167 +.Nostrilnearlyinthemiddlebetween CyenandetippohisnOutie van.) +, ' 41. R. chalconota p. 217. +t. Nostril nearer tip of snout than eye. 42. A. labialis p. 220. 3. Series of teeth 4—6/4.
2:slailexcutelyeMOMMtEdsWorn\velleueyselene,Lc24.R.luctuosap.196. (os Wendl wgorgioeledl oo Bod geo oe 6 55 0 6 BBs TR GARAGE ja BCT ZB. A. large sucking disk behind the mouth.
I. Lips with papillae.
1.Both jaws undivided. Series of teeth Dre EO cit Si sie iS ea) ise Geils) dle ae he 34. R. serboa p. 208. 2. Both jaws divided into two pieces. Series Pee Sui. ter.) wha ha te ons baie lion se sol, = 35. Rk. whiteheadi p. 210. II. Lips devoid of papillae.
Hpacniess Ot tec 4/5. vs. em em «3s 36. R. cavitympanum p. 211. we series Of teeth, A/a sik. -keamecmadals = 40. RR. hosti? p. 215. Subg. a. Rana L.
Fingers and toes not dilated at the tip, or with dilatations devoid of horizontal groove. Outer metatarsals separated by web, at least in their distal half. Dorsolateral fold present or absent. Distribution: that of the genus.
1. Rana limnocharis Boie.
Rana limnocharis (Boie) Wiegmann, N. Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., XVII, I, 1835, P- 255.
Rana gracilis (Wiegm.) Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 28. Rana limnocharis Boulenger, Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool., pt. I, 1903, p. 134. Rana limnocharis Stejneger, Bull. US. Nat. Mus., LVIII, 1907, p. 127, figs. 107—I10 (head, hand and foot).
Rana limnocharis vy. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 35 (tadpole).
Rana limnocharis Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 236.
Rana (Fejérvirya) limnocharis Bolkay, Anat. Anz., XLVIII, t915—16, p. 181. Rana limnocharis Smith, Jrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, 1917, p. 165 (tadpole). Rana wasl Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 131, pl. V, fig. 5 (head) and text-fig. 3 A (foot).
Rana limnocharis Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 132, pl. V, fig. 6 (head), pl. VI, fig. 2 (tadpole) !), text-fig. 24 (mouth of tadpole!) and 34(foot).
Rana limnocharis Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 28. 1) After a specimen from Madras, which in some respects differs from those of the Indian Archipelago.
168 Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choanae or extending a little beyond their posterior level. Head as long as broad; snout pointed or rounded, at least as long as the upper eyelid; canthus rostralis obtuse, but distinct; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout or nearer the latter; interorbita! space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to */, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes obtusely pointed; first finger extending beyond second; toes about half webbed; terminal phalanx of third and fifth, two or three phalanges of fourth toe free from web; outer metatarsals '/, or '/, united; a narrow Fig. 22. Rana limnocharis Boie, * 1.
g St oN fringe along the outer side of metatarsus and fifth toe; subarticular tubercles well developed; a prominent, oblong inner and a very small, round, rarely very indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle; the heel reaches the tympanum, the eye, or between eye and tip of snout; tibia about half length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are more or less overlapping. Skin of back with narrow longitudinal ridges; a fold above the tympanum; a more or less distinct transverse fold behind the eyes; posterior surface of thighs granular; smooth below. Upper surface grey, brown or olive green, with darker spots, among which a V-shaped one between the eyes; sometimes a broader or narrower yellow, white, pink or green vertebral
169 line; hinder surface of thighs yellow, marbled with dark brown; hind limbs .with irregular dark cross-bars; lips with dark vertical bars; white below; the © with a M-shaped black spot on the throat. From snout to vent 65 mm.
Male with two external vocal sacs.
Omosternum forked at the base. Terminal phalanges obtusely pointed.
Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its width; tail less than twice the length of the body, about 4 times as long as deep. Nostril about equally distant from eye and tip of snout; eyes superior, in the middle between tip of snout and spiraculum, the distance between them about 2'/, times that between the nostrils and larger than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, as far from tip of snout as from base of tail; vent dextral, anal tube long, projecting beyond lower border of crest of tail. Tail pointed, the inferior crest low, the upper one about twice as high and reaching to the base of the tail.
Mouth ventral, small; sides of upper lip bordered with one, lower lip (except a small portion in the middle, along the lower series of teeth) with two rows of papillae; jaws narrowly edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/3, the inner series of the upper lip broadly interrupted, the outer series of the lower lip much shorter than the two other ones, which are nearly equal in length.
Back and sides dark grey; tail brown, with colourless crests; the back, sides and tail may be spotted or finely mottled with dark brown; posterior half of tail often dark grey; white beneath. Length 42 mm.
Habitat: Pulo Weh!; Sumatra (Atjeh!; pa countries! ; Upper and Lower eapelst! Medan!; Paneh!; Brastagi, ene Highland, 1400 m.!; Batak mts., 300—1000 m.!; Lauttador; Mt. Simbolon; ‘Pebine Tinggi!; Tala: Gunung Sr arilaiat Matur!; Cleft: of; Araw!; pajalomaneil Baso!; Ajer Teganang!; Telago apabilo!; Lembok; Kalung!; Indragiri; Kepahiang Rawas riv.; Hari leko riv.!); Banka!; Natuna islands (Bunguran); Borneo (N.-Borneo; Kutjing ; Singkawang; Bengkajang; Mandor); Java (Batavia!; Krawang!; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; near Tjibodas!, 1400—2000 m.; Bacildatan goo m.!; Sukabumi!; Mt. Malabar, 1500 m.!; Tjilatjap!; Babakan!; Wonosobo!;
170 Djokjakarta!; Mula!; Pasuruan!; Nongkodjadjar, 1200 m.!; Situbondo!); Bali!; Lombok!; Sumbawa, 140 m. — From India, the Himalayas (up to 2100 m.) and Ceylon, S.-China and Japan to the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. 2. Rana cancrivora Gravenh.
Rana cancrivora Gravenhorst, Deliciae Mus. Zool. Vratislav., Fasc. I, Lipsiae, 1829, p. 41.
Rana tigrina part. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 26. Rana Schliteri Werner, Zool, Anz., XVI, 1894, p. 84. Rana tigrina and R. ¢t. var. angustopalmata v. Kampen, Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, 1V, 1907, p. 388, pl. XVI, figs. 34, ¢ (feet) (with tadpole). Rana tigrina v. Kampen, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indié, LXIX, 1909, p. 33 (tadpole). Rana tigrina part. Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, 1912, p. 234 (not the figure, nor the tadpole). Rana cancrivoera Annandale, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, VI, 1917, p. 128, pl. V, figs. 4, 4a, 46 (head), textfig. 1c (foot), Rana tigrina var. cancrivora Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XV, pt. Il, 1918, Pp.55,58.
Rana cancrivora Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., XV, pt. II, 1918, p. 63, figs. 3,3@(tadpole).
Rana cancrivora Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 23. Vomerine teeth in two shorter or longer oblique series beginning close to, or at a short distance from the anterior borders of the choanae, usually extending beyond the level of their posterior borders; lower jaw with two feeble prominences in front. Head broader than long or as long as broad, rarely slightly longer; snout rounded, or pointed, projecting, as long as or a little longer than the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse, straight; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout, or nearer the latter; interorbital space much narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about '/, to ‘/, the width of the eye. Fingers and toes obtusely pointed; first finger extending beyond second; toes */, to nearly entirely webbed, one or two phalanges of fourth toe being free, the web distinctly emarginate; subarticular tubercles moderate; a blunt inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle; a dermal fringe along the outer side of fifth toe; the heel reaches the eye or to between eye and nostril; tibia 1°/, to 2'/, times in the length from snout to vent; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels strongly overlap.
Back with small warts and with longitudinal ridges; a strong fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath.
