239 Distribution: Burma; Philippines; Borneo; Solomon Islands; Fiji islands.
SViopsis/ot the, Species:
A, Two metatarsal tubercles.
PyDiskssotetoespsmallarenesraitanecsiarenesered)Ton.G..vetters7s)4220% USTOMESWhenoesMeRee)AodoaoluoubreibcadaMgboudet2.C.guppyip.240. &. One metatarsal tubercle.
Ieieelereachings beyond tip) Gf snout.) ifs er-kees = 3. C. unicolor p. 240. eeieeleneachinomthicunostrilesem cust ci jbl eh iene 4. C. baluensis p. 241. 1. Cornufer vitiensis (Girard).
Hlalophila vitiensis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (1852/53), 1854, »' 423.
aera dorsalis Boulenger (nec Duméril), Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p- 108, with figs.
Cornufer dorsalis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups behind the level of the choanae. Snout 1'/, the length of the orbit; canthus rostralis angular; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, half the width of the eye. Disks of fingers large, of toes small; first finger shorter than second; third toe longer than fifth; toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles well developed, two metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches beyond the eye.
Skin smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granular; a small tubercle on the upper eyelid.
Greyish or reddish brown above, with more or less distinct blackish markings on the back; sometimes a light line along the middle of the head and along the hind limbs; hind limbs with black cross-bars; lower surfaces more or less marbled with brown.
Boulenger identifies Halophila vitienses. Girard with Cornufer dorsalis, described by A. Duméril (Ann. Sc. Nat., (3) XIX, 1853, p. 174) from Java. The type specimen of the latter, however, preserved in the Paris museum, and examined by me, does not agree with the species of the Fiji islands, after the description of Boulenger, having small digital disks, first finger longer than second, the heel reaching beyond the tip of the snout and longitudinal folds on the back; the tongue bears a papilla. It is a species of Rana (Platymantis), the nearest
240 ally of which seems to be Rana (Platymantis) meyeri Gthr. from the Philippines. The locality Java certainly is incorrect; probably it is a Philippine species (see Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1873;.p: 611).
Barbour (Proc. New England Zodél. Club, VII, 1921, p. 97) suggests that the specimens, mentioned from the Solomon islands by Boulenger, belong to C. guppy; C. vitiensis then should be an inhabitant of the Fiji islands only. Habitat: Solomon islands. — Fiji islands.
2. Cornufer guppyi Bler.
Cornufer guppyi Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 211. Cornufer Guppyi Boulenger, Transact. Zool, Soc, London, XII, 1886, p. 53, pl. XI, fig. 1.
Tongue without papilla; vomerine teeth in two short transverse or slightly oblique series behind the level of the choanae. Head large, much depressed, a little broader than long, its length a little more than '/, the length of head and body; snout rounded, not projecting, a little longer than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly curved; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril much nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space plane, as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, °/,; the diameter of the eye. Disks of fingers very large, of outer fingers nearly as large as the tympanum; disks of toes large, but a little smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second, which is as long as fourth; toes '/; webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; two rather indistinct, much flattened metatarsal tubercles; the heel reaches the anterior corner of the eye.
Smooth, belly and lower surface of thighs granular; a fold above the tympanum.
Greyish brown or pinkish above, spotted or dotted with brown; limbs cross-barred; lower surface whitish. Length more than 100 mm.
Male with internal vocal sacs.
Habitat: Solomon islands.
3. Cornufer unicolor Tschudi.
Cornufer unicolor (part.) Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 28. Cornufer unicolor Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 107. Tongue feebly notched; vomerine teeth behind the level of
241 the choanae. Head much depressed, as long as broad; occiput longitudinally concave, with a median crest; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region high, oblique; eye large, prominent; tympanum */, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes slender, with rather large disks; first and second finger equal; third toe a little shorter than fifth; toes webbed at the base; a feeble inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout.
Upper eyelid with a conical tubercle; a fold above the tympanum; breast and belly granular.
Dark brown above, lighter beneath.
I suggest that this species is based on specimens of Rana rugata. Habitat: New Guinea.
4. Cornufer baluensis Blegr.
Cornufer baluensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XVII, 1896, p. 449. Rana sariba Shelford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XV, 1905, p. 209. Cornufer baluensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 373. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups behind the level of the choanae. Snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region concave; interorbital space nearly as broad as the upper eyelid; crown flat; tympanum */, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes with welldeveloped disks, which are much smaller than the tympanum; first finger a little shorter than second; toes '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate, feebly prominent; a feebly prominent oval inner metatarsal tubercle, as long as the inner toe without the disk; no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the nostril.
Upper parts and throat granulate, some of the granules confluent into wavy, longitudinal, short ridges; belly and lower surface of limbs smooth.
Greyish brown above, marbled with darker; limbs with rather irregular dark cross-bars; whitish beneath, throat and lower surface of limbs marbled with brown. From snout to vent 35 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Mt. Saribau, Serawak). 8. Batrachylodes Blegr.
(BouLENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337). Pupil horizontal. Tongue oval, feebly nicked and free behind. INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 16
242 No vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips dilated into large disks. Outer metatarsals united '). Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges '); the latter T-shaped.
Distribution: Solomon islands.
1. Batrachylodes vertebralis Bler.
Batrachylodes vertebralis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 337, pl. XXVIII, fig. 3.
Batrachylodes vertebralis Barbour, Proc. New England Zod]. Club, VII, 1921, p. 95. Snout obtuse, short; loreal region nearly vertical; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum ?/, the width of the eye. Disk of third finger as large as the tympanum, disks of toes smaller than those of fingers; first finger shorter than second; subarticular tubercles feeble; a rather indistinct oval inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the posterior border of the eye. Skin smooth.
Brown or yellowish above; a fine whitish vertebral line, continued along the upper surface of the thigh and the outer side of tibia and tarsus, and a whitish line on the canthus rostralis and continued behind the eye to the groin, may be present; side of head and anterior half of body sometimes dark brown; indistinct brown bands across the limbs; lower parts white or yellow. From snout to vent 30 mm. Habitat: Solomon islands.
9g. Rhacophorus Kuhl & v. Hass.
(KuHL en v. HAssELT, Alg. Konst- en Letter-bode, 1822, p. 104). Polypedates Tschudi, Mém. Soc, Sc. Neuchatel, I], 1839, p. 75. Pupil horizontal. Tongue deeply notched and free behind. Vomerine teeth present ?). Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers free or webbed, toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes with disks. Outer metatarsals separated by web.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. An intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the latter generally bifurcate.
1) After a communication by Dr. Boulenger.
2) Except sometimes in RA. edentulus.
243 Tadpoles. — Eyes lateral or superior. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent dextral, at some distance above the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Upper crest of tail not extending beyond base of tail. Mouth normal; papillae absent along the upper border of the upper lip; series of teeth 4 to 7/3. Distribution: Madagascar; E.- and S.E.-Asia; western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, including Celebes. Synopsis of the Species.
A. Fingers free. Back with rough warts...... I. Rh. leprosus p. 244. ZL. Fingers webbed at the base. | I,Tympanum more than half the width of the eye.
1. A bony crest above the tympanum. ... 2. Rh. otilophus p. 245. 2. Head without crests.
a. Tympanum smaller than the eye.
a. Skin of the head coossified with the SH UP ates cs a Lies op eon ees 3. RA. leucomystax p. 246, 249. f. Skin of the head not ossified.... 4. Rh. colletti p. 250. 6. Tympanum as large as the eye..... 5. Rh. macrotis p. 251. II. Tympanum not more than half the width oftheeye.
1.The heel reaches a little beyond the tip ofthe snout.) with, a) tubercles .(.).0 4c ... 6. Rh. everetti p. 251. 2. The heel reaches far beyond the tip of the, snout, with a tubercle...) 3.5% .. 7. Rh. macroscelis p. 252. 3-The heel reaches far beyond the tip of the snout, without tubercle........ 8. Rh. hosit p. 253. C. Fingers (at least the outer ones) !/3 webbed, or more, the web not reaching disk of third finger. I, Head with four spine-like processes. ... . 9g. Kh. georgii p. 253. II.Headsmooth.
I. Heel with dermal appendage.
a. The heel reaches beyond the tip of the STLOUt "hs hy ae. ay AN Dydd anata 10. Rh, javanus p. 254. 6.The heel does not reach beyond the tip of the snout.
g. Outer fingers 1/, webbed... ... 11. Rh. appendiculatus p. 255. @. Outer fingers '/. webbed. ...... 12. Rh. poecilonotus p. 256. = y- Outer fingers about 2/, webbed .. . 13. Kh. bifasciatus p. 257. d. Fingers nearly entirely webbed . . . 14. RA. dulitensis p. 258, = 2. Heel without dermal appendage.
244 a.Outerfingers!/,webbed.Vomerineteeth NOKMAlLyedeveloPedtemMemmi.opiaie=_.+15.Rh.modestusp.259. 6, Outer fingers half webbed. Vomerine teeth very reduced or absent...... 16. Rh. cdentuluis p. 259. c.Outerfingers2/,webbed.Vomerineteeth normally developed.
a. Interorbital space broader than the nya esreliel > Gt ai OMe Gta ono ee bee 17. Rh. acutirostris p. 260. @.Interorbital space as broad as the WP PELReyelidtsmen t-te tr. BN, POOR 18. Rh. monticola p. 261. D, The web between the fingers reaches at least the disks of the three outer ones. I, Hind limbs with dark cross-bars, 1.Snoutpointed.
