15 interrupted, the other ones distinctly divided, with some separated pieces at each side.
Blackish grey, darker above than below; or upper parts brown, with dark spots and marblings. Length 79 mm. In pools and clear, swiftly running water.
Habitat: Sumatra (Deli; Panjinggahan!; Tandjong Laut in Palembang); Borneo (Mt. Kappa in Brit, N.-Borneo; Pramassan-Alai mts.); Java (Tjibodas; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Tjiandjur; Djampang Kulon!; Pengalengan; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Mt. Sesuru!; Dirk-de-Vries bay!; Nusa Kambangan!; Tengger mts., 1200 m.). — Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Philippines, incl. Pelawan.
5. Megalophrys gracilis (Gthr.).
Leptobrachium gracile Ginther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p. 598. Leptobrachium gracile Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 440. Megalophrys gracilis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 421, pl. MOVsfigs.2.
Megalophrys gracilis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 281.
Tongue nicked behind; no vomerine teeth. Head moderate, as long as broad or slightly broader than long; snout rounded, not projecting; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region not very oblique, concave; interorbital space a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers slightly swollen, of toes slightly swollen or blunt; first and second finger equal; toes with a very short web at the base; no subarticular tubercles; a feebly prominent, elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching the tip of the snout; tibia a little more than half the length from snout to vent; foot shorter than the tibia, but longer than the head.
Skin smooth; a curved fold above the tympanum. Greyish olive to dark brown above, with more or less distinct darker spots or symmetrical markings on the head and body and cross-bars on the limbs; a whitish spot below the eye and another on the arm and elbow sometimes present; lower parts dirty white, with or without irregular brown spots. Length 44 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu; Matan). — Malay Peninsula (1600 m.).
16 6. Megalophrys baluensis (Blgr.).
Leptobrachium baluense Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) IV, 1899, p. 453. Leptobrachium baluense Hanitsch, Jrn. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc., N°. 34, 1900, Pp:745pLouehostalonlgas Megalophrys baluensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 429. Tongue entire; vomerine teeth in two widely separated small groups just behind the level of the choanae. Head moderately large, much depressed, nearly twice as broad as long; snout rounded, not projecting, much shorter than the orbit; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region vertical, concave; nostril equally distant from eye and end of snout; interorbital space slightly concave, nearly twice as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, */, the diameter of the eye, about half its distance from the eye. Fingers and toes blunt; first finger a little longer than second; toes with a mere rudiment of web; no subarticular tubercles, but a feeble median ridge or keel under the toes; a very indistinct oval inner metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching the shoulder; tibia 7/; the length from snout to vent; foot much longer than the head. Skin adherent to the rugose skull, perfectly smooth; a very small conical tubercle near the border of the upper eyelid. Back and upper surface of snout dark grey; posterior half of upper surface and sides of head blackish brown; a curved light streak, the concavity turned forwards, across the upper eyelids and the interorbital region, followed by a Y-shaped blackish marking; two light spots on the upper lip, below the eye; large blackish-brown, partly confluent spots on the back; sides dark brown, light-edged above; limbs dark brown, with rather indistinct darker cross-bars; throat brown, belly brownish white. From snout to vent 65 mm.
Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu, 1300 m.).
3. Batrachopsis Bler.
(BoULENGER, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 439; nec Batrachopsis Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., Vindobonae, fasc. I, 1843, p. 34: nomen nudum). Lechriodus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 116. Pupil erect. Tongue subcircular, slightly nicked and free behind. Vomerine teeth in two long transverse series behind the choanae. Tympanum more or less distinct. Fingers free, blunt, toes webbed at the base, the tips feebly swollen. Outer metatarsals slightly separated.
17 Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Two condyles for articulation with the os coccygis. Vertebrae procoelous. This genus connects the Pelodatidae with the Cystzgnathidae. The strongly dilated sacral diapophyses make it necessary to unite it with the Pe/obatedae, though in other respects it is more resembling some of the Cystzgnathidae (Limnodynastes, Ranaster, Phanerotts ).
Distribution: Aru islands; New Guinea.
1, Batrachopsis melanopyga (Doria).
Asterophrys melanopyga Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, VI, 1874, p. 355, pl. XII, fig. k. Batrachopsis melanopyga Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 439. Lechriodus melanopyga Fry, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, XXVII, 1915, p. 72, pl. 1, figs. 1, I@, and textfig. 2c.
