271 fingers and the three inner toes colourless; beneath ivory white. From snout to vent 45 mm.
Habitat: Java (Tjisurupan).
4. Philautus anodon (v. Kamp.).
Rhacophorus anodon v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 400, pl. XVI, fig. 4.
Tongue without papilla. Width of head equal to its length, and 1/, the length of head and body; snout strongly projecting, transversely truncate; canthus rostralis angular, straight, as long as the upper eyelid; loreal region almost vertical, concave; nostril quite near the tip of the snout; interorbital space twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as and close to the eye. Fingers with large disks, diameter of disk of third finger more than half that of Fig. 29. Philautus anodon (vy. Kamp.)., + XX 2. tympanum; disks of toes a little smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers free, toes with a rudiment of web, which between the three outer toes only includes about one-half of the first phalanx; subarticular tubercles distinct, no metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; terminal phalanges T-shaped; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia nearly */, the length of head and body.
Skin adherent to the skull, entirely smooth.
Brownish violet, lighter beneath; several small white dots,
272 viz. several ones scattered on back and belly, a series along the canthus rostralis and the outer border of the upper eyelid, other ones along the lips, on fingers and toes, and in transverse series on the limbs, a larger one, bordered with dark, behind each tympanum. Length 24 mm.
Type specimen examined.
Habitat: Sumatra (near Ajer mantjur, Kaju tanam!). 5. Philautus longicrus (Blgr.).
Ixalus longicrus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 88. Snout pointed, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal region concave; nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about */, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers a little smaller than the tympanum; fingers free; toes half webbed; the heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout, the knee reaches the shoulder.
Above rough with small warts; two oblique glandular ridges, converging behind, between the shoulders; throat smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.
Grey above, with a large X-shaped dark marking or a pair of )(-shaped bands on the back; a dark cross band or triangular blotch between the eyes, and regular cross bands on the limbs; a black, light edged spot on the knee; a streak below the canthus rostralis, a bar below the eye, and the whole temporal region blackish; dirty white beneath, throat finely speckled with brown, a series of smal] round spots on the lower lip. From snout to vent 21 mm.
Male with internal vocal sacs.
Habitat: Pelawan.
6. Philautus jacobsoni (v. Kamp.).
Ixalus jacobsoni v. Kampen, Notes Leyden Mus., XXXIV, 1911—12, p. 78. Tongue without papilla. Head as long as broad; snout pointed, projecting, a little shorter than the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril in the middle between tip of snout and eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers large, those of the two outer fingers a little larger
273 than the tympanum; disks of toes a little smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers with a feeble rudiment of web; third and fifth toe of equal length; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed ; an oblong inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer one; no tarsal fold; terminal phalanges club-shaped; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia a little more than half length of head and body.
Skin of upper parts smooth, with a few small tubercles on the occiput; throat, belly and lower surface of thighs granular. Upper parts dark violet-brown, lower surfaces shaded with dark; groin and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs light-coloured. Length 24 mm.
Type specimen examined.
Habitat: Java (Mt. Ungaran!).
7. Philautus similis nova spec.
Tongue without papilla. Head slightly broader than long; snout pointed, projecting, hardly shorter than the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum nearly invisible, about '/, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers large, those of the two outer fingers a little larger than the tympanum; disks of toes a little smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is much shorter than fourth; fingers with a feeble rudiment of web; third and fifth toe of equal length; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles well-developed; an oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches hardly beyond the tip of the snout; tibia a little more than half length of head and body. Upper surfaces smooth; throat, belly and lower surface of thighs granular.
Blackish, variegated with light brown above; limbs with dark cross-bars; lower parts yellowish brown. Length 29 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Talamau, 1200 m.!, E. Jacobson leg.). 8. Philautus pallidipes (Barb.).
