159 convex, not extending on to the back, lower than the lower one, the edge of which forms a double curve. Mouth terminal; the lower lip projects beyond the upper one and has a deep notch in the centre; papillae, jaws and teeth absent.
Very transparent in life; upper surfaces generally yellowish brown, mottled along the vertebral line with dark brown; lower surfaces colourless or pale dirty buff; muscular part of tail pale yellowish brown, getting darker towards the point; the crests buff, mottled with yellowish brown and with irregular dark brown markings along the edges; the brown mottling gets more continuous and darker towards the point of the tail and ends abruptly in front of the tip; iris yellow. Length 37'/. mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!; Laut tador). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula.
3. Genyophryninae.
Lower jaw toothed, upper one toothless.
Distribution: Sud-Est isl. (east of New Guinea). I. Genyophryne Bler.
(BoOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 326). Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire, free at the sides. Teeth on the palatine bones and eight or nine small teeth on the anterior extremity of each mandible. A denticulated transverse dermal ridge across the patate in front of the pharynx. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free, toes webbed at the base, the tips slightly dilated. Outer metatarsals united. No procoracoids or clavicles.
Distribution: Sud-Est isl.
1. Genyophryne thomsoni Blegr.
Genyophryne Thomson: Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 327, pl. XXV, figs. I, Ia, 10, Tongue oblong. Head large, much depressed; eyes wide apart, small. First finger shortest, third much longer than second or fourth; inner metatarsal tubercle indistinct. Skin smooth; heel with a triangular dermal process. Pinkish brown above, variegated with blackish; temples
160 whitish; a light line on each side from the eye along the back; hinder side of thighs and lower surface of tarsus black. From snout to vent 32 mm.
Habitat: Sud-Est isl.
6. Fam. RANIDAE.
Upper jaw toothed, lower one nearly always toothless. Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra not or very slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes of various shape. Omosternum and sternum with or without bony style. Vertebrae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis articulating by two condyles.
Distribution: cosmopolitan, except the southern part of S.-America, the southern part of Australia, New Zealand and eastern Polynesia.
Sy Mo psiscorptineraqen eras A. Pupil horizontal. No intercalary ossicle between the two distal phalanges of the digits. I, Digital disks, if present, devoid of transverse groove. When the toes are free, as is rarely the case, vomerine teeth are always present. I. Sternum with bony style.
a. No dermal fold across the palate. No teeth in the lower jaw. Vomerine teeth rarely APSE) cue. uote) Aes eae Aide Gade Gro i 1. Rana p. 161. 6. No dermal fold across the palate. Lower jaw toothed. Vomerine teeth present .. 2. Ceratobatrachus p. 228. c. A dermal fold between the choanae. No VOMErME LEED. 4. a3 teia table cpa are 3. Oreobatrachus p. 229. 2. Sternum cartilaginous. No vomerine teeth. 4. Oxyglossus p. 230. II. Digital disks with a transverse groove along the lower surface. Toes webbed.
1. Outer metatarsals entirely separated by web. HIN GSTS Keehn. cu ous eon me nee onc ike aaa 5. Staurois p. 234. Bs Whom laatl Gk A Bo cd dS 6 a 4c 6. Simomantis p. 237. 2. Outer, metatarsals WMikeds te seks 6 aunt Ree 7. Cornufer p. 238. Ill. Digital disks? Toes free. No vomerine teeth. 8. Batrachylodes p. 241. ZB. Pupil horizontal. An intercalary ossicle between the two distal phalanges of the digits,
iemViomenine) teethiepreselltaememanenpam ma a smelt os 9.
Rhacophorus p.
242.
Ile IN@ AMoyEVSNINS TEs ooo Soo aoe »-.-. 10. Philautus p. 268. C. Pupil vertical. No intercalary ossicle between the two distal phalanges. No vomerine teeth..... 11, Myctixalus p., 277. ipo Rama. 1.)
(LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 210). Pupil horizontal. Tongue notched and free behind. Vomerine teeth present (rarely absent). Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free; toes usually webbed; tips of fingers and toes simple or dilated, the disks without transverse groove. Outer metatarsals usually separated by web.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. No intercalary ossicle between the penultimate and terminal phalanges; the latter obtuse or T-shaped.