171 Brown or olive above, usually with dark spots and often a broader or narrower light (in life yellowish, greenish or red) vertebral line; rarely a light streak along the side of the body; lips with black vertical bars; limbs with dark cross-bars; posterior surface of thighs yellow, marbled with black; throat often, and sometimes the entire lower surface marbled with brown. From snout to vent 92 mm.
Male with two gular vocal sacs, forming folds on the sides of the throat.
Tadpole. — Length of body about once and a half its width and more than half the length of the tail, which is about four times as long as deep. Nostril about equally distant from tip of snout and eye; eyes superior, as far from tip of snout as from spiraculum, the distance between them about 2'/, times that between the nostrils, and larger than the width of the mouth; spiraculum sinistral, directed upwards and backwards, visible from above and from below, nearly equally distant from tip of snout and base of tail; vent dextral, close to the lower border of the subcaudal crest. Tail pointed ; lower crest low, the upper one about twice as deep, reaching to the base of the tail.
Mouth ventral, small; sides of upper lip bordered with one, lower lip (with the exception of its central part) with two series of papillae; jaws narrowly edged with black; series of teeth 1'1/3, the outer series of the lower lip shorter than the two inner ones, which are not interrupted.
Back and sides dark grey, spotted with brown; white below; tail brown, spotted with darker; old specimens often with a light vertebral line and a dark transverse streak between the eyes. Length 42 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Belawan!; Airbangis!; Gunung Sahilan; Agam; Alahan Pandjang; Batu Sangkar, between 460 and goo m.; Solok; Muarolabu; Padang; Trusan; Palembang); Riou arch. (Bintang); Banka; Borneo (Padas, N.-Borneo; Baram riv.; Kutjing; Singkawang; Sintang; Seberuang riv.; Bandjermasin; Balikpapan!); Pulo Laut!; Java (Serang; Lebak; Batavia!; coast of Krawang!; Buitenzorg!; Gadok; Tjisarua, near Sindanglaja!; Pasirdatar, 900 m.!; Sukabumi!; Tjiandjur; Situ Bagendit!; Indramaju!; Cheribon!; Semarang; Ambarawa; Wonosobo; Djokjakarta; Djapara; Kediri!; Pasuruan!); Madura!; Bali!; Lombok!, up to 680 m.; Sumbawa; Flores!; Ombai; Sumba!;
172 Roti!; Timor; Saleier!; Buton; Celebes (Makasser!; Maros!; Boni; Pampanua!; Pare Pare!; Tempe!; Kandari; Luwu!; Katjang!; Rumbi Mengkoka; Lake Poso; Tol: Toli; Lake Limboto; Gorontalo; Menado; Kema). — S.-China; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Philippines.
3. Rana verruculosa Roux.
Rana tigrina var, verruculosa Roux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., XXX, 1911, p. 504. Rana verruculosa Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 16. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series extending a little behind the level of the choanae. Head a little broader than long; snout more or less pointed, feebly projecting, as long as the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse, straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril equidistant from eye and tip of snout or a little nearer the first; interorbital space much narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, '/, to ?/, width of eye. Tips of fingers and toes obtuse; first finger extending beyond second, which is as long as fourth; toes nearly entirely webbed; outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base; subarticular tubercles moderate; a blunt, oblong inner, no outer metatarsal tubercle ; a very feeble dermal ridge along the outer side of fifth toe; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye or the tip of the snout; tibia about '/, length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are overlapping. Upper surfaces with oblong warts; a transverse fold between the posterior edges of the eyelids may be present; a fold above the tympanum; smooth beneath.
Olive, indistinctly marbled with dark, above; lips with dark vertical bars; limbs with dark cross bars; posterior surface of thighs yellow, marbled with black; white or brownish beneath, with or without small grey spots on the throat. Length 66 mm. Male with external vocal sacs, forming blackish folds on the throat.
Distinguished from R. cancrivora, with which it is closely allied, by the presence of oblong warts instead of longitudinal ridges on the back, and the rudimentary ridge along the outer toe. Habitat:.Wetar; Timos!.