Ixalus pallidipes Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, p. 190. Philautus pallidipes Barbour, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zo6l. Harvard Coll., XLIV, 1, 1912, p. 69.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 18
274 Snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis moderately distinct; loreal region slightly concave; nostril slightly nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum rather indistinct, round, '/, the width of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes distinct, larger than tympanum; fingers free, toes not quite half webbed; subarticular tubercles small; a small, elongate, inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.
Skin minutely granular above; throat and belly more coarsely granular. | Upper surfaces uniform brown, varying from dark reddish to greyish; palms of hands and ends of toes yellow; beneath yellow, speckled with dark brown, most intensely on the throat; thighs barred with dark brown. Length 25 mm. Habitat: Java (near the summit of Mt. Pangeranggo). g. Philautus cornutus (Blegr.).
Jxalus cornutus Boulenger, Jrn. Fed. Malay St. Mus., VIII, 1920, p. 295, pl. VIII, figs. 2, 2a—c.
Head as long as broad; snout pointed, projecting, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region concave; nostril nearer to end of snout than to eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, */, diameter of eye. Disks larger than the tympanum; fingers free, toes with a mere rudiment of web; subarticular tubercles feeble; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching beyond tip of snout; tibia */, to 7/; length of head and body. Upper parts with small granular asperities and symmetrical glandular ridges, the most constant of which extends from the eye to the sacral region, converging towards its fellow; another ridge may extend across the interocular region; a strong fold from the eye to the shoulder; a more or less developed conical tubercle on the upper eyelid; lower parts granulate, the granules larger in the males, especially on the throat.
Brown, grey or yellowish-green above, with very variable darker markings; the larger tubercles sometimes whitish; a black streak from the tip of the snout to the shoulder, passing through the eye, and another between the eyes; a yellowish
275 spot sometimes present on the upper surface of the snout, followed or not by a yellowish cross-band between the eyes; limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bands; lower parts yellowish brown, spotted with dark brown; throat of male sometimes blackish. From snout to vent 28 mm. Male with an internal vocal sac.
Habitat: Sumatra (Sungai Kring, 2200 m., Kurintji peak). 10. Philautus vittiger (Blgr.).
Ixalus vittiger Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 106. Snout truncate, not projecting, as long as the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes smaller than the tympanum; fingers with a rudiment of web, toes ?/, webbed; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above; throat smooth, belly granulate. Pale grey above, spotted all over with black; a white, blackedged streak on each side from eye to groin, another on the arm, and a third one on the thigh; fore-arm and tibia spotted with black; lower parts white. From snout to vent 22 mm. Habitat: Java (Pengalengan, 1200 m.).
11. Philautus petersi (Bler.).
Txalus aurifasciatus Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, III, 1872, p. 44. Ixalus Peterst Boulenger, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1900, p. 185, pl. XVII, fig. 3. Snout rounded or obtusely pointed, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril a little nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, 2/, or '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers a little smaller than the tympanum; fingers free; toes half webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout.
Upper parts smooth or with small flat warts; belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.
Grey-brown above, with dark brown symmetrical markings, a cross-band between the eyes being constant; usually a ) ( or )-(-shaped marking on the anterior part of the body; a
276 dark streak on the canthus rostralis; limbs with dark crossbars; lower parts white, with or without brown spots on the throat. From snout to vent 40 mm.
Ph. peterst is distinguished from Ph. aurifasciatus, after Boulenger, by a larger, more distinct tympanum, longer digits and a duller colouration. The size of the tympanum and the colouration, however, are very variable in Ph. aurifasciatus, and therefore the differences between the two species are very slight, if at all present. Perhaps the shape of the snout and the position of the nostrils are more valuable characters in distinguishing both species.
Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Mt. Penrissen; Mt. Dulit).
12. Philautus aurifasciatus (Schlg.).
Hyla aurifasciata (nomen nudum), Kuhl en y. Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode, 1822, p. 104.
Hyla aurifasciata Schlegel, Abbild, neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 27, pl. IX, fig. 4.