Tadpoles. — Eyes superior, rarely lateral. Spiraculum sinistral. Vent dextral, near the lower edge of the subcaudal crest, rarely median. Upper crest of tail not extending beyond the base of the tail. Mouth normal; sometimes a large sucking disk behind it; papillae absent along the upper border of the upper lip, rarely entirely absent; number of series of teeth variable.
Distribution: that of the family.
Synopsis of the Subgenera.
A, Tips of fingers and toes not dilated, or with dilatations devoid: of horizontal) aroave). sas). cfs ahs 2 anette ay a. Rana p. 167. &. Tips of toes, and usually also of fingers, with disks, whichhaveacrescenticorhorseshoe-shapedhorizontal groove between upper and lower surface.
I. Omosternum with forked base.
Tie)eoes!Stranglyawenbey.)walmumsaneil-tohlis!lptaltsb.Discodelesp.183. a Woes TRIS Oe Seimaby Grell oc bb ko hee ec c. Platymantis p. 187. Hie Omosternwm entire jan <tr eee eM eerie nl tradi elie a. Hylarana p. 193. 1) Rana mackloti Schig. (Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 72) has been omitted: the specimens of this species, preserved in the Museum at Leiden and according to the label collected by S. Miiller in Java, evidently are males of Rhacophorus birgeri Schlg. from Japan; probably there has been made some error with the label, the species never being found again in Java. INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. IT
162 Sy nopsisof theisipecires), A.No continuous glandular dorsolateral fold. I. Tips of fingers and toes not dilated. 1. Two metatarsal tubercles ...... 1. R. limnocharis p. 167. 2. No outer metatarsal tubercle. a. Back with longitudinal ridges. . 2. &. cancrivora p. 170. 6. Back with oblong warts..... 3. RK. verruculosa p. 172. II. Tips of toes, and nearly always of fingers also, more or less dilated. 1.Outermetatarsalsunited.
a. First finger extending beyond second.Interorbitalspaceintheadult broader than the upper eyelid. a, Subarticular tubercles much develapedincerat ty). recs res 15. R. boulengeri p. 187. @. Subarticular tubercles small . . 16. R. moszkowshkii p. 188. 4. First finger extending beyond second.Interorbitalspacenotbroader than the upper eyelid.
a, Tongue with a conical papilla. 17. &. deauforti p. 189. @. Tongue without papilla.
t+. The heel reaches beyond HGS Ve ier tis been wanes, Te 18. R&. rugata p. 190. +t. The heel reaches the eye. No fold above the tympanum 18. 2. rugatavar. rubristriata p.191. tt. The heel reaches the eye. A strong fold above the IH ANTHOEMN OG Sh BG GG 5 19. &. solomonis p. 191. c. First and second finger equal . . 20. &. punctata p. 192. 2. Outer metatarsals separated in their distal third or less. Tongue with an obtuse papilla.
a.Vomerineteethextendingoutwards beyond the borders of the choanae. 11. RX. guppyi p. 183. 6, Vomerine teeth not so.
a. Toes 2/, webbed. Heel reaching themtem\plermemcae comem-ar .... 12. R. bufoniformis p. 184. - 1) For practical reasons the division in subgenera has not been taken in consideration in this synopsis. It differs in this point from the synoptic tables of the South Asian, Papuan, Melanesian and Australian species of Rana, which Boulenger (Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920) has given and which may be compared with my synopsis.
163 @. Toes 2/3 to 3/, webbed. Heel reaching: theneyer ices yar. ko tieg ks +... 13. Ry opisthodon p, 185. y. Toes webbed to the disks. Heel reaching the, eye an stieid sae8 GRAY; 14. R. ventricosa p. 186. 3. Outer metatarsals separated at least in their distal half. Tongue without papilla. Toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed. Usually nooutermetatarsaltubercle.
a, Dilatations of fingers and toes without groovebetweenupperandlowersurface. a.Tympanumdistinct.
