199 more than those of fingers; first finger extending much beyond second; toes slender, nearly free; two metatarsal tubercles, the outer one oblong, as long as the inner one; heel reaching tip of snout.
Skin shagreened above, with numerous scattered tubercles; smooth below; posterior surface of thighs finely granular. Light umber above, indistinctly darker marbled; tympanum almost black; sides with dark brown spots; anterior surface of thighs spotted; a narrow light line from beneath the eye along the upper lip to the posterior border of the tympanum; lower lip dark brown with a few light spots; uniform dirty yellowish brown beneath. Length +50 mm. ’).
Perhaps indentical with R. dedussyz.
Habitat: Borneo (Sadong, Serawak).
27. Rana arfaki Meyer.
Rana Arfaki Meyer, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 138. Limnodytes arfaki (part.) Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XII, 1878, p. 418. Rana arfaki Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 66. Rana macroscelis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) I, 1888, p. 345. Rana arfaki v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 165. Rana waigeénsis vy. Kampen, Bijdr. t. d. Dierk., pt. 19, 1913, p. 90. Rana waigeénsis vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p- 459, pl. XI, fig. 2. Rana macroscelis Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914, p. 249. Rana arfaki Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 241. Rana arfaki Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 173. Vomerine teeth in two straight or feebly curved oblique series, on a level with or extending behind the posterior borders of the choanae; lower jaw without bony processes. Head large, as long as broad, or, in the adult, broader than long, nearly half as broad as the distance from snout to vent; snout rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, straight or nearly so; loreal region a little oblique, concave ; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout or nearer to the latter; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the upper eyelid, with a longitudinal groove extending along the occiput; tympanum distinct, '/, to */, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers small, of toes a little larger; first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth, 1) After notes taken from the type specimen by Mr, Dunn,
200 the two terminal phalanges of the third one extending beyond the second one, only one of them beyond the fourth; the web between the toes reaches all disks or the last phalanx of fourth toe remains free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles large, prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle oblong, outer one absent or feeble; a dermal fold along the inner border of the first, and another one along the outer border of the fifth toe; the latter one extending in the male along a part of the metatarsus; no tarsal fold; heel reaching between eye and tip of snout, or to the tip of the snout or slightly beyond; tibia '/, to */; length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping.
Smooth, or with large, flat warts and small granules, above; posterior part of the upper eyelid rugose; in young specimens a very narrow dorsolateral fold may be present; a feeble fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath.
Upper surface (in spirit) greenish blue, or more or less reddish or lilac brown, marbled with darker; hind limbs sometimes with indistinct dark cross-bars; back, sides and limbs usually with a few roundish, yellowish-white spots or vermiculations; whitish below, throat and breast usually marbled with brown; border of lower lip yellowish-white, bordered with blue. Length 162 mm.
Male in the breeding time with two external vocal sacs and a large oval gland on inner side of arm.
Habitat: Aru islands; Waigeu!; New Guinea (Andai; Hatam, Arfak mts.; Mamberamo riv.!; Idenburg riv.!; Sermowai riv., + 300 m.!; Tor riv.!; Moaif riv.!; Moso riv.!; Air Mo riv.!; Sekanto region!; Albert Edward range; Madew; Astrolabe mts. ; Haveri; Soghere, 530’ m.;. Lorentz riv:,; 30 m.!; Went mts, ?
+ 1300 m.!; Setekwa riv., 150 m.; Mimika riv.). 28. Rana elberti Roux.
ana elberti Roux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXX, 1911, p. 504. Rana elberti Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 142. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choanae, extending somewhat behind their posterior borders. Head about as long as broad; snout truncate, projecting, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region vertical, feebly concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye;
201 interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers feebly dilated, without distinct disks; disks of toes small, but distinct; first finger extending beyond second; toes nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles prominent; a welldeveloped, oval, blunt inner, and a small, oval outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, the length from snout to vent. Smooth or rather rough above; a very narrow dorsolateral fold; sides with a few folds; smooth beneath. Uniform olive above; a rather broad brown streak below the canthus rostralis and a large brown temporal spot; limbs with brown cross-bars; posterior surfaces of thighs with large and long black spots in a white network; lower parts uniform yellowish white. From snout to vent 48 mm.
The absence of real disks on the fingers is the only character separating this species from RK. papua, with which it probably must be united.
Habitat: Wetar.
29. Rana papua Less.
Rana papua Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool., Il, 1, 1830, p. 59, pl. VII, fig. 1. Lymnodytes arfaki (part.) Peters e Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, XIII, 1878, p. 418, pl. VI, fig. 1.
Rana papua (part.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 64. Rana varians Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 86. Rana moluccana Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVIII, 1895, p. 132. Rana florensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 508. Rana varians Boettger, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXV, I901, p. 336, pl. XV, fig. 8.
Rana papua vy. Kampen, Nova Guinea, V, pt. 1, 1906, p. 164 (with tadpole). Rana papua and Rana spec. (tadpole) Roux, Abh. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXXII, 1910, p. 224, 225, pl. XIV, figs. 7, 7@ (tadpole). Rana papua, moluccana and varians Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél. Harvard Coll), MLIV; 1) ror2.p. ‘65."pl. V. ‘fies; 12, 15 and: text-figs: Rana fallax v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 458. Rana papua v. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XX XVII, 1914, p. 371 (with tadpole). Rana florensis, varians and papua Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 160, 165,188.
