ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER 69 the left at Pebas; site of much collecting by Orton and Hauxwell, and recently by Mr. Scherer. Alternative spelling, Ampiyacu.
ANGASCANCHA: a lake three miles northeast from the Smelter (q.v.), where collections were made by Dr. A. Davis (Evermann and Radcliffe.) AncostuRa: Cuzco valley, on Rio Huatanay (q.v.).** ANTOFAGASTA: city in north-central Chile, southern limit of this report, 23 S. latitude, on Pacific coast; terminus of the La Paz railway system, and center of the nitrate belt.
Apurtmac, Rio: most remote tributary of the Amazon, arising in southern Peru at Lago Villafrio, near Cailloma, Dept. of Arequipa, flowing northwestward to unite with the Mantaro and forming the Ene, thence Joming the Tambo and flowing to join the Urubamba and forming the Ucayali.
ArAPA: village and lake of the same name, some ten miles north of Lake Titicaca; the lake with numerous reedy embayments.* Arica: city, formerly Bolivian, now Chilean, on the Pacific coast. Rainless, arid, without streams. Few very small, brackish beach-pools.* Ascoran, Laco: in northern Chile, on La Paz railway, elevation above 12000 feet; a saline pampa some twenty-five miles in length, encircled by volcanic peaks, both active and extinct. During the dry season, its waters reduced to bayoux, some of them spring-fed and rather fresh.* ATOCHA: river on eastern slope of Bolivia, tributary to the Rio Grande; at that time terminus of the Bolivian-Argentine railway. A wide stream in a canyon with walls much eroded; many channels appearing and again losing themselves in the rocky canyon floor.* AULLAGAS, LaGco; see Poopo.* AzANGARO: village, river, and province, Dept. of Puno, Peru, on the rather level terrain of the Titicaca basin, and to the north of the lake; the river a small, sluggish, meandering stream entering Rio Ramiz, and thence to the lake.* AzuPizu: sixth rest-house (tambo) of the Via Central, in the valley of Rio Paleazu; a small river of the name flowing to the Paleazu.* Bausas: village on the intercordilleran Maranon, at the crossing of the northern trail from Cajamarca to Moyobamba. Elevation 3500 feet. (Pearson, gSia)r a BarRANCA: village on left bank of Alto Maranon below the Rio Morona, named for the high river banks.* Bianco, Rio: railway station, and small stream entering Rio Rimac at 11000 feet elevation on the western slope of the western cordillera; glacial sources.* BrETANA: hacienda of 8S. Medina on east bank of Rio Puinagua at the mouth of Rio Pacaya.* Cacutyaco (CaAcHryacu): copious affluent of Rio Paranapura, which enters the Rio Huallaga at Yurimaguas; Dist. Balsa Puerto, Prov. Alto Amazonas, Dept. Loreto, and enroute to Moyobamba (means salt river). Herndon calls it Cachiyacu all the way to Yurimaguas. Orton, Cope, Herndon, Mozans. Cacutyaco: (2) another stream entering the Yanayacu near Caymarache; (3)
70 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA a stream entering the Huallaga near 'Tocache; (4) a tributary of the R. Mayo near Jacinto, Dist. of Moyobamba.
CAJAMARCA: city, province, and department of northern Peru; the city on the watershed drained by the R. Jequetepeque to the Pacific, and by the Rio Cajamarca and Rio Crisnejas to the Marafion. (Pearson.)*** Caxacoto: village in Bolivia, near Rio Desaguadero, on the Arica-La Paz railway and Rio Mauri.* CALAMA, CHILE: city on La Paz railway near Chuquicamata copper mines, and on Rio Loa; Smithsonian Solar Observatory nearby at that time.* CaLLacaTE: near Rio de Totora, Omia Dist., Prov. Chachapoyas. Hda. de Callacate, near Cutervo, west of Chota, Dept. Cajamarca. CAMINAQUE (or Zapatilla?): good-sized creek meandering through the pampa; arises in western cordillera, enters L. Titicaca near Juli.* CampuciLa, LaGco: west of Cuzco (Valenciennes); elevation 14000 feet. CANELOS: station on the upper Pastaza, left branch (Rio Bombonasa); near Sarayacu. (Boulenger).
