ice vertebral line may be present; beneath dirty buff, chin and throat black in the male. From snout to vent 76 mm. Male with an external subgular vocal sac.
Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width; tail twice the length of the body. Nostril much nearer the eye than the tip of the snout; eyes lateral, the distance between them 6 times that between the nostrils; spiraculum median, large, its transparent sheath opening below the posterior end of the body; anal tube long, median, projecting below the edge of the subcaudal crest. Tail obtusely pointed; crests convex, about equal in depth.
Mouth terminal, very small, with a straight upper, and a contractile lower lip; jaws and teeth absent. Dark, olive-brown to black, with or without fine golden speckles; sometimes a pale curved bar across the snout, and light markings on the sides; caudal crests colourless, or with small dark patches; below often speckled with white. Length 40 mm.
The eggs are united into strings.
Nocturnal. The croak is very loud. ,The males croak while floating on the surface of the water, the mouth, head and inflated sides of the body just above the surface, the single vocal sac under the mouth inflated like a globe and the arms and legs extended. They can hop well on land, and are good swimmers” (Flower). ,The embrace is axillary: the eggs are expelled in masses of the size of a cherry; the development is very rapid.” (Butler). The tadpole, after Smith, is unable to remain below the surface of the water; it lives upon animal and vegetable matter.
Habitat: Sumatra (Atjeh; Indragiri); Borneo (Serawak) '); Flores; Celebes (Makasser!). — From India and S.-China to the Malay Peninsula.
3. Kaloula (?) sundana Ptrs.
Calohyla sundana Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 35. Nectophryne? sundana Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 281. Callula sundana Roux, Zool. Anz., XXXV, 1910, p. 716. Each palatine ridge with 4 or 5 curved teeth. Snout subtriangular, prominent, a little longer than the eye; nostril 1) According to Peters (Ann. Mus, Genova, III, 1872, p. 44).
152 close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid. Fingers with large, truncated disks; disks of toes small; first finger shorter than second ; fingers webbed at the base; toes nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching the disks, except that of the fourth toe; subarticular tubercles present; no metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the tympanum. Upper parts with a few small, flat warts or almost entirely smooth; a curved fold from the eye to the tympanum; lower surfaces wrinkled and with some tubercles or granules. Brown; upper parts indistinctly spotted with black; beneath spotted with white. Length 23 mm.
Two vocal sacs.
Very different from the other species of Cal/ula by the toothed palatine ridges, the webbed fingers, and the absence of metatarsal tubercles. Probably a new genus ought to be created for it.
Habitat: Borneo (Pontianak).
20. Microhyla Tschudi.
(TscuupI, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, IJ, 1839, p. 28, 71). Hylaplesia (Boie) Schlegel, Isis, XX, 1827, p. 294 (part.). Diplope/ma Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 50. Habit slender. Pupil circular. Tongue elliptic, entire and free behind. Palate toothless. Palatine bones not forming ridges across the palate; one or two dermal ridges across the palate, in front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes free or more or less webbed, the tips usually more or less dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
No procoracoids, clavicles or omosternum. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.
Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral. Spiraculum and vent median. Tip of tail ending in a flagellum. Mouth terminal; upper lip abs€ént or feebly developed; papillae and teeth absent. Distribution: south eastern Asia, including western part of the Malay Archipelago.
SiG psis_of the species.
A; Toes free, ‘the ‘tips’ feebly -dilated 2 0.02. 1. M. inornata p. 153. B. Toes webbed at the base.
Itineers and (toes withoutydisks-1s\. 5. cm. ile one 2. M. bungurana p. 154. II. Fingers and toes with disks,
} 153 1. The heel reaches at least the tip ofthe snout. 3. WW. achatina p. 154. 2.Theheel reachestheeyeortobetweeneyeand (HOMINIS ‘5 cg 6 Blond Bia co 6) aleve: oucNe 4. WM, leucostigma p. 156. C. Toes 1/, webbed. The heel reaches beyond the tip Ot TWINS bio ud Gd Oo Blaidsooa neo BS Gos 5. MW. annectens p. 156. D. Toes at least 2/3 webbed.
I. The heel reaches the tip of the snout ..... 6. M. palmipes p. 157. II. The heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout. 7. MZ. derdmorii p. 158. Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
A. Distance between the eyes about 4 times that DAIGOn ie MESTMES B54 oie ste diac 6.0 bla Ooo 3. WM. achatina p. 154. . Distance between the eyes about 6 times that betweenthenostrils Sy a ey sitet sed atie she ks eee ee 7. MM. berdmorii? p. 158. 1. Microhyla inornata Blgr.
Microhyla inornata Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 37. Microhyla inornata Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., 1912, p. 259.