Vomerine teeth in two long, transverse, straight or slightly arched, narrowly separated series behind the choanae, not . extending outwards beyond the latter. Head large, much broader than long; snout rounded, not projecting, as long as the upper. eyelid, about as long as deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region very oblique, concave; interorbital space as broad as, or a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum more or less distinct, vertically oval, its vertical diameter */, to nearly equal to the width of the eye. Tips of fingers blunt, of toes slightly swollen; first finger as long as second, which is slightly longer than fourth; fifth toe slightly longer than third; toes webbed at the base; subarticular tubercles prominent; a small, elliptic inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia ?/, length of head and body.
Upper parts finely granular; a narrow dermal ridge from the eye to the side of the body, and a few other longitudinal, symmetrical ridges along the back; a transverse fold between the upper eyelids; lower parts smooth.
Brown above, indistinctly spotted with darker; usually a black streak on the canthus rostralis and below the outer glandular fold, and another across the interorbital space; limbs with more or less distinct blackish cross-bars; anal region, border of lower lip and sometimes a series of spots parallel with it on the throat, black; beneath yellowish or brownish. Male with an internal subgular vocal sac; during the breeding- INDO-AUSTRALIAN AMPHIBIA. 2
18 season the inner side of the first two fingers and of the strong metacarpal tubercle covered with black spines. In the female the two inner fingers are lobate. Length 80 mm. Habitat: Aru islands; New Guinea (Mansiman!; Hatam, Arfak mts.!; Mamberamo riv.!; near Idenburg riv., +1800 m.!; Tor riv.!; Fife bay; Vikaiku, St.-Joseph riv.). 2. Fam. CYSTIGNATHIDAE, Upper jaw usually toothed, lower nearly always toothless. Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra not or slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes simple or T-shaped, not claw-shaped.
Omosternum cartilaginous, sometimes rudimentary; sternum usually cartilaginous; it may be more or less calcified and has rarely a bony style. Vertebrae generally procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis articulating by two condyles. Distribution: S%.-, Central- and southern N.-America; southern Africa; Australia; New-Guinea.
oy hopsis of the Genera:
A, Vomerine teeth in two long transverse series behind the choanae.
I. Toes slightly webbed. Tympanum perfectly distinct. 1, Phanerotis p. 18. lip Mloes atree:lyanpantum steel lyrcis tincture, mei iene seat. 2. Ranaster p. 19. Z. Vomerine teeth very slightly developed, or absent. . . 3. Crinia p, 21. 1. Phanerotis Blegr.
(BouLENGER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, (2) V, 1891, p. 593). Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless; vomerine teeth in two long transverse series behind the choanae. Tympanum perfectly distinct. Fingers free, toes with a very slight rudiment of web, the tips slightly swollen. Outer metatarsals united. Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple. Distribution: New Guinea; Australia.
I. Phanerotis fletcheri Bler.
Phanerotis Fletcheri Boulenger, Proc, Linn. Soc. N.+S.-Wales, (2) V, 1891, p. §93-
19 Phanerotis fletchert Andersson, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., LXVI, 1913, p. 75. Phanerotis fletcheri Andersson, Svenska Vet. Akad, Handl., LII, N°.9, 1916, p. Io, pl. I, figs. 3 a—e.
Habit ranoid. Head as long as broad; snout obtuse; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region oblique, slightly concave; nostril nearer the end of the snout than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum °/, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; first finger as long as second; subarticular tubercles strong; a small, blunt miner ‘metatarsal’ tubercle; the heel ireaches the ‘tip of ‘the snout or a little beyond; tibia as long as the vertebral column, foot a little shorter. - Upper parts finely granulate; upper eyelids warty; a small /\-shaped glandular fold between the shoulders, and an oblique fold from the eye to the middle of the side, passing above the tympanum; lower parts smooth.
Pale brown above, with very small darker spots; hinder side of thighs blackish-brown; a black band borders the postocular fold inferiorly, its lower border sinuous and involving the upper part of the tympanum; a cross-bar between the eyes and the interscapular chevron-fold blackish; limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts whitish, with the exception of the brown tibia. Length 37 mm.
Habitat: New Guinea (Bogadjim at Stephansort). — Australia.
2. Ranaster Macl.
(MacLEAY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 135). Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless; vomerine teeth in two long transverse series behind the choanae. Tympanum feebly distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united. Omosternum cartilaginous; sternum cartilaginous, calcified in the centre. Clavicles present. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple, obtuse. Distribution: New Guinea.
_I. Ranaster convexiusculus Macl.
Ranaster convexiusculus Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.-S.-Wales, II, 1878, p. 136. Ranaster convexiusculus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 444.
