40. Rana hosii Blegr.
Hyla chalconotus (part.) Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 23, pl. IX, fig. 1.
Rana Hosii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VIII, 1891, p. 290. Rana Hosii vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 398. Rana hosii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 243.
Rana durheimi Baumann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXXIV, 1913, p. 275, textfigs. D, E. Rana hosit Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 199. Vomerine teeth in two strong, oblique series between the choanae and extending behind the level of their posterior borders. Head as long as broad or slightly longer; snout obtusely pointed, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, much longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space about as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, to */, the diameter of the eye. Disks of the two outer fingers from slightly more than half to as large as the tympanum, of first and second fingers and of toes much smaller; disks of second finger elliptic (longer than broad); first finger as long as or a little shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fifth toe longer than third; toes webbed to the disks; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles strong; an elliptic, feebly prominent inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body, or nearly so long; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.
Upper parts granulate; a feebly developed glandular dorsolateral fold; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder, often followed by one or two glandules; smooth beneath. Uniform purplish brown (green in life ?) above, usually darker on the sides, especially of the head; a white or whitish streak along the upper lip, extending to the shoulder and followed by a spot of the same colour; limbs usually with dark crossbars, which however may be very indistinct; white (in life yellow?) beneath, uniform, or spotted or marbled with brown. From snout to vent 97 mm. (the o’ much smaller than the 9). Terminal phalanges T-shaped.
Male with internal vocal sacs.
216 Tadpole. — The tadpoles from Posata in Bantam (Java), described and figured by Boulenger (Cat. Batr. Sal., 1882, p. 89) Fig. 25. Rana hosii Blgr., X I.
and considered by him to belong to Rhacophorus reinwardti, afterwards (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. §26) to Rana jerboa, probably belong to R. hoszz:
217 Length of body twice its width; tail 17/, to 1°/, the length of the body, its depth (without crests) about '/, its length. Spiraculum sinistral, lateral, nearer to the base of the tail than to the end of the snout. Tail pointed; the crests beginning at a considerable distance from the base of the tail. Behind the mouth a ventral sucking disk, which is free on its borders, truncate in front, and the posterior border of which is situated below the spiraculum; lips much developed, without papillae; jaws black, the edge feebly denticulated, formed of one piece ‘each; rows of teeth? 313/13".
Greyish brown above, whitish beneath; tail light-spotted. Length 46 mm.
Habitat: Simalur!; Sumatra (Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!; Tandjongberingin, Batak mts., 300 m.!; Batak mts., 800 m.; Andalas!; Fort de Kock!; Singkarah!; Danau diatas!; Sandaran Agung, 745 m.!, and Sinlak Daras, 900 m., in Kurintji valley; Sungai Kring! and Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m.!, Kurintji); Borneo! (Mt. Dulit and Mt. Batu Song, Serawak) ; Java (?Posata, Bantam; Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; Djampang Kulon!). — Malay Peninsula.
41. Rana chalconota (Schlg.).
Hyla chalconotus (part.) Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 23, pl. L, fig. 3? (mot pl. IX, fig. 1). Polypedates Funghuhnii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, XI, 1856, p. 469 '). Rana chalconota Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 66 (with fig. of hand). Rana chalconota Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 141. Rana Everetti (part.) Boylenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 232 (tadpole). Rana Mocquardi Werner, Zool. Anz., XXIV, 1901, p. 98. Rana tytleri (part.) Isenschmid (nec Theob.), Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 72. Rana chalconota and Everetti, v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 392, 394 (with tadpole).
Rana chalconota v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p 37 (tadpole). Rana Everetti Roux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXX, 1911, p. 506 (tadpole). Rana chalconota (part.) Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 201. ?Rana sanchesi Taylor, Philipp. Jrn. of Sc., XVI, 1920, p. 256. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae, often extending beyond their posterior borders. Head longer than broad; snout pointed, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to end of snout than to eye; 1) Specimen in the Leiden Museum, collected by Bleeker, examined by me.
218 interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, to nearly equal to the width of the eye. Disks of third and fourth finger large, '/, to ?/, diameter of tympanum, of first and second finger and of toes smaller; disks of second finger elliptic (longer than broad); second finger as long as or extending hardly beyond first, shorter than fourth ; fifth toe longer than third; toes nearly entirely webbed, two phalanges of fourth one free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small oval inner and a still smaller, sometimes indistinct, round outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between eye and tip of snout, to the tip of the snout or a little beyond; tibia more than half length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.