{.Heelsnotoverlapping.Malewithout MOCAMEAGS 5S) 53) os SIE SOR 4. R. grunniens p. 172. Tt. Heels overlapping. Male without VOC SACS Geen a. 3) LD RRL. 5. . macrodom p. 174. ttt. Heels overlapping or meeting. Male with internal vocal sacs ......, 6. R. modesta p. 176. @. Tympanum hidden. Heels not overlapping. Male without vocal sacs... . 7. R. kuhli p- 178. 6, Dilatations of fingers and toes with a groovebetweenupperandlowersurface. a. First finger shorter than second. t- Dorsolateral fold present. ..... (42. R. labialis p. 220). tf. No dorsolateral fold... 6.043 1 2. 37. &. kampeni p. 212. f. First finger as long as second. Nostril slightly nearer to the eye than to the ipvol the ‘snout .: pe) 2180) Nelda 36. R. cavitympanum p, 211, y. First fingers as long as second. Nostril nearer to the tip of the snout thar to theeye.Disksoftoessmallerthanthose of fingers.
}t. Heel reaching far beyond tip of snout. 38. R. crassiovis p. 213. tt. Heel reaching between eye and nostrils 5. 2S ARAL a fs 39. R. everetti p. 214. d. First finger as long as or longer than second. Nostril in the middle between tip of snout and eye, or nearer to the first.Disksoftoesnotsmallerthanthose of fingers. i }. Heel reaching far beyond tip of snout. 35: R. whiteheadi p. 210. tt. Heel reaching slightly beyond tip of snout, or not so far.........(27. R. arfaki p. 199). 4. Outer metatarsals separated at least in their
164 distal half, Tongue without papilla. Toes not more than 3/, webbed.
a. Dilatations of fingers and toes without groovebetweenupperandlowersurface. a. Toes 2/, to 3/, webbed.\.)si«i.)s sais 8. R. microdisca p. 180. B. Toes 1/3 to 1/, webbed. ........ g. R. hascheana p. 181. 6. Dilatations of fingers and toes with a groove between upper and lower surface. a. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent, Toes 2) Webbed... .». os *simtatts [eee Sate 21. R. macrops p. 193. @. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent or indistinct.Toes3/,(toentirely)webbed. Disks of outer fingers large. ..... (42. R. labialis p. 220). y.Outermetatarsaltuberclepresent.Toes 1/, to 3/, webbed. Disks small. +. A light line along canthus rostralis and upper eyelid. Male with internal WoCalSacs2.°3nbavdasBikelsawidn+.oy(46.R.signatap.226). tt. No such line. Male with external VOCalsSACSis.siiemeheTnoaent!Hiei.ie22.Rk.glandulosap.194. 3.Outermetatarsaltuberclepresent.Toes less than !/, webbed.
{. Interorbital space not broader than the upper eyelid. Nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye. Head longer thane broad -vcwen test odkere <tr ates 23. R. baramica p. 195. +t. Interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Nostril in the middle between eye and tip of snout. Head as) long. as) broadage s-jicmen een 24. R. luctuosa p. 196. ttt. Interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid. Nostril a little nearer to tip of snout than to eye. Head longerthanbroad.Outermetatarsal tubercle smaller than inner one . . 25. &. debussyi p. 197. +ttt. Interorbital space slightly broader than the upper eyelid. Nostril much nearer to tip of snout than to eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle as long as the inner one.......... + 26. R. laterimaculata p. 198. .
B.A continuous glandular dorsolateral fold. I. Dilatations of fingers and toes, when present, without groove.
I. Toes 2/3 webbed ...... So bhicla casa 10. 2. Toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed. . (5. II. Dilatations of fingers and toes with a groove between upper and lower surface. Toes '/, to 3/, webbed, 1.A light line along canthus rostralis and border of upper eyelid, Disks small. Toes AigrOLesNOSED.«fig5,HaeaUelie!«Sey.yes46. 2. No such line.
a. Disks small. Toes !/, to 2/3 webbed. a. Interorbital space narrower than the LUPE Ge SVC IGS sakep cieictre mais seleoe ohiceteemctNe te 44.
