBufonidae, Brevicipitidae, Ranidae) have reached the Archipelago from the west, the 2 other ones (Cystignathidae, Hylidae) from the east.
As to the distribution in the. Archipelago itself the subfamily Dyscophinae of the Brevicipitidae is only known in a few species from Sumatra and Borneo, the Caeczlizdae in only two species from Sumatra, Borneo, Java and a few smaller surrounding islands, the Aufonidae reach eastward to Celebes and Lombok. The Pe/lobatidae have a discontinuous distribution, inhabiting Sumatra, Borneo and Java in the west, New Guinea and the Aru islands in the east; the only eastern species, however, belongs to an endemic genus, which perhaps
288 is more nearly related to the australian Cystignathidae than to the Pelobatidae.
The Ranidae are distributed in the entire Archipelage, though generally decreasing in number of species eastward. So they are less numerous in New Guinea than in the much smaller island Celebes, and in this island, again, their number of species is smaller than in Java. It is, however, remarkable that a comparatively large number of endemic species and even two endemic genera inhabit the Bismarck and Solomon islands in the extreme eastern part of the area of distribution of this family.
A similar phenomenon is shown by the Srevigzpitidae in still higher degree. This indian family has its largest number of genera and species in New Guinea, and the small Sudest island, east of New Guinea, possesses even an endemic subfamily, the Genyophryninae.
The distribution of the Amphibia does not show a sharp boundary between the Indian and the Australian regions. Whereas the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, including Celebes and the Lesser Sunda islands, has a purely indian character concerning its fauna of Amphibians, the eastern part, including the Moluccos and the Timor archipelago, is a region of transition, in which the indian and the australian fauna are mixed. Moreover, this region shows an own character by the high development of the Arevicipitidae among the indian, and the //y/zdae among the australian families. The characteristics of the distribution of the Amphibia in the Archipelago may be explained in the most simple manner by assuming the former existence of narrow and inconstant land connections (Sarasin) between the Sunda islands and New Guinea, as has been explained by me'). Such narrow bridges must be an obstacle for the distribution of Amphibians, which generally are rare on small islands. This fact may be shown by comparing the numbers of species of Amphibia inhabiting various islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago with those of the Lacertilia of the same islands”), f.1.: 1) Nova Guinea, IX, 1, 1909, p. 47.
2) Taken from: N.de Rooy, The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, I, Leiden, 1915.
HnganO <i... Shire a Borneo... =”... eames 2 3 +s LGC Celebes aes... . Halmahera . . | Ternates ..\. *. Geran ee a tS 7240511 3(0) 1 er islands... Arw islands, ..:.. New Guinea... | It results from this table, that the number of species of Amphibia is relatively the largest in the larger islands, the smallest in smaller islands and especially in the islands between Celebes and New Guinea, agreeing with the supposition that these islands have had only narrow land connections, which Amphibia. II 2 61 85 38 re) MOWn NOP O NWMSY ~ Lacertilia, 29 iis were hardly to transgress by Amphibians, TNDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA, Proportion ofAmphibia, 0,48 OV22 0,98 0,93 0,88 0,64 0,33 0,54 0,31 OF7, O,30 0,23 OnbE 0,31 0,75 19
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES: achatina, Hylaplesia 154. achatina, Microhyla 153, 154. achatina var. moluccensis, Microhyla 115.
acutirostris, Rhacophorus 244, 260. affinis, Méhelyia 118. albolabris, Hyla 25, 39. albopunctata, Oreophryne T19Q.
albopunctata, Sphenophryne 119. amboinensis, Hyla 24, 29. angiana, Hyla 25, 59. 108 angustopalmata, var.of Ranatigrina | 170.
annectens, Microhyla 153, 156. anodon, Philautus 268, 271, 277. anodon, Rhacophorus 271. Ansonia penangensis 75. anthonyi, Oreophryne 111, 117. anthonyi, Sphenophryne 117. Anura I, 4.
Aphantophryne 100, 145. Aphantophryne pansa 145. Apoda 1.
appendiculatus, Polypedates 255. appendiculatus, Rhacophorus 243, 255.
Arcifera 4, 5.
arfaki, Limnodytes 199, 201. arfaki, Rana 163, 165, 199. arfakiana, Hyla 25, 27, 39, 41, 42. | aruensis, Hyla 27, 56. asper, Bufo 71, 74, 82. | Asterophrys 99, 133. Asterophrys melanopyga 17. Asterophrys turpicula 133. ateles, Oreophryne 111, IT5. ateles, Sphenophryne 115. | atra, Xenorhina 132. | atropunctata, Hyla 25, 37, 39. aurifasciata, Hyla 276. | aurifasciatus, Ixalus 275, 276. _ aurifasciatus, Philautus 269, 276, 277.