Finely granulate above; a dorsolateral fold of variable width, but usually rather broad; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder, followed by a glandule; back and sides often with some large warts; belly and lower surface of thighs often granular. Brown above, the warts and glandular folds often somewhat darker; white beneath, throat sometimes marbled with brown; tympanum brown; upper lip and the glandule behind each mouth-edge white; hind limbs sometimes indistinctly crossbarred. Length 68 mm.
Distinguished from the nearly allied R. labialis, with which it probably has been often confounded, by shape and size of the disk of the second finger and usually by a broader and more distinct dorsolateral fold; from R. /oszz it is distinguished by the less extensively webbed toes, shorter legs and also the more developed dorsolateral folds. The specimens in the Museum at Leiden, on which Schlegel has founded his species, partly belong to R. hosiz, and it is a specimen of this species, which has been figured by him on his pl. IX.
Lives on the leaves of shrubs. The eggs are laid in a mass of mucilage, forming a sort of nest out of the water (Sarasin). Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 1?/, times its width, tail 1'/, to nearly 2 times as long as the body, about 3 to 5 times as long as. deep. Nostril about equally distant from eye and tip of snout; eyes superior, in the middle between tip of snout and spiraculum, the distance between them greater than that between the nostrils, about 1 to 1'/, times the width
219 of the mouth and about half the width of the body. Spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, equally distant from the vent and the tip of the snout, or a little nearer to the vent; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the tail. Tail more or less pointed ; lower crest low, the upper one higher, extending to the root of the tail.
Lower lip and sides of upper one bordered with papillae, which are arranged in two or three rows, not interrupted in the median line; jaws edged with black; series of teeth 2—4'2—4/3, the inner rows of upper lip broadly interrupted, decreasing in size inwards, the innermost one usually very short ; rows of lower lip almost equal in length (the outermost a little shorter), the inner one sometimes very narrowly interrupted. Skin very transparent; there are some more or less distinct granular patches, viz. on the back a round one behind each eye and an oblong one at each side of the base of the tail, on the ventral surface two round ones (in older specimens sometimes confluent) beside each other behind the mouth and an oblong one at each side on the belly.
Back darker or lighter grey or brown, sometimes spotted or marbled with darker brown; muscular part of tail colourless or light brown; belly and crests colourless. Length 64 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Bandarbaru, Batak mts., +900 m.!; Lauttador; Toba lake; Mt. Simbolon; Agam; Kajutanam?!; Batu Sangkar, betw. 460 and goo m.; Sandaran Agung, 730 m., in Kurintji valley '); Sungei Kumbang, 1430 m., Kurintji peak!; Muarolabu; Palembang!; Lampong distr.!); Borneo (Danau Sriang; Matang); Java (Buitenzorg!; Mt. Pangeranggo; Perbawati, Mt. Gedeh!; Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Pasirdatar, goo m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Djampang Tengah!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Gunung Sesuru!; Tjitalahab!; lake Patengan; Babakan! and Idjen!, Bageien; Wonosobo!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.); Celebes (Indrulaman; Loka!; Bua Praeng; Pundidaha; Kandari; Rumbi Mengkoka; Luwu; Pinapuan!; Uangkahulu valley; Bone valley; Tomohon; Mt. Masarang; Menado). — Philippines.
1) The specimens from Kurintji, identified by Boulenger (Jrn. Fed. Malay St. Mus., VIII, pt. Il, 1920, p. 292) as R. wicobariensis, according to Mr. Malc, Smith are certainly 2. chadcono¢a (communicated to me by Mr. C. Boden Kloss).
220 42. Rana labialis Bler.
? Polypedates raniceps Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 580. ? Polypedates raniceps, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 44, pl. VI, figs. 3, 3a. kana labialis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,(5) XIX, 1887, p. 345, pl. X, fig. 1. Rana labialis Flower, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1896, p. 903, pl. XLV, fig. 3 (tadpole).
Rana labialis Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. $96. Rana labialis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 192 p:. 242 Rana labialis Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 148, pl. VI, fig. 5 (tadpole).