@. Interorbital space at least as broad as [aveby)DKereayyNGean)Bucinuanateamesic45. b. Disks small. Toes 3/, (or entirely) webbed. (43. c. Disks of outer fingers large. Toes 3/, (to Suitirely p webbed ih ahaa intern ote whee (42. III. Dilatations of toes, and usually also of fingers, with a groove between upper and lower surface. Toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed. 1. First finger extending beyond second. a. Dorsolateral fold narrow. a. Sides of head not darker than the upper Surface ees torah en ck eh ema mena de orf @. Loreal and temporal region entirely or partly black or brown.
+. Tips of fingers feebly dilated, devoid OfeLOONESeer<7teiPenceceninevees28. tf. Tips of fingers with small disks, DEANE AN SOOVE Mellen ch ure nls 29. 6, Dorsolateral fold broader. Heel not reaching beyond the nostril.
a. Tibia more than !/, length of head andbodiya: ye avtvack vaca Nees aah ko 30. @.Tibia'/,lengthofheadandbodyorless. +. Vocal sacs of male internal ... . 31. tt. Vocal sacs of male external... . 32. c. Dorsolateral fold broader. Heel reaching beyond tip of snout.
z.Interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid. Male with large external VOCAL SASH Ata Ni Co eb ee meatier ss 33. f. Interorbital space about as broad as R. palavanensis p. 182.
R. macrodon p. 174).
R. signata p. 226.
R. persimilis p. 223.
R. nicobariensis p. 224.
Rh.erythracap.222).
R. labialis p. 220).
R. arfaki p. 199.
R. elberti p. 200.
R. papua p. 201.
R. celebensis p. 204.
R. daemeli p. 205.
R. kreffti p. 206.
R. grisea p. 207.
166 the upper eyelid. Male with small extermalwocalsaes,. ch. a1. eateiia he» 34. KR. jerboa p. 208. d. Dorsolateral fold broader. Heel reaching tip ‘Of SnOuL San a fe 3) 8 Cie te eee. (43. &. erythraea p. 222). 2. First finger not extending beyond second. a. Disks less than !/, diameter of tympanum. a. Heel reaching tip of snout...... 43. RR. erythraea p. 222. » > @. Heel reaching far beyond tip of snout. (34. 2. jerboa p. 208). b. Disks of third finger at least about !/, diameter of tympanum, of second finger much smaller.
a. Toes webbed to the disks....... 40. R. hosii p. 215. @.Two phalanges of fourth toe free LRP WSUS Sens Golo dulowdua ao a 41. R. chalconota p. 217. c. Disk of third finger !/, to ?/, diameter of tympanum, of second finger not much Serie 4 Nee BL ola “a ded lo SB GAS oF 42. R. labialis p. 220. Synopsis of the Tadpoles.
A.No sucking disk.
I. Eyes lateral. Series of teeth 1/2 or 2/2... 43. &. erythraea p. 222. II. Eyes more or less superior. TS CHICS OLsLCet Minh) 2 ue) te Melee <almte 45. R. nicobariensis? p. 224. 2. Series of teeth 2—5/3, rarely 2/2. a.Seriesofpapillaeinterruptedinthemiddle of the lower lip. Series of teeth 2/3. . a mais rs Pie 2. &. cancrivora p. 170.
b. Series of papillae of lower lip not interrupted.
a. Body without granular patches, immaculate (tail sometimes dark spotted). +. Spiraculum nearer to the posterior end of the body than to the tip of the snout. Series of teeth 2—4/3. 29. R. papua p. 201. +t. Spiraculum equally distant from tip of snout and base of hind limbs. Series) Of teeth /2/2—3i) vein deer 6. R. modesta p. 176. ' g. Body without granular patches, with dark markings. Series of teeth 2/3. {j.ballvacutely <pointediaten. 4. tueltms 5. &. macrodon p. 174. iT}. Lal obtusely pomteds Ao 75) seen. 7. R. kuhli p. 178. y- Body with granular patches. Series of teeth3—5/3.