Austrochaperina 104. baleata, Callula 148. baleata, Kaloula 148. | baleatus, Bombinator 148. baluense, Leptobrachium 16. baluensis, Cornufer 239, 241. baluensis, Megalophrys 7, 16. baluensis, Oreobatrachus 229. baramica, Rana 164, 195. basipalmata, Chaperina 107. Batrachia r.
Batrachopsis 6, 16. Batrachopsis melanopyga 17. | Batrachylodes 160, 241. Batrachylodes vertebralis 242. beauforti, Cornufer 189. _ beauforti, Platymantis 189. beauforti, Rana 162, 189. _ Berdmorei, Engystoma 158.
sot berdmorii, Microhyla 153, 158. bernsteini, Hyla 24, 26, 31. beyeri, Chaperina rro. beyeri, Sphenophryne 105, 110. bicolor, Eucnemis 44. bicolor, Hyla 26, 27, 44. bicolor, Hylella 44. bidens, Xenobatrachus 127, 129. bidens, Xenorhina 129. bifasciatus, Rhacophorus 243, 257. bilineata, Hyla 224. bimaculata, Leptomantis 269. bimaculatus, Ixalus 269. bimaculatus, Philautus 268, 269. biporcatus, Bufo 74, 86, 87, go. biréi, Hylophorbus 137, 138. biroi, Oreophryne 111, 118. Biréi, Phrynixalus 138. biroi, Sphenophryne 117, 118. blythii, var. of Rana macrodon 175. Boettgeri, Gnathophryne 140. boettgeri, Hylophorbus 137, 140. Bombinator baleatus 148. Bombinator oxycephalus 132. borbonica, Hylaplesia 7o. i borbonica, Nectophryne 66, 7o. borbonicus, Bufo 70, 78. borneense, Engystoma 124. borneénsis, Gastrophryne 124. boulengeri, Cornufer 187. boulengeri, Hyla 36. boulengeri, Hylella 35. boulengeri, Platymantis 187. boulengeri, Rana 162, 187, 188. boulengeri, Scytopis 35. brachypus, Hyla 25, 37. brachypus, Hylella 37. Brevicipitidae 5, 95. Brevicipitinae 5, 98, 123, 134. brevicrus, Oxydactyla 122. brevipes, Liophryne 100, rot. brooksi, Colpoglossus 97. birgeri, Rhacophorus 161. Bufo 5, 66, 72, 123. Bufo asper 71, 74, 82. Bufo biporcatus 74, 86, 87, 96. Bufo borbonicus 70, 78. Bufo cavator 74, 89. Bufo celebensis 74, 84. Bufo chlorogaster 74, 92. Bufo claviger 74, 86, 88. Bufo cruentatus 73, 78. Bufo divergens 74, 88. Bufo fuligineus 73, 77. Bufo gymnauchen 74, 81. Bufo jerboa 73, 76. Bufo leptopus 73, 75. Bufo longecristatus $2. Bufo melanostictus 73, 74, 80, 82, 37,(OF.
Bufo minimus 98.
| Bufo montanus 78. Bufo obscurus 83.
Bufo parvus 74, 88. Bufo penangensis 73, 74, 75. Bufo philippinicus 74, 86. Bufo quadriporcatus 74, 87. Bufo scaber 8o.
Bufo spinipes 82.
Bufo spinulifer 73, 79. Bufo studeri 102.
Bufo sumatranus 73, 78. Bufo valhallae 73, 79. Bufonidae 4, 65.
bufoniformis, Rana 162, 184, 186. bungurana, Microhyla 152, 154. bunguranum, Diplopelma 154. Caecilia glutinosa 2. | Caecilia hypocyanea 2. Caeciliidae tr.
caerulea, Hyla 27, 56, 58, 60. caerulea, Rana 58. caeruleus, Pelodryas 58. Calamita dolichopsis 52. Calliglutus 95, 98. Calliglutus smithi 98. Callula 147.
Callula baleata 148. Callula frontifasciata 115.
Callula pulchra 150. Callula sundana 151. Callulops 99, 123. Callulops doriae 123. Calohyla celebensis 148. Calohyla sundana 151. Calophrynus gg, 102. Calophrynus heterochirus 102, 104. Calophrynus pleurostigma 102. Calophrynus punctatus 102, 104. Calophrynus stellatus ro4. cancrivora, Rana 162, 166,170,172. cancrivora, var. of Rana tigrina 170. cavator, Bufo 74, 89. cavitympanum, Rana 163, 167, 211. Bufo 74, 84.