20 Phanerotis novae-guineae y. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 1, 1909, p. 36, pl. Il, figs. 4, 4¢.
Ranaster convexiusculus Fry, Mem. Queensland Mus., I], 1913, p. 47- Habit stout. Tongue nearly circular; vomerine teeth in two slightly separated series. Snout rounded, as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis indistinct, rounded; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum feebly distinct, half the diameter of the eye, or a little larger. Tips of fingers and toes blunt; first and second finger equal in length, or the first Fig. 3. Ranaster convexiusculus Macl., X 1.
slightly shorter; subarticular tubercles small, but very prominent; a strong, oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; heel reaching the tympanum or the eye; tibia */; the length of head and body.
Back and sides with more or less distinct, smooth, round and oblong warts of different sizes; smaller warts on the upper surface of head and limbs; throat and belly smooth; lower surface of thighs smooth or feebly granular; a longitudinal ridge below the eye and the tympanum.
Brownish black above, or brown with darker spots on head, back and limbs; light brown beneath, usually spotted
AA | or marbled with darker on throat, breast and limbs; lips with light, vertical streaks. Length 42 mm.
Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Habitat: New Guinea (Katow; Merauke!); Frederik Hendrik isl.!
2, Crinta Tschudi:
(TscHupI, Mém. Soc. Sc. nat. Neuchatel, II, 1839, p. 78). Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire and free behind. Upper jaw toothed, lower toothless; vomerine teeth very slightly developed or absent. Tympanum slightly distinct or hidden, or absent. Fingers and toes free, the tips not dilated. Outer metatarsals united.
Omosternum and_ sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra slightly dilated. Terminal phalanges simple. Distribution: New Guinea; Australia.
1. Crinia signifera Girard.
Crinia (Ranidella) signifera Girard, Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, VI (1852, 1853), 1854, p. 422.
Crinia signifera Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 265. Crinia signifera Andersson, Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., LII, N°. 4, 1913, p. 12, pl. I, figs. 1a—é.
Crinia signifera Werner, Amphibia, in: Fauna Siidwest-Australiens, herausg. v. Michaelsen und Hartmeyer, 1V, Lfg. 10, Jena, 1914, p. 411. Crinia signifera Roux, Revue Suisse Zool., XXVIII, 1920, p. 116. No vomerine teeth. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit; no canthus rostralis; loreal region oblique, a little concave; nostril as far from the tip of the snout as from the eye; interorbital space as broad as, or broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. First finger shorter than second; toes fringed; subarticular tubercles distinct; a small, elliptic, inner and a rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; a slight tarsal fold; the heel reaches the shoulder or the temple. Upper surfaces more or less warty, the warts often confluent into longitudinal lines on the back; lower surfaces granulate. Dark grey above; two blackish, light bordered spots in the loins; anal region blackish; lips with dark vertical bars; beneath grey, more or less marbled with brown; throat of male blackish; limbs with more or less distinct dark cross-bars. Length 28 mm. Male with a subgular vocal sac.
Habitat: New Guinea (Merauke). — Australia.
22 3. Fam. HYLIDAE.
Upper jaw toothed, lower usually toothless. Diapophyses of the sacral vertebra dilated. Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes claw-shaped.
Omosternum cartilaginous (rarely ossified); sternum cartilaginous. Vertebrae procoelous. No ribs. Os coccygis articulating by two condyles.
Distribution: cosmopolitan, except the Ethiopian and greatest part of the Indian region. They are abundant in Australia and tropical America, whereas but a few species occur in the Palaearctic and Indian regions; in the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago they are absent. Synopsis of the Genera.
a. Pupil wertical, v.>2.\¢° cy eeepc een eke mee ae cierto 1, Nyctimantis p. 22. Bohupilohorizontaliyeiy.yeuemewemanevensmaceMetisseteenie2.Hylap.24. 1. Nyctimantis Blgr.
(BoULENGER, Cat. Batr, Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 421). Nyctimystes, Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, p. 85. Pupil vertical. Tongue subcircular, entire, scarcely free behind. Lower jaw toothless; vomerine teeth present. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free, toes webbed, the tips with large disks. Outer metatarsals united.
Omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately dilated.
Distribution: S.-America; New Guinea.
Syopsts of the Species:
A. Tympanum distinct. Fingers webbed at the base... . 1. A’. papua p, 22. ZB. Tympanum indistinct. Outer fingers '/, webbed. .... 2. NV. granti p. 23. 1. Nyctimantis papua Blegr.
Nyctimantis papua Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XIX, 1897, p. 12, Pelee) Why Tongue circular, nicked and slightly free behind; vomerine teeth in two short, transverse or slightly oblique series between the large choanae. Head moderate; snout rounded, shorter