4. Rana grunniens Daud.
Rana grunniens part. Daudin, Hist. Nat. des Rainettes ..... , Paris, 1802, p. 65, pl. XXI.
173 Rana grunniens Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 23. Rana macrodon (non Kuhl) v. Kampen, Nova Guinea, IX, pt. 3, 1913, p. 458. Rana grunniens Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) I, 1918, p. 240. Rana grunniens Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 39. Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series extending much behind the level of the choanae; lower jaw without or with two more or less developed bony processes in front. Head nearly as long as broad, occiput more or less swollen on the sides; snout rather pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or hardly longer than the upper eyelid and longer than deep; canthus rostralis angular, straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril a little nearer to tip of snout than to eye; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader or narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum rather distinct, '/, to */, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers obtuse or slightly swollen, of toes with small disks; first finger extending beyond second, which is a little shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle oblong, about '/, to */, the length of first toe (measured from the tubercle); no outer metatarsal tubercle; a well-developed dermal fringe along outer side of 5th toe; a tarsal fold; the heel reaches the eye; tibia less than half the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels do not overlap. Skin of upper surface smooth or with small tubercles, intermixed with larger ones, especially on the posterior part of the back and on the hind limbs; upper eyelid tubercular; a fold above the tympanum, and some short longitudinal folds along the sides of the back; smooth beneath.
Brownish or greyish above; sometimes a rufous spot on the loin; limbs with or without dark cross-bars; thighs marbled with dark brown; white below, the throat sometimes spotted or marbled with brown. From snout to vent 146 mm. Male without vocal sacs.
Omosternum with forked base. Terminal phalanges with feebly expanded tip.
Distinguished from R. macrodon by the shorter hind limbs. Habitat: Celebes (Lojnang Pinapuan, in eastern Celebes)) ; Ambon!; Nusa Laut! '); New Guinea (Lorentz riv. !; Mimika riv.). 1) Mentioned as 2. modesta by me in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn., Leiden, IV, 1907, p. 386.
174 5. Rana macrodon Kuhl.
Rana macrodon (Kuhl) Duméril et Bibron, Erpét. gén., Paris, VIII, 1841, p. 382. Rana macrodon Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, p. 225, pl. XXI, fig. 4 (head).
Rana macrodon part. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 24, pl. I, fig. 4 (inside of mouth), Rana macrodon Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 898, pl. XLV, fig. 1. Rana macrodon Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. $88, pl. LIX, figs. I, Ia (tadpole).
Rana macrodon Boulenger, Vert. Fauna Malay Penins., Rept. and Batr., London, POEZ,Ip.233; kana macrodon Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., XX, 1920, p. 40. Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series between the choanae and extending beyond the level of their hinder borders ; lower jaw with two bony prominences in front, feebly developed in the female, large and acutely pointed in the adult male. Head as long as or broader than long, rarely slightly longer than broad; occiput much swollen in the male; snout obtusely pointed, feebly projecting, as long as or longer than the upper eyelid, longer than deep; canthus rostralis obtuse, straight; loreal region oblique, concave; nostril nearer to end of snout than to eye; interorbital space narrower than, to 1'/, the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, ?/, to °/, the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers obtuse or feebly swollen, those of toes with very small disks; first finger extending beyond second, which is shorter than fourth; third toe longer than fifth; toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle oblong, blunt, about °/, to */, the length of the first toe ; no outer metatarsal tubercle; a dermal fold along outer side of fifth toe; tarsal fold present or absent; the heel reaches the eye or the tip of the snout; tibia about half the length of head and body; when the hind limbs are folded at right angles to the body, the heels are more or less overlapping.
Skin smooth, or with small rounded warts above; upper eyelid tubercular, a fold above the tympanum; young with a narrow glandular fold on each side of the back, beginning behind the upper eyelid. Smooth below.
Olive-brown, bronze, green or yellowish- to chocolate-red above, with or without small darker spots and sometimes with a broader or narrower yellow or orange vertebral line; loreal and temporal regions, and a cross-bar between the eyes some-