CAPACHICA: point of land extending from near Chucuito into Lake Titicaca, enclosing Puno bay, on the south.* CASAPALCA: mining center western Cordillera, near Oroya; small lake near the mines, perhaps the highest point at which fishes have been known to live. (See Crucero Alto.).** Casuipoya, Lao: cutoff lake of the Ucayal, communicating with the latter by a narrow channel. Above Contamana; named for the Cashibo tribe.* CAYUMBA, CASCADA DE: series of broken falls of the Rio Huallaga at about 1800 feet elevation, between the Rio Monzén and Rio Chinchao; the river’s greatest barrier to lowland life. The Rio de Cayumba enters from the West directly above the falls.* CEBOLLAR: a Chilean station on the La Paz railway and on the border of Lago Ascotan.* CrrRO DE Pasco: city and provincial capital on the Nudo de Pasco which bridges the central and eastern cordilleras at above 14000 feet elevation. Mining center (Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation); terminus of C. de P. railway; point of departure for the Huallaga river, which has its source along the side of the Nudo near the city.*** CHALLAPATA: old and new villages; Rio de Challapata; southeastern corner of Lake Poopdo, Bolivia, five miles distant; antimony mining; elevations above 12000 feet.* CHALLHUACOCHA: (meaning fish-lake) near Quishuarcancha, terminus of one spur of the railway to Goyllarisquisga, northwest of Cerro de Pasco, elevation 13200feet.
CHANCHOMAYO, Rio: river formed near San Ramon, eastern-central Peru, by the union of the Rios Oxabamba, Palca, and Tulumayo; passes La Merced; unites with the Paucartambo at the Perené colony to form the Rio Perené.* ** Cut, Rio: small, swift, turbid; arising in western cordillera, flowing south-
ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER 71 westward through mostly volcanic terrain, forming great gorges through most of its course. Its upper courses fished without results by Allen (1918) and Pearson (1921); about Arequipa by Eigenmann and daughter (1918). Principal source of water for the city and irrigated valley of Arequipa.* ** CuHincHAO, Rio: small, rapid, precipitous, rising in the central cordillera, flowing eastward to the Rio Huallaga above Cayumba rapids. Subject to the frequent flood-stages of the tropical rain forest; at other times clear.* CHINCHAVITOC, CHINCHAVISTO, CHINCHAVITO: mouth of the Rio Chinchao river on the Huallaga. A small playa, or outwash, on the East bank, with a onefamily settlement and bananal. Ferry service on the foot-trail to the Monson. Elevation about 2000 feet.* CHINCHAYCOCHA, LaGo: a clear, mountain lake on the Pampa de Junin of central Peru, elevation 13500 feet; dimensions about six miles East and West, twenty miles long; boggy, rushy shore-line sheltering immense numbers of Orestias, green sponge, and nesting ducks. Now used for impounding waters for the Cerro de Pasco smelter at Oroya, and doubtless much altered ecologically. Also known as Lago Junin.* CHINCHERO, LAGo: small lake a short distance north of Cuzco.** Cuivis, Rto: tributary to Rio Pichis at Puerto Bermudez; small, turbid river from the foothills, navigable some distance by canoe.* Cuoro: an adobe village on the mud flats near the mouth of the Rio Desaguadero and head of Lake Poopdé.* Cuosica: village on the Central railway at 3000 feet elevation, along the course of the Rio Rimac; mouth of Rio Santa Eulalia a short distance above; good fishing holes at the hydroelectric dam. The river larger here than at Lima, due to the withdrawal of water for irrigation.* Cuora: village and province, Dept. Cajamarca, on small Rio Llaucan, which enters the Maranon below Balsas; elevation of village 8580 feet. (Boulenger, 1898.)