Calohyla 148.
Limnodytes 204.
celebensis, celebensis, celebensis, celebensis, celebensis, celebensis, Rana 165, 204.
Sphenophryne 112.
ceramensis, var. of Rana grisea 207. Ceratobatrachus 160, 228. Ceratobatrachus guentheri 228. Ceratophryne nasuta 10, Ceratophrys montana 9. Ceratophrys turpicola 133. ceratophthalmus, Chaperina 105. chalconota, Rana 166, 167,217, 220. chalconotus, Hyla 215, 217. Chaperina 104.
Chaperina basipalmata 107. Chaperina beyeri r1o. Chaperina ceratophthalmus 105. Chaperina friedericii 105. Chaperina fusca 109. Chaperina macrorhyncha 107. Chaperina polysticta 108. Chaperina punctata 107. Chaperina quatuorlobata 107. chiropterus, Rhacophorus 258. chlorogaster, Bufo 74, 92. chloronota, Hyla 25, 42. chloronota, Hylella 42. Choanacantha 126.
Oreophryne 111, 112. 503 Choanacantha mehelyi 127. Choanacantha rostrata 127. Choerophryne 100, 136. Choerophryne proboscidea 136. _ chysii, Megalophrys to. claviger, Bufo 74, 86, 88. _ colletti, Rhacophorus 243, 250. Colpoglossus 95, 97. Colpoglossus brooksi 97. congenita, Hyla 27, 28, 60. congenita, Litoria 60. conspicillata, Rana 178. convexiusculus, Ranaster 19. Cophixalus 100, 146. Cophixalus crucifer 116. Cophixalus geislerorum 95, 146. Copiula 99, 134.
Copiula oxyrhina 134, 135. Copiula rostellifer 135. Copiula rostellifera 134, 135. Cornufer 160, 238. Cornufer baluensis 239, 241. Cornufer beauforti 189. Cornufer boulengeri 187. Cornufer corrugatus Igo. Cornufer corrugatus rubristriatus Igl.
Cornufer Cornufer Cornufer Cornufer Cornufer dorsalis 239.
guppyl 239, 240.
moszkowskii 188.
punctatus 192.
solomonis 19f.
Cornufer unicolor 105, 239, 240. Cornufer vitiensis 239. cornuta, Sphenophryne 105. cornutus, Ixalus 274. cornutus, Philautus 269, 274. | corrugata, Platymantis Igo. corrugata, Rana 190, 192. | corrugata var. papuensis, Platymantis 190.
corrugatus, Cornufer 1go. | corrugatus, Hylodes 190. corrugatus rubristriatus, Cornufer gl.
293 crassiovis, Rana 163, 213. Crinia 18, 21.
Crinia signifera 21. crucifer, Cophixalus 116. crucifera, Oreophryne r111, 116. cruciger, Rhacophorus 250, cruentata, Hylaplesia 78. cruentatus, Bufo 73, 78. cyanea, Hyla sr.
Cystignathidae 4, 17, 18. Daemeli, Hylorana 205. daemeli, Rana 165, 204, 205. debussyi, Rana 164, 167, 197, 199. decorata, Rana 196. Diplopelma 152.
Diplopelma bunguranum 154. Discodeles 161, 183. divergens, Bufo 74, 88. Docidophryne spinipes 81. dolichopsis, Calamita 52. dolichopsis, Hyla 52. dolichopsis var. pollicaris, Hyla 55. dolichopsis var. tenuigranulata, Hyla 52.
doriae, Callulops 123. dorsalis, Cornufer 239. dorsalis, Hyla 27, 65, dorsalis, Litoria 65. dubia, Gnathophryne 143. dubia, Xenorhina 143. dubius, Hylophorbus 138, 143. dulitensis, Rhacophorus 243, 258. durheimi, Rana 215. Dyscophina volzi 96. Dyscophinae 5, 95. Ecaudata 4.
edentulus, Rhacophorus 242, 244, 259, 268.
elberti, Rana 165, 200, 204. Eleutherognathinae 99. elongata,var, of Rana erythraea 224. | Engystoma 124.
Engystoma Berdmorei 158. Engystoma borneense 124, | Engystomatidae 95, 98. Epicrium 2.
