175 times dark brown; lips usually with dark spots or vertical bars; limbs with more or less distinct dark brown cross-bars; hinder side of thighs spotted or marbled with black; lower surfaces yellow or pale orange, uniform or spotted with brown. Length 230 mm.
Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with slightly expanded tip.
Male without vocal sacs.
The food consists of snails, crabs, scorpions and insects (Flower).
Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width; tail about twice the length of the body, about 4 times as long as deep, the depth of the muscular portion at its base about 0,7 the greatest total depth. Nostril about halfway between eyes and end of snout; eyes superior, nearer to the end of the snout than to the spiraculum, the distance between them once and a half to twice that between the nostrils, and slightly greater than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, nearer to the vent than to the end of the snout; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tail acutely pointed; upper crest convex, slightly deeper than the lower one, not extending to base of tail.
Lower lip and sides of upper lip bordered with papillae; jaws broadly edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/1,1, the outer row of lower lip very short, the inner one the longest and narrowly interrupted.
In life light reddish brown above, mottled with darker brown; a dark brown line through the eye, sometimes other dark lines radiating from the eye; crests of tail colourless, with irregular dark brown vertical bars; belly buff, transparent. Lencth. 37) nim:
Blanford, Flower and Boulenger distinguish two forms of Rana macrodon, the ,forma typica” and var. d/ythzz Blegr. (1920), which are, however, not sharply separated. In the var. db/ythiz, after Boulenger, the head is narrower than usually in the typical form ; the eye is usually larger, the canthus rostralis more distinct, the loreal region less oblique; the tympanum is often smaller (?/; to 3/, the width of the eye, in the typical form °/, to 3/,), the toes are often less broadly webbed, the heel is sometimes reaching the tip of the snout (in the forma typica the eye or between
176 eye and tip of snout). The typical form inhabits: Singapore, Engano, the Natuna islands, Borneo, Java’), the var. dlythii: the Continent, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines. Habitat”): Simalur!; Pulo Babi!; Nias!; Mentawei islands (Sipora); Engano; Sumatra (Lho Sukon, Atjeh!; Gajo countries!; Sukaranda, Upper Langkat; Deli!; Batak mts.; Lauttador; Sibolga!; Talu!; Matua!; near Solok and Singkarah!; Sungai Kumbang, 1600 m.! and Sandaran Agung, 745 m., Kurintji!; Muarasako, Kurintji!; Indragiri; Ajer Njuruk, Dempu, 1400 m.!; Pasemah!; Rawas riv.); Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (Baram riv.; Mt. Dulit; Seberuang riv.; Balikpapam!); Java (Buitenzorg!; Pasirdatar, g00 m.!; Sukabumi!; Babakan!). — Burma; Annam; Siam; Malay Peninsula, up to 1200 m.; Singapore; Philippines.
6. Rana modesta Bler.
Rana modesta Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 25, pl. I, fig. 3. Rana modesta F. Miller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, X, 1895, p. 867. Rana modesta Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 228. Rana microtympanum vy. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p- 386 (with tadpole), pl. XVI, fig. 2 (head). Rana magna Stejneger, Smithson. Misc. Coll., LII, 1910, p. 437. Rana modesta v. Kampen, Bijdr. t. d. Dierk., pt. 19, 1913, p. 89 (tadpole). Rana modesta Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVI, 1918, p. 411. Rana magna, R. modesta and R. microtympanum Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 45, 46.
Vomerine teeth in two moderately long oblique series between the choanae and extending beyond the level of their posterior borders, or entirely behind them; lower jaw with two bony processes in front, which are feebly developed in the female, larger and acutely pointed in the male. Head larger in the male than in the female, as broad as or broader than long; snout rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril in the middle between the tip of the snout and the eye, or nearer the first; interorbital space about as broad as the upper eyelid in the adult, usually narrower in the young; tympanum distinct, '/, 1) After Boulenger also Lombok, Flores, Halmahera en Batjan; see, however, thenextnote.
2) The specimens described by various authors from Lombok, Flores, Celebes, the Moluccas and the Philippines probably belong to R. modesta and grunniens,
177 9 to */, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers swollen or with very small disks, of toes with very small to rather large disks (up to ?/, the width of the tympanum); first finger as long or nearly as long as, or extending beyond second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed; an oblong inner metatarsal tubercle, measuring ”/, to '/, the length of the inner toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle ; a dermal fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe; a tarsal fold, sometimes absent; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or between the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia about half as long as the distance between tip of snout and vent; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping or just meeting.
Back with small granules and larger warts or short longitudinal folds, sometimes nearly smooth; a fold above the tympanum; upper eyelids tubercular; a more or less distinct ridge between the latter usually present; smooth beneath. Brown, grey-brown, or blackish olive above, with or without rather indistinct darker spots; sometimes two lighter stripes on the back and the canthi rostrales, meeting on the tip of the snout; sometimes a light vertebral stripe; often a dark cross-bar between the eyes; sometimes a black spot on the tympanum; upper lip with dark vertical bars; limbs with dark cross-bars; posterior surface of thighs dark brown, with light spots or marblings; lower parts white, uniform or speckled or spotted with brown. From snout to vent 102 mm. Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with slightly expanded tip.