Head as broad as long; snout obtuse, projecting, shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded, straight; loreal region vertical; nostril in the middle between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Tips of fingers and toes feebly dilated; first finger much shorter than second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes free; subarticular tubercles distinct; a very small, round, inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel ‘reaches the temple or the eye; tibia 7/, to '/, length of head and body.
Back smooth or with small smooth warts.
Grey above, spotted or marbled all over with dark brown, the spots sometimes forming longitudinal streaks; sides of head black, with a series of white spots on the upper lip, sometimes confluent into a streak; lower parts brown, sometimes spotted with whitish. Length 27 mm.
Male with an internal vocal sac.
Habitat'): Sumatra (Deli!). -- Burma; Siam; Cochinchina; Malay Peninsula.
1) Boulenger (1912) must have made a mistake in mentioning Borneo among the localities of this species.
154 2. Microhyla bungurana (Gthr.).
Diplopelma bunguranum Giinther, Novit. Zool., I], 1895, p. 501. Diplopelma bunguranum Giinther, Novit. Zool., III, 1896, pl. VIII, figs. 2, 3. Snout somewhat projecting, rather longer than the eye; canthus rostralis angular; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers and toes without disks; first toe very short, third one a little longer than fifth; toes very slightly webbed; metatarsal tubercles very indistinct; the heel does not reach the eye.
Skin of the back minutely granular, nearly smooth; sides and lower parts of the body with larger tubercles. Back dark purplish brown; a reddish-rose-coloured band along the upper outline of the snout and above eye and tympanum to the sides of the body; on the loins it encloses an oval black spot; sides of the head black; throat and part of the belly black, the remainder of the belly being of a yellowishrose-colour; small pointed tubercles of an intense yellow scattered on the sides and lower parts, sometimes two on the chest particularly conspicuous and symmetrically placed; hind limbs rose-coloured; thighs with round yellow spots, calves with one brownish band across the middle, and sometimes a second one nearer to the knee. Length 24 mm.
Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran).
3. Microhyla achatina Boie.
Hylaplesia achatina (Kuhl et v. Hass.) Schlegel, Isis, XX, 1827, p. 294 (nomen nudum).
Microhyla achatina (Boie) Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, I], 1839, p. 28. Microhyla achatina Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 166. Microhyla achatina v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 45 (tadpole). :
Microhyla achatina Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 261.
Microhyla achatina Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, IT, 1917, p. 37, figs. AI—A4 (tadpole).
Microhyla achatina Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 150, text-fig. 8 and pl. VI, fig. 6 (tadpole).
Head about as broad as long; snout obtusely pointed, projecting, as long as or a little longer than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse, straight; loreal region vertical; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout; interorbital space much broader than the upper eyelid. Disks of fingers very small,
155 of toes a little larger; first finger much shorter than second, which is about as long as fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes feebly webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles distinct ; two small metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or a little beyond; tibia '/, to °/, length of head and body.
Skin smooth.
Brownish, reddish or greyish above, usually with dark brown spots or symmetrical markings, or with chevron-shaped darker and lighter lines; a light vertebral line sometimes present; sides of head and body dark brown or black; limbs usually with more or less distinct dark cross-bars; anal region blackish; lower parts purplish buff, the throat sometimes powdered with brownish or blackish.
Length 28 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Tadpole. — Length of body 1°/, times to twice its width; tail twice the length of the body, varying in depth (about 2'/, to 4 times as long as deep). Nostril in the Fig. 22.
middle between eye and upper lip; Microhyla achatina Boie, X 1. eyes lateral, the distance between them about 4 times that between the nostrils; spiraculum median, its transparent sheath opening below the belly; anal tube median, long, opening at the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Tail ending in a fine flagellum; crests moderate, the upper one convex, about '/, to nearly equal to the depth of the lower one, extending on to the base of the tail. Mouth terminal, without upper lip; lower lip large, with undulated border; jaws colourless; papillae and teeth absent. Body colourless, with the back and lip brown, a brown streak between eye and mouth and a small brown spot at the base of the spiracular sheath; muscular part of tail, except the tip, brownish, the crests colourless. Length 25 mm. Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra (Takengan, Gajo countries!; Medan!; Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!; Laut tador; Agam; Singkarah!); Java (Posata, Bantam; Buitenzorg!; Tjibodas, + 1200 m.!; Sukabumi, +900 m.!; Tjiandjur; Mt.
156 Papandajan, +1500 m.; Wonosobo!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.). — Tenasserim; Tonkin; Siam; Cochinchina; Malay Peninsula; Philippines.
4. Microhyla leucostigma Blegr.
Microhyla leucostigma Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) III, 1899, p. 275, jolle, DIOS fife ite Microhyla leucostigma Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 905. Microhyla leucostigna Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 260.