a. Disks of fingers much smaller than USA NNUEEN 695 815 Oe pig d me ooo 6 19. Rh. shelfordi p. 262. 6.Disks of fingers nearly as large as iMMeeHoRNoNevaya)taalGsei.Okoze.pilhoiesa)20.Rh.fasciatusp.262. Al fspevonie: onboydleval 4s Fang nd & don ean eo 21. Rh. pardalis p. 263. II. Hind limbs without dark cross-bars. 1. The web does not reach the disk of the fitStehacet aes oie un yeht eh: per tome ate meis 22. Rh reinwardti p. 264. 2. The web reaches the disk of the first finger. 23. AA. nigropalmatus p. 266. Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
A. Eyes lateral. Series of teeth 4 to 5/3. I. Spiraculum in the middle between end of snout ahakchaeintn5)oooudteestyaWesGeorneoeartiOya.2.Rh.otilophusp.245. II. Spiraculum nearer to the vent than to the tip of WS SOM Le A gt Aun ob clout lo bye o- Sky one & 3. Rh. leucomystax p. 246. B. Eyes superior. Series of teeth 6 to 7/3. : : 10. Rh. javanus? p. 254.
I, Tail Care eigen core. uremremenres crea ooteusoleemre : haa 18. Rh. monticola? p. 261.
Ul, Malhrounded secs wetet a ccctaue rec er emesy nats 22. Rh. reinwardti p. 264. 1. Rhacophorus leprosus (S. Miill.). Theloderma leporosa (S. Miiller), Tschudi, Mém. Soc. Sc. Neuchatel, I, 1839, p. 73. Hyla leprosa Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p- 105.
Hyla leprosa Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., Breda, 1858, II, p. 55, pl. IV, fig. 68. Theloderma leprosa Horst, Notes Leyden Mus., V, 1883, p. 237. Polypedates leprosus Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) XX, 1887, p. 315, pl. XVI, figs. A, a, al.
245 Rhacophorus leprosus Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins,, Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 247.
Vomerine teeth in two short, nearly transverse series close to the inner front edges of the choanae. Head broader than long; snout rounded, vertically truncate, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region very oblique, feebly concave; nostril close to the end of the snout; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, */; diameter of eye. Diameter of disks of outer fingers half to nearly as large as the width of the tympanum, those of first finger and toes smaller; first finger shorter than second, which is shorter than fourth; fingers free; third toe as long as fifth; toes nearly entirely webbed, the web reaching the disks of third and fifth, third phalanx of fourth toe included by a narrow fringe; subarticular tubercles well developed; a small inner metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches between eye and tip of snout; tibia half length of head and body.
Upper parts entirely covered with very prominent, rough warts of different sizes; lower parts of head and body, arms and thighs granular.
Colour in life chocolate-brown above, the top of the warts paler, some of those on the back yellow; jet-black beneath, marbled with pale bluish grey; lower surface of fingers and toes, interdigital web, and disks bright rose-red. From snout to vent 65 mm.
Male without vocal sac.
Type specimen examined in the Leiden Museum '). Habitat: Sumatra (near Padang!). — Malay Peninsula, 800—1370 m.
2. Rhacophorus otilophus Bler.
Rhacophorus otilophus Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 527, pl. XLIV (with tadpole).
Rhacophorus otilophus vy. Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 705. Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series close to the inner anterior edge of the large choanae. Head much depressed, 1) The type specimen has the tongue pointed and not notched behind, as already stated by Tschudi and Horst. It is however clearly visible, that this ‘condition has been caused by lesion.
246 large, a little broader than long; snout pointed, a little longer than the orbit; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region deeply concave; nostril close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum nearly as large as the eye. Disks of fingers rather large, of toes smaller; fingers with a rudimentary web; toes */, webbed; the heel reaches between the eye and the nostril. Skin adherent to the rugose frontoparietals; a strong spinose bony crest above the tympanum; a spine at the angles of the jaws; back finely, belly and lower surface of thighs coarsely granulate; heel, and sometimes the elbow, with a small triangular dermal appendage.
Pale olive above, with dark grey spots and longitudinal streaks; hind limbs with dark cross-bars. Length 80 mm. Male with internal vocal sacs.
Tadpole. — Length of body 1'/, to 1?/,; times its width, 3/, to */, the length of the tail, which is 2'/, to 3 times as long as deep, the depth of the muscular portion being about 9/, of the total depth. Nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; eyes lateral, equally distant from the spiraculum and the end of the snout ora little nearer to the former, the distance between them 2'/, to 3 times that between the nostrils, and 2'/, to 2'/, times the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, equidistant from the end of the snout and the vent; vent dextral, above the lower edge of the tail. Tail acutely pointed.
Lower border of lips with papillae; jaws black; series of teeth 3'3/3. Length 80 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (district Palembang!); Borneo (Bongon, N.-Borneo; Baram; Serawak).
3. Rhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl).
Ffyla leucomystax (Kuhl), Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae, 1829, p. 26.
Hyla leucomystax Schlegel, Abbild. neuer oder unvollst. bek. Amph., Diisseldorf, 1837—44, p. 140, pl. L, figs. 1, 2, 4.
Rhacophorus maculatus (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 83. Hylorana longipes Fischer, Arch. f. Naturgesch., LI, I, 1885, p. 47. Rhacophorus leucomystax Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 29, with fig. of skull.
Rhacophorus leucomystax Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 474, pl. XLIV, fig. 2 (with tadpole),