Vomerine teeth in two oblique series or groups, between or extending behind the level of the choanae. Head as long as or longer than broad; snout more or less pointed, projecting, as long as or longer than the eye, longer than deep; canthus
202 rostralis angular, straight; loreal region nearly vertical, concave; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of the snout, or nearer to the latter; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, */, to equal to the width of the eye. Disks of fingers small, of toes as large or slightly larger; first finger extending beyond second, which is a little shorter than fourth; toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks or the two distal phalanges and sometimes part of the next phalanx of fourth toe are free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles well developed; a distinct, oblong inner, and a smaller, round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches to between the anterior border of the eye and the tip of the snout or beyond; tibia about '/, to */, the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping. Smooth or finely granulate above; a narrow dorsolateral fold and a glandular fold from below the eye to the shoulder, sometimes followed by one or two glandules; sometimes a few scattered warts on back and sides; smooth below. Greyish, brownish, pink, or blackish above, sometimes marbled with darker, the warts usually dark; loreal region or a streak below the canthus rostralis often dark brown or black; a more or less distinct dark temporal spot, sometimes (especia!ly in the young) continued into a black streak along the side of the body, bordered above by the often light-coloured dorsolateral fold; sides rarely reticulated with blackish; tympanum usually reddish brown; a narrow light vertebral line, and another light line along the tibia may be present; often a white streak along the upper lip, continued to the shoulder; limbs with dark cross-bars; beneath white, often powdered or reticulated with brown or blackish, especially on throat and breast; often a pair of dark spots on the breast and an oblique dark bar on the shoulders. From snout to vent 110 mm.
Male with two vocal sacs, which are usually internal, rarely external, but feebly developed, and sometimes (in the breeding season?) with humeral glands.
Tadpole').—Length of body about 1'/, to 2 times its width; 1) Known only from specimens from New Guinea and the Aru islands (Rana sp., Roux),
203 tail 1'/, to 2 times the length of the body, 3 to 4 times as long as deep. Nostril about equally distant from the eye and the tip of the snout; eyes superior, in the middle between tip of snout and spiraculum, or a little nearer to the first; the distance between them equal to that between the nostrils and a little smaller than the width of the mouth (including the lips); spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, nearer to the posterior end of the body than to the tip of the snout; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tip of tail rounded; the upper crest higher than the lower one, and extending on to base of tail.
Mouth ventral, with papillae along the entire lower border and the sides of the lips; jaws edged with black; series of teeth 1!1/121 to 3'3/12', the rows of the lower lip nearly equal in length (the outer one but little shorter), the inner one very slightly, sometimes not interrupted. Dark brown or grey above; lower surfaces and tail lighter; muscular part of tail and the upper crest sometimes more or less dark spotted. Length 65 mm.
BOULENGER (I. c., 1920) considers A. varzans and florensis as distinct species. The differences, however, are very slight: R. florensis: Disks of fingers and toes equal, not twice as broad as the narrowest part of the corresponding penultimate phalanx. Heel reaching the tip of the snout. Male with a flat gland on the inner side of the arm and internal vocal sacs. — Hab.: Flores.
R. varians (= moluccana): Disks as in R. florensis. Heel reaching beyond the tip of the snout. Male without humeral glands ') and with internal vocal sacs. — Hab.: Celebes; Halmahera; Ternate; Batjan; Philippines; Pelawan. R. papua: Disks of toes a little larger than those of fingers, at least twice as broad as the narrowest part of the penultimate phalanx. Heel reaching the nostril, the tip of the snout, or beyond. Male without humeral glands '), with internal, rarely feebly developed external vocal sacs. — Hab.: Timorlaut islands; Kei islands; Aru islands; New Guinea; Ferguson isl. ; Murray isl., etc.
1) Boettger (l.c., 1901), however, mentions a humeral gland in specimens of R varians, and 1 inyself (l.c,, 1906) and Barbour (l.c., 1912) in A. papua from New Guinea and Jobi.