Snout rounded, shorter than the orbit; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers and toes with small, but very distinct disks; first finger much shorter than second ; toes with a slight rudiment of web; subarticular and inner metatarsal tubercles flat, very feebly prominent; the heel reaches the eye or to between the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body.
Skin smooth.
Colour in life black above, with very small scattered bluishwhite spots, which increase in size towards the sides and in the anal region; upper surface of limbs reddish brown, with black cross-bands, and thickly studded with very small white spots; hands and feet with bright yellow spots; below dark brown, blacker on the throat, redder on the belly and thighs, nearly covered with large, very distinctly defined spots of intense yellow, the ground colour appearing as a dark network between them. From snout to vent 27 mm.
Flower describes the copulation as being axillary, the fingers of the male not meeting on the breast of the female. Habitat: Borneo (Baram riv.). — Malay Peninsula, 1070 m. 5. Microhyla annectens Bler.
Microhyla annectens Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) VI, 1900, p. 188. Microhyla annectens v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 404. Microhyla annectens Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 262.
Microhyla niasensis vy. Kampen, in: Kleiweg de Zwaan, Die Insel Nias bei Sumatra, III, Haag, 1915, p. 279.
Head broader than long; snout rounded, projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, as long as deep; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril in the middle between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the
157 upper eyelid. Fingers with small, toes with rather large disks; first finger much shorter than second, which is about as long as fourth; third toe extending beyond fifth; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles feebly prominent; metatarsal tubercles small, the outer one may be absent; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body. Skin smooth, or with small warts above.
Brown or pinkish above, with more or less distinct symmetrical, blackish, light-edged markings, among which usually a large one on the back and a transverse bar between the eyes, both sometimes confluent; side of body, from the shoulder to the lumbar region, usually black, with sharply defined upper outline; an oblique whitish streak from the eye to the base of the fore limb; a narrow, pale, vertebral line may be present; limbs with black cross-bars; lower parts whitish, or marbled with dark brown. Length 22 mm.
Perhaps not different from JZ. palmipes.
Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Deli!; Sungai Kumbang, 1400 m., Kurintji peak; Kurintji!); Borneo (Kidi district in Serawak) ; Java (near Tjibodas, -+- 1400—2000 m.!). — Siam; Malay Peninsula, up to +1200 m.
6. Microhyla palmipes Bler.
Microhyla palmipes Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 108. Head broader than long; snout rounded, feebly projecting, as long as or shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril in the middle between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Disks of fingers and toes very small; first finger much shorter than second, which is about as long as fourth; third toe extending beyond fifth; toes ?/, or */, webbed ; subarticular tubercles distinct; two small metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the tip of the snout; tibia nearly ?/; length of head and body.
Skin smooth, or with small warts above.
Grey-brown above, with or without symmetrical, darker, light-edged markings, viz. a triangle between the eyes, a large /\-shaped figure on the back, and a dark oblique figure from the eye to the middle of the side; a dark oblique bar on the thigh and another one on the tibia; anal region black; a black
158 spot on the inner side of the tibia, a little above the heel; lower parts whitish, throat and belly with a few brown specks; lower lip dark brown with white dots. From snout to vent 18 mm. Habitat: Java (Pengalengan, 1200 m.; Diéng, 2000 m.!); Madura!
7. Microhyla berdmorii (Blyth).
Engystoma (?) Berdmorei Blyth, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXIV, 1855, p. 720. Microhyla berdmorii Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 166. Microhyla berdmorii Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XIII, 1900, p. 496. Microhyla berdmorii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 263.
Snout subacuminate, as long as or a little longer than the orbit; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Fingers with very small, toes with rather large disks; first finger much shorter than second; toes webbed to the tips; subarticular tubercles very distinct; two very small metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body.
Skin smooth, or with a few scattered tubercles on back and sides.
Brownish, olive or pinkish above; a darker, light-edged, hourglass-shaped, large spot on the head and anterior part of the back, beginning between the eyes, sometimes continued on the hind part of the back; black spots on the sides of the limbs and occasionally on the flanks; a chevron-shaped black marking on the anal region; lower surface whitish, throat and breast clouded with brown. From snout to vent 45 mm. Male with an internal vocal sac.
Tadpole. — Flower (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 903, pl. LX, figs. 2, 2a—c) has described tadpoles of a Wicrohyla sp. from Penang, which Annandale (Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, IQI7, p. 151) suggests to belong to M. berdmori. Their description runs as follows:
Length of body about 1'/, times its width; tail r1*/, to 1°/, the length of the body. Nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; eyes lateral, visible from above and from below, the distance between them about 6 times that between the nostrils; spiraculum median, the opening of its transparent sheath in a vertical line drawn behind the body; anal tube median. Tail ending in a very fine pointed filament; the upper crest