Ixalus aurifasciatus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal, Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 100. Ixalus aurifasciatus Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 142. Ixalus aurifasciatus vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool, Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 404. Tongue without papilla. Head as long as broad; snout pointed, projecting, about as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, curved; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, 1/, to nearly '/, the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers and toes rather large, those of third finger and fourth toe about as large as the tympanum; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers free or very slightly webbed, toes '/, to '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; a small, rounded, inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril or the tip of the snout; tibia half the length of head and body or a little longer.
Skin with a few small tubercles above, granular on throat, belly and lower side of thighs.
Coloration very variable. Brown, black, or green above, darker marbled or with irregular yellow streaks; sometimes a narrow light vertebral line; upper parts of snout often light,
277 usually bordered behind by a dark cross-band between the eyes; the light colour of the snout is sometimes extending along the middle of the back; sometimes one to three large yellow or white spots in the loin; limbs with dark cross-bars; lower parts yellowish, greyish or brownish, sometimes with a narrow white median line. From snout to vent 31 m. Habitat: Sumatra (Karo countries, + 400 m.!; Petani, Deli, 1000 m.!); Java (Buitenzorg?; Mt. Pangeranggo; Mt. Gedeh, + 1200 and 1600 m.!; near Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.; Mt. Ungaran?!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.).
11. Nyetixalus Blgr.
(BouLENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) X, 1882, p. 35). Pupil vertical. Tongue deeply notched and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or indistinct. Fingers free, toes more or less webbed; tips of fingers and toes with disks. Outer metatarsals united.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary ossicle between the two distal phalanges '); terminal phalanges obtuse.
But for the shape of the pupil JV. rodznsonz closely resembles Philautus aurifasciatus, as Annandale remarks, and the same seems to be true for V. margaritifer and Ph. anodon or flavosignatus. It is therefore not impossible, that Vyctzralus is based on species of Phzlautus, in which the shape of the pupil is variable; it should be desirable to examine this character in living specimens.
Distribution: Java.
Synopsis of the Species.
A. Tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. . 1. WV. margaritifer p. 277. B. Tympanum indistinct, very small.......... 2. N. robinsoni p. 278. 1. Nyctixalus margaritifer Blgr.
Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) X, 1882, p. 35. Head rather large, broader than the body; snout prominent, obliquely truncate; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region 1) After a communication of Mr. Malc. Smith, who kindly examined a specimen of NV. margaritifer for me.
278 concave; nostril close to tip of snout; interorbital space concave, broader than the upper eyelid; eye large; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers rather long, first shorter than second; toes short, with a slight web at the base, extending as a narrow fringe along the sides; subarticular tubercles moderately developed; a very indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tip of the snout. Upper surface with very small pearl-like scattered tubercles; upper eyelid strongly tubercular; belly and lower surface of thighs granulate.
Dark brown; a yellow spot on each shoulder; other, smaller, yellow spots on the limbs, fingers and toes; belly marbled with yellow. From snout to vent 35 mm.
Male without vocal sacs.
Habitat: Java (Mt. Willis).
2. Nyctixalus robinsoni Annand.
Nyctixalus margaritifer Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., XLIV, ToeTOT2.ps7OpiesVallemiguege.
Nyctixalus robinsoni Annandale, Jrn. Feder. Malay States Mus., VII, 1917, p. 110. Head large, triangular; snout pointed, a little longer than the orbit; nostril about in the middle between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space flat, broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum indistinct, very small. Disks of fingers and toes at least as large as the tympanum; fingers short, first not extending as far as second; toes about '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles feebly developed; an indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the anterior border of the eye or the tip of the snout.
Upper surface with scattered rounded tubercles; upper eyelid tubercular; throat and belly coarsely tubercular; a strong fold above the tympanum.
Upper surface dark grey or brown, obscurely mottled; sometimes a silvery cross-bar between the eyes; sides mottled with black and white; hind limbs with irregular brown crossbars; lower surface speckled with grey or entirely infuscated. Length 20 mm.
Male without vocal sacs.
Habitat: Java (near Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.).