Epicrium monochrous 3. erythraea, Hyla 222. | erythraea, Rana 165, 166, 222. erythraea var. elongata, Rana 224. erythraeus, Limnodytes 222. Eucnemis bicolor 44. eucnemis, Hyla 24, 32. éveretti, "“Hyla<26) 517 everetti, Nectophryne 66, 68. everett, Ranae163))204)) 2175 everetti, Rhacophorus 243, 251. exigua, Nectophryne 68. fallax, Hyla 25, 26, 35. fallax, Hylomantis 44. fallax, Rana 201.
fasciatus, Rhacophorus 244, 262. Fejérvarya limnocharis 167. Firmisternia 4, 95. flavosignatus, Ixalus 270. flavosignatus, Philautus 268, 270, 2 7R fletcheri, Phanerotis 18. | florensis, Rana 201. friederici, Chaperina 105. frontifasciata, Callula 115. fuligineus, Bufo 73, 77. fusca, Chaperina 109. fusca, Phrynomantis 112. fusca, Sphenophryne 105, 10g. Gastrophryne 99, 124. Gastrophryne borneénsis 124. | geislerorum, Cophixalus 95, 146. | genimaculata, Hyla 26, 47. Genyophryne 159.
Genyophryne thomsoni 159. | Genyophryninae 5, 159. | georgil, Rhacophorus 243, 253. gigantea, Xenorhina 130. giganteus, Xenobatrachus 127, 130. | glandulosa, Rana 164, 194, 196.
294 glutinosa, Caecilia 2. glutinosus, Ichthyophis 2. Gnathophryne 99, 137. Gnathophryne Boettgeri 140. Gnathophryne dubia 143. Gnathophryne robusta 143. gracile, Leptobrachium 15. gracilis, Megalophrys 7, 15. gracilis, Rana 167. graminea, Hyla 24, 30. granti, Nyctimantis 22, 23. grisea, Rana 165, 204, 207. grisea var. ceramensis, Rana 207. grunniens, Rana 163, 172, 176, | 178, 182.
guentheri, Ceratobatrachus 228. guentheri, Nectophryne 66, 68. guentheri, Pedostibes 68. guppyi, Cornufer 239, 240. guppyl, Rana 162, 183. guttata, Litoria 52. guttata, Rana 235. guttatus, Ixalus 235, guttatus, Staurois 234, 235. gymnauchen, Bufo 74, 81. Gymnophiona tr. Halophila vitiensis 239. hascheana, Rana 164, 18r. Hascheanus, Polypedates 181. hasselti, Megalophrys 5, 7, 13. Hasseltii, Leptobrachium 13. Hasseltii, Rana 13. heterochirus, Calophrynus to2, 104. hosii, Nectophryne 66, 67. hosii, Rana 166, 167, 215, 218. hosii, Rhacophorus 243, 253. humeralis, Hyla 25, 56. Hyla 5, 22, 24, 268. Hyla spec. 28, 34. Hyla albolabris 25, 39. Hyla amboinensis 24, 209. Hyla angiana 25, 59. Hyla arfakiana 25, 27, 39, 41, 42. Hyla aruensis 27, 56. Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla _ ‘Hyla | Hyla atropunctata 25, 37, 309. aurifasciata 276. bernsteini 24, 26, 31. bicolor, 26, 27, 44. bilineata 224. boulengeri 36. brachypus 25, 37. caerulea 27, 56, 58, 60. chalconotus 215, 217. chloronota 25, 42. congenita 27, 28, 60. cyanea 51.
dolichopsis 52. dolichopsis var. pollicaris 55. dolichopsis var. tenuigranulata 52.
| Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla 535 Hyla Hyla | Hyla | Hyla | Hyla | Hyla Hyla Hyla | Hyla | Hyla Hyla | Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla Hyla dorsalis 27, 65. erythraea 222. eucnemis 24, 32. everetti 26, 51. fallax 25, 26, 35. genimaculata 26, 47. graminea 24, 30. humeralis 25, 56. impura 26, 45, 47, 48. infrafrenata 24, 26, 27, 38, 54, 56, 57.
jeudei 26, 43. Kampeni 29.
leprosa 244.
leucomystax 246. longicrus 25, 38. lutea 26, 50, 51. macgregori 26, 46, 49. macrops 26, 48, 50. margaritifera 254. militaria 24, 26, 28, 38, 55. montana 25, 28, 33, 34. mystax 31.
nasuta 27, 64. nigropunctata 37. obsoleta 24, 32. obtusirostris 27, 63. OUWENSI 25, 37. papua 33.