204 Perhaps further researches will show, that still other species (elberti, celebensis, grisea, daemeli, krefftz) belong to the same variable species. On the other hand R. fallax, described by me after a specimen from Waigeu and distinguished by a small tympanum (half the width of the eye) and slate blue colour (in spirit) and which BOULENGER (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 242, and l.c., 1920) unites with papua, may be an proper species; it is even possible, that this is the real X. papua (described by Lesson, after specimens from Waigeu, as bluish green), and that the specimens usually described as Kk. papua are another species, which then must be named A. wazgeensts Dum. et Bibr. (Erpétologie générale, VIII, 1841, p. 514). Habitat: Flores, above 900 m.; Celebes (Lake Poso; Lindu!}; Bwool; Uangkahulu valley; Gorontalo?!; Tomohon; Rurukan; Menado!; Mt. Masarang); Morotai!; Halmahera, up to 250m.; Ternate; Batjan; Buru, up to 750 m.!; Ceram!; Timorlaut islands; Kei islands; Aru islands; Waigeu!; Batanta; New Guinea (Sorong; Dore Hum; Manokwari; Andai; Mansiman!; Hatam, Arfak mts.; Wendesi!; Etna bay!; Jamur lake!; Rubi, Geelvink bay ; Mamberamo riv.!; near Idenburg riv., +1450 m.!; Doorman riv.!; Sermowai riv.!; Tor riv.!; Tanahmerah bay!; Waipopa riv.!; Jaona!; Humboldt bay!; Sekanto region!; Tami riv.!; Sentani lake!; Ibaiso!; Jaga!; Timena riv.!; Rienjamur riv. and Garup riv., Torricelli mts.!; Eitape; Berlinhafen ; Kaiserin Augusta riv.!; westward from Finschhafen, in the interior; Astrolabe bay; Stephansort; Sattelberg, + 800 m.; Moroka, 700 m.; Bara Bara; Rigo; Vikaiku; Pt. Moresby; Merauke!; Digul riv.!; Lorentz riv.!; Van der Sande riv.!; Went mts., 1050 m.!; Hellwig mts., 2000 m.!; Utakwa riv., 640—760 m.; Setekwa riv.; Mimika riv.); Frederik Hendrik isl. !; Jobi isl.; Ferguson isl.; Murray isl. — Philippines; Pelawan. 30. Rana celebensis (Schlg.).
Limnodytes celebensis (Schlegel), Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1872, p. 585. > Rana celebensis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 70. Rana celebensis v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 395. Rana celebensis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 169. Vomerine teeth in two short series extending a little behind the level of the choanae. Head longer than broad; snout rounded or somewhat pointed, projecting, aslong as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region nearly vertical,
205 concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers and toes with small, but distinct disks; first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; toes nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching all disks, except that of fourth toe, two phalanges of which are free; subarticular tubercles well developed; an oval inner, and a not much smaller round outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril; tibia more than '/, length of head and body.
Finely granulate above, with or without large warts on the back; a broad dorsolateral fold; lower parts smooth. Brown above; the warts, dorsolateral folds, loreal and temporal regions darker; a white streak along the upper lip; limbs with dark cross-bands. Length 51 mm.
BoULENGER (Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 70, and Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 232) describes as R. celebensis a specimen of unknown origin, which has the first finger not extending beyond the second one and shows some other differences with the above description. It is thus uncertain, if it belongs to the same species. It is a male, with internal vocal sacs and an oval flat gland on the inner side of the arm. Habitat: Celebes (Menado!; Gorontalo?!; Gurupahi!). 31. Rana daemeli (Steind.).
Hylorana Daemeli Steindachner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien, LVII, 1868, p. 532, figs. I—4.
Rana papua (yart.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 64. Rana novae-guineae v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 37, pl. II, fig. 5. Rana daemeli Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XX, pt. 5, 1914, p. 250. > Rana papua Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 201. Rana daemeli Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 190. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups or short series between the choanae or extending a little behind them. Head a little longer than broad; snout obtusely pointed, projecting, at least as long as the eye, about once and a half as long as high; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region feebly oblique, concave; nostril equally distant from eye and tip of snout or a little nearer to the latter; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, to */, the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes with small, but
206 distinct disks; first finger extending slightly beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; toes almost entirely webbed, the web reaching all the disks except fourth, the second and third ones however only at their outer borders; two phalanges of fourth toe free; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles strong; an inner, oblong, and an outer, smaller, round metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or between eye and nostril; tibia half the length of head and body or a little shorter; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are feebly overlapping.
Finely granulate above; a moderately broad dorsolateral fold; back, sides of the body and hind limbs with or without scattered small warts; a fold from below the eye to the shoulder, sometimes followed by one or two glandules; smooth below. Upper parts greyish or reddish brown; sides of head and sometimes of body also blackish, darker in young specimens than in older ones; the dorsolateral folds may be a little lighter than the back; warts of back and cross-bars on the hind limbs black; border of the upper lip unspotted, usually white; the glandular fold behind it white; beneath white, sometimes powdered with brownish, especially on throat and breast; usually a pair of dark spots between the shoulders and an oblique bar on the upper arm. From snout to vent 80 mm. Male with humeral glands and internal vocal sacs. Very closely allied and perhaps identical with R. papua, from which, however, it seems to be distinct by broader dorsolateral folds.
Habitat: New Guinea (Humboldt bay!; Pt. Moresby; Lorentz riv.!; Mimika riv.). — ?¢ Thursday isl. '); northern Queensland.
32. Rana kreffti Blegr.
Rana krefftii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 64, pl. III, fig. 2. Rana krefftii Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. London, XII, pt. 2, 1886, p. 52. Rana novae-britanniae Werner, Zool. Anz., XVII, 1894, p. 155. Rana novae-britanniae (part.) Werner, Mitt. Mus. f. Naturk. Berlin, I, 1900, p- I1l, fig. 42.
Rana kreffti Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 411. Rana krefftii Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 186. 1) ,Rana papua (Hylorana Démelii Steind.)”, F. Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, VII, 1885, p. 670.