Male with two small internal vocal sacs.
Tadpole. — Length of body about 1'/, times its width or somewhat less; tail not quite twice the length of the body and 4 to 5 times as long as deep. Nostril nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout; eyes superior, as far from tip of snout as from spiraculum, the distance between them hardly greater than that between the nostrils, which equals the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, equally distant from tip of snout and hind limbs; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tip of tail rounded; crests low, the upper one a little deeper than the lower one and reaching to base of tail.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 12
178 Mouth ventral; lower lip and sides of upper one with papillae, which are small in number; jaws narrowly black-edged; series of teeth 1/42/15.
Upper surface, muscular part of tail and sometimes part of the crests brown; other parts white. Length 38 mm. Closely related to R. grunniens, from which it is distinguished by the generally shorter series of vomerine teeth and the presence of vocal sacs in the male.
BOULENGER (1920) distinguishes 3 species, but the differences are slight: | First finger much longer than second. Tympanum '/, to */; diameter of eye. Heels not overlapping. Disks of toes rather large: R. magna Stejn. (Celebes; Philippines). First finger much longer than second. Tympanum ?/, to */; diameter of eye. Heels overlapping. Disks of toes very small: Rk. modesta Blgr. (Saleyer; Celebes; Talaut islands; Nusa Laut). First finger as long as or a little shorter than second. Tympanum '/, diameter of eye: R. microtympanum v. Kamp. (Celebes) (based on young specimens).
Habitat: Lombok (+680 m.); Flores!; Saleyer!; Celebes (Loka!; Bontorio; Bwoél; Matinan mts.; Pinapuan!; Kwandang!; Gorontalo; Gurupahi!; Tomohon; Menado!); Talaut islands! ; Halmahera!; Batjan; Buru, up to 1200 m.!; Ceram!; Ambon!; Uliaser!). — Philippines.
7. Rana kuhli Schlg.
Rana Kuhlii (Schlegel), Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 384; IX, 1854, [p. 394.
Rana conspicillata Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 597, pl. XL, fig. A. Rana kuhlii part., Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 20. Rana paradoxa Mocquard, Nouv. Arch, Mus. d’Hist. nat., (3) II, 1890, p. 148, pl. X, figs. 3—3¢.
Rana Kuhli Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VII, 1891, p. 344. Rana Kuhli Mocquard, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, V, 1892, p. 198. Rana Kuhlii Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, IQI2, p. 229.
Rana kuhlii Smith, Jrn, Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 262, figs. 1—1 4 (tadpole). Rana kuhlii Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 62. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series just behind the level of the choanae; lower jaw with two tooth-like processes, feebly developed in the female, large, obtuse and fitting into deep pits of the upper jaw in the adult male. Head broader than long,
179 larger in the male than in the female; snout rounded or obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or shorter than the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis indistinct or none; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space as broad as or broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden (in preserved specimens it can sometimes be distinguished below the skin), '/, to 7/, the width of the eye. Fingers obtuse or with slightly swollen tips, toes with small, but distinct disks; first finger as long as, or extending a little beyond second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes entirely webbed or terminal phalanx of fourth toe free; subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle narrow, ?/, to 2/, the length of the inner toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle; a dermal ridge along outer side of fifth toe; a tarsal fold; Eiesieel reaches ‘the temple or the eye; tibia 7/. to */, the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels do not overlap. Above with short longitudinal folds or roundish tubercles, sometimes nearly smooth, except upon the tibia, which is coarsely granulate ; a fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath. Brown or olive-green above, with or without irregular small black -spots; often a black transverse bar, preceded by a yellowish one, between the eyes; sometimes a yellow vertebral stripe; lips and limbs mottled or spotted with dark olivebrown; lower parts buff, the throat often marbled or reticulated with brown, From snout to vent 105 mm.
Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with transversely expanded tips.
Male without vocal sacs.
Tadpole. —. Length of body 1'/, times its width; tail 4 times as long as deep. Nostril halfway between eye and tip of snout; eyes superior, the distance between them 1!/, times that between the nostrils; spiraculum sinistral, nearer to the eye than to the vent, which is dextral. Tail obtusely pointed, the crests rather low, the upper one a little deeper than the lower one, not extending on to the back.
Mouth with short papillae at the sides and below; jaws broadly edged with black; series of teeth 111/3, the outer row of lower lip about '/, the length of the two inner ones, which are subequal, the first one sometimes narrowly interrupted.
180 In life olive above, speckled with blackish, nearly colourless below. Length 45 mm.
Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Sukaranda, Upper Langkat; Deli!; Brastagi, Karo highland, 1400 m.!; Bandarbaru, Batak mts., + 900 m.!; Mt. Simbolon; Korintji valley, 900 m.; Korintji peak, 1400 m.; Muarolabu; Barisan mts., 1200 m.); Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Mt. Kalawat and Mt. Kappa, Brit. N.-Borneo; Baram riv.; Matang; S.-E.-Borneo) ; Java (near Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!); Celebes (Bua Praeng; Minahasa). — S.-China, Loo Choo islands and Formosa to Malay Peninsula.