Rana chalconota (part.) Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 201. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the posterior borders of the choanae. Head longer than broad; snout pointed, projecting, as long as or somewhat longer than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, from °*/, to equal to the width of the eye. Disks of three outer fingers large, nearly circular, of third finger '/, to ?/, the diameter of the tympanum, of first finger and of toes smaller; second finger extending distinctly beyond first, but shorter than fourth ; fifth toe longer than third; toes */, to entirely webbed; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle small, the outer one rather indistinct, rarely absent; the heel reaches tip of snout or a little beyond; tibia a little more than half the length of head and body.
Finely granulate above; a dorsolateral fold, sometimes distinct only anteriorly; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder, followed by one or two glandules; back sometimes with some large warts; smooth beneath, or posterior part of belly and lower surface of thighs granular; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.
Bright green or bronze brown, with or without some darker spots above, the colour in life being rapidly changeable (brown or purple in spirit), sides dark green or dark brown, with rather indistinct darker spots; tympanum chestnut-brown; a white or light golden streak on the upper lip, extending to the shoulder and followed by a spot of the same colour;
i) NO _ limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars ; whitish beneath, throat and breast usually spotted or marbled with brown, hinder side of thighs and lower surface of hind limbs with brown reticulation. Length 71 mm.
Male with internal vocal sacs.
Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width; tail about 1'/, times the length of the body and 3 to 4 times as long as deep, its total depth at most about twice the depth of the muscular portion at its base. Nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; eyes superior, rather nearer to the end of the snout than to the spiraculum; distance between them twice that between the nostrils, and greater than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, nearer to the vent than to the end of the snout; vent dextral, close to the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Tail ending in a rounded point; upper crest convex, slightly deeper than the lower one, not extending on to the back.
Sides and lower edge of lips bordered with papillae, those of the lower border being long and prominent; jaws edged with-black; series ‘of. teeth 3 '3)/'2+, the three inner rows of the upper lip broadly interrupted and very short, decreasing in size towards the mouth, the innermost series sometimes very small and inconspicuous; the three rows of lower lip slightly different in length (the outermost the shortest, the innermost the longest), the inner one narrowly interrupted. Skin very transparent; on each side of the back behind the eyes a patch of granular skin, sometimes a similar strip on each side of hinder part of back and a large patch on each side of the belly.
Colour (in life) bright yellow or brick-red above, pale yellow beneath. Length 37 mm.
BOULENGER recently (l.c., 1920) considers R. Jabzalis as a variety of R. chalconota; 1 think, however, that it is well distinguished from this species by the characters mentioned under &. chalconota.
Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Deli; Balun!; Fort de Kock, 900 m.!; Muarolabu!; Muara Sako! and. Sungai Kumbang!, Kurintji); Borneo? (Pulo Matjan?; Serawak?:). — Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore.
222 43. Rana erythraea (Schlg.).
Hyla erythraea Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 27, pl. IX, fig. 3.
Limnodytes erythracus Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 511, pl. LXXXVII, figs. 1, 12.
Rana erythraea Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 65 (with fig. of hand). Rana erythraea Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 992, pl. XLV, fig. 2. Rana erythraea v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 390 (tadpole), Rana erythraea vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indie, LXIX, 1909, p. 35 (tadpole). Rana erythraea Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, i912, pi Bar.
Rana erythraea Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 152. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the choanae. Head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, projecting, as long as or a little longer than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region feebly oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, to nearly once the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with small disks, first finger not or slightly extending beyond second; toes rarely */,, usually entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks, but deeply emarginate between the toes; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small, oval inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; heel reaching the tip of the snout; tibia half the length from snout to vent, or a little more; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping. Skin smooth; a rather broad glandular dorsolateral fold; an other fold from beneath the eye to the shoulder, followed by a strong gland; posterior surface of thighs granular. Bright or dull green or yellowish brown above (rufous brown or greyish blue in spirit); a dark brown stripe along each side of head and body may be present; dorsolateral fold and border of lips white or yellowish white; tympanum reddish brown; limbs marbled with brown, without cross-bars; white ~ beneath. From snout to vent 78 mm.
Terminal phalanges with feebly expanded tips. Male with internal vocal sacs, without humeral glands. Essentially a water frog, living nearly always at low elevations. Tadpole. — Length of body about 1°*/, times its width;