8. Rana microdisca Bttegr.
Rana microdisca Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. f. Naturk. (1887—91), 1892, p. 137. Rana microdisca Boettger, Jen. Denkschr., VII, 1894, p. 113, pl. V, figs. 2a—d. Rana leytensis Boettger, Zool. Anz., XVI, 1894, p. 365. kana microdisca Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1897, p. 230. Rana microdisca v, Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXII, 1905, p. 702. Rana microdisca Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 57. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, beginning between the choanae, and extending beyond their hinder level, or entirely behind them; lower jaw with two acute, tooth-like processes in the male, with feeble prominences in the female. Head as long as broad or somewhat broader than long; snout rounded, vertically truncate or feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis distinct, obtuse; loreal region oblique, feebly concave; nostril as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye or a tittle nearer the first; interorbital space about as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct, ?/, to °/, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers feebly swollen or with very small disks, toes with very small disks; first finger extending as far as or beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes ?/, to */, webbed, two or three phalanges of fourth one free; subarticular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oblong, no outer metatarsal tubercle; a feeble dermal fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe may be present; no tarsal fold; the heel reaches the nostril, the tip of the snout, or beyond; tibia a little more than '/,, to ?/, the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are strongly overlapping.
181 Back and sides smooth or with some rounded warts or longitudinal ridges; dorsolateral fold, if present, beginning behind the upper eyelid, not extending beyond the scapular region; a curved fold above the tympanum; smooth below, or posterior part of vent and lower surface of thighs feebly granulate.
Brown or olive above, marbled or spotted with black; a broad, black cross-bar, sometimes light-bordered in front, between the eyes; a broad, light vertebral line or two broad dorsolateral stripes may be present; lips with dark vertical bars; limbs with numerous, narrow, black cross-bands; posterior surface of thighs dark marbled; white beneath, throat and breast often powdered or marbled with blackish. From snout to vent 56 mm.
Omosternum with forked base.
_ Male without vocal sacs.
Habitat: Mentawei islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Palembang!); Borneo (Sandakan; Semberrah!); Java (Tjibodas!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.); Flores; Celebes (Loka!; above Kolaka, 500 m.; Rumbi-Mengkoka; Luwu; Takalekadjo mts., towards Lake Poso, 900 m.; Koro valley, 500—700 m.; Bone mts.; Bulawa mts., + 1200 m.; Tomohon). — Sulu islands; Philippines. g. Rana hascheana (Stol.).
Polypedates Hascheanus Stoliczka, Jrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XXXIX, 1870, p. 147, Pix hones.
Rana hascheana Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, EQE2,p.,232.
kana hascheana Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 54. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval vroups just behind the level of the choanae; lower jaw without bony prominences. Head as long as broad or a little broader than long; snout rounded, scarcely projecting, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers scarcely dilated, toes with small, but very distinct disks; first and second finger equal or first slightly the longer; toes '/, to '/, webbed; subarticular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle feebly prominent, ?/, to 9/; length of inner toe; no outer one; a feeble tarsal fold; the
182 heel reaches the tip of the snout, or between the eye and the tip of the snout; tibia '/, to °/, the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping.
Skin smooth or with small flat warts or feeble corrugations; a strong fold above the tympanum.
Rich yellow to orange brown above, in life, with dark brown spots, with or without a light vertebral streak; a dark brown cross-band between the eyes, edged with pale yellow in front, followed by a faint W-shaped marking, the ends of which extend behind the eyes; sides of body finely spotted with very dark brown and white; Jips with dark vertical bars; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts white, with pale purple and golden shades, with or without dark brown spots on the throat. From snout to vent 38 mm.
Male without vocal sacs.
Habitat: Natuna islands (Bunguran); Java? (Tjibodas, 1400—2000 m.?) '). — Andamans; Malay Peninsula (up to 1600 m.). 10. Rana palavanensis Blgr.
Rana palavanensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIV, 1894, p. 85. Rana palavanensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 230. Rana palavanensis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 59. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series just behind the level of the choanae; lower jaw without bony prominences. Head as broad as long, or slightly broader; snout rounded, scarcely projecting, as long as the eye; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril equidistant from the eye and the end of the snout; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, 4/, to’ 2/,, the’ diameter of “the” eye. Tips'/of angers swollen or with very small disks, those of toes with small, but very distinct disks; first finger as long as or extending slightly beyond second; toes ?/, webbed, 2 or 3 phalanges of fourth free; subarticular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, flat, °/, or '/, the length of the inner toe; no outer 1) Mr. Malc. Smith, who has examined the specimens from Tjibodas, identified by Annandale (Jrn. Feder. Malay States Mus., VII, 1917, p. 108) as 2. grunniens, is of opinion that they are R. hascheana (after a cummunication by Mr. C. Boden Kloss).