Cuucuiro: village and bay, southern arm of Puno bay, Lake Titicaca; shallow water and reed-grown shoreline; much fishing, especially for Orestias pentlandi. An historic name for the region in colonial times, and for the main, northern body of Lake Titicaca. A former center of missionary activity.* CuuMATAGUA: large creek or small river arising on the western front of the eastern cordillera and entering the Huallaga above the Cayumba rapids. Deeply entrenched; I saw numerous fine large specimens of ammonites weathered out of its cliffs.* Cuupa: village and cerro near the head of Lake Arapa, north of Lake Titicaca; the conical mountain a landmark for many miles in every direction. Rio DE Cuupa: a small stream encircling the mountain from the northward, near Laguna Salinas, and entering Lake Arapa on a flat pampa with numerous sloughs.* Cuupapa, Rio bE: a small tributary of the upper Urubamba at Santa Ana.** CocHaBAMBA: Bolivian city above 8000 feet elevation on eastern slope, in the center of a wide agricultural valley; mining center.*
72 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Cocuas: hacienda of Don Mario Durand, fifteen miles below Hudnuco.* Cotorabo, R1o: numerous streams. For the present report, a small stream, elevation 12500 feet, near Viacha, on the Bolivian pampas, Titicaca basin; a flat, winding, turbid stream with numerous bayoux, some of them permanent.* CoMBERCIATO, Rio: a small tributary of the middle Urubamba, elevation 1800 feet, entering from the west, thirty miles above the Pongo de Mainique. Visited by Heller on the Yale-National Geographic expedition. (Bowman.)*** CoNTAMANA and CocHA DE CONTAMANA: small city on the right bank of the Rio Ucayali, provincial capital. The lake large, irregular, not clearly of the ox-bow type, being much larger than the nearby river in all dimensions; bluffy at its eastern extremity; the water clear, deep, rushy-bordered, triangular in outline; developing waves of considerable size and some wave-terracing.* CopacaBANA: village and peninsula, the latter almost dividing Lake Titicaca. except for the straits of Tiquina; the village a good fishing center, site of the famous church and shrine of Nuestra Senora de Copacabana.* CRISNEJAS, R1Io: arises near Cajamarca and enters the Maranon above Balsas. (Pearson, 1937.)*** CrucreRO ALTO: a pass in the western cordillera of southern Peru, traversed by the Southern railway enroute to Cuzco and Puno; elevation 14666 feet, the highest point except one where fishes were found, that is the ditches along the railroad track produced numerous small Orestias.* CurEvas: one of several rock shelters at the foot of cliffs below the Cascada de Cayumba, on the Huallaga, elevation 1800 feet; Juan Mesa volunteered information on one which contains water and blind fishes.* Cuucut: collections made by J. T. Zimmer, 1922. Location unknown. CULPANI: above Santa Ana on the upper Urubamba.** Cuzco: city and department, southern Peru, 307 km. from Juliaca by rail; ancient capital, and headquarters of the Eigenmanns for the exploration of the Urubamba and valley of Cuzco; elevation 11700 feet.** DESAGUADERO, Rio: outlet of Lago Titicaca into Lake Poopd, Bol. Volume of water extremely variable with season; elevation 12500—12200.* Dos bE Mayo: third tambo, or shelter house, on the Via Central, at Km 71, on the shoulder of a mountain of the Cadena de la Sal, overlooking great valleys of the tropical forest.* Duck House: flag-stop on eastern shore of Lake Chinchaycocha; small clubhouse maintained mostly by Anglo-american employes of the Cerro de Pasco company.* ENENAS: second government tambo, or shelter-house on the Via Central, over the summit of the Cadena de la Sal, in a small valley cleared of tropical forest and planted to cane.* Evcatyprtus and Rio pr Eucaryprus: village and small river, on the pampa of the Titicaca-Poopé basin and on the La Paz railway near Oruro, Bolivia, the river flowing to the Desaguadero; a flat, winding creek. Also point of departure of the Mulford expedition (Pearson, 1924.)* Funpicion, LA: see Smelter.
ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER 73 GosuLimacocHa: cutoff channel of the Rio Morona; muddy, flat, lowland cocha along the base of the andean foothills.* GOYLLARISQUISGA: coal mines and railway terminus, valley of Rio Yanahuanea, north of Cerro de Pasco; elevation 13700 feet.** GRANDE, Rio, DE Lipez: southwestern Bolivia, elevations above 12000 feet; a small stream rising in southern border of the Titicaca-Poopé6-Coipasa basin, among volcanic peaks, draining northward into saline pampa along the Chilean border.* Guaqui (Huaqut), Bolivia: La Paz railway terminus, port, and village on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca (Uinamarca); much shallow, reedy shore line, with lagoons, and delta land about the mouth of the Rio de Tiahuanaco.* GUASACONA: see Huasacuna.
GUATANAT: see Huatanay.
Hermira, hacienda (?): near Oropesa, above Cuzco.** Hva.uaGa: large river rising in a series of springs on the northern slope of Cerro de Pasco, at about 14000 feet elevation, flowing generally northward between the Central and Eastern Cordilleras to Hudnuco, thence eastward through a water gap, and again northward between the cordilleras to pass around the lomas which form the end of the broken Eastern Cordillera, to flow into the Maranon. Its principal barrier to lowland fishes is the Cascada de Cayumba (q.v.) at about 1800 feet elevation. In its upper reaches it is paralleled by an ancient highway following the valley to Hudnuco. The middle course down into the tropical belt has mule trails gradually fanning out in several directions and ending in foot trails through the forest. In the lower portion, the river is reached by water only, except for trails from Cajamarca and Moyobamba.* Huamso, Rio: river in the province of Chachapoyas, Dept. of Amazonas, district of Omia; abbreviation for Huambo Pucayacu, which flows to the middle Huallaga; elevations 4000-5000 feet. (Steindachner. ) HvuaNcacHupa creek: a small tumultuous stream from the eastern slope of the Central Cordillera to the Huallaga a league above Husnuco.* Huancanbk, city and bay, the latter an extensive northern arm of Lake Titicaca; nearby the Rio de Huancané, which enters the Rio Ramiz, a small, sluggish pampa stream with poorly drained terrain.* Huancayo, Dept. Junin, Peru; regional, departmental, and provincial capital; elevation 11000 feet; wide agricultural and pastoral valley of the Rio Mantaro, on the Central railway, 124 km. south of Oroya.** HvuAnuco: city and departmental capital; 6000 feet elevation on the middle Huallaga.* Hvaracaca: a small river at the northeastern corner of the Pampa de Junin. (Evermann and Radcliffe.)
Hvuasacuna (GUASACONA): farm in the province of Azingaro, Dept. of Puno, famous for its dairy products.
Huaranay, Rio: arises in the mountains bordering the valley of Cuzco, crosses the valley and city eastward to the Rio Urubamba; saline. Also Laguna Huartanay (HuaTana) near Cuzco.**
74 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Huvaypo: village of upper Urubamba valley.** Ica: hacienda, soapworks, and chalet of Senor Layet, 4-5 km. from Iquitos, left bank Rio Itaya.* Also a locality where collections were made by W. James, not determined.
Inave, Rio pe; village: the stream flowing from the Western Cordillera to Lake Titicaca; 30-40 yards wide, rocky, with bluffy channel in the Pampa de Ilave; formed by the union of the Rio San Antonio and Rio Blanco. The village midway between Puno and Yunguyo.* InanuayA: village on the Bajo Ucayali.* Iquiros: city and metropolis of Loreto, oriental Peru; left bank of the Amazon, about 2300 miles from its mouth, and less than 100 from the Brazilian border; present head of navigation available to seagoing ships; port of entry.* IscucHACA: point on the Rio Huatanay (q.v.).** Iraya, Rio: small, rather sluggish lowland river, entering the Amazon from the westward just above Iquitos.* JAuJA: small, colonial town in the valley of the Mantaro, between Oroya and Huancayo; elevation above 11000 feet.** JEVEROS (JEBEROS, XEVEROS): see Xeberos.
JULI: city, ancient provincial capital, about 13000 feet elevation, about one mile from the west shore of Lake Titicaca; on the old Camino Real of colonial days from Cuzco to Sucre and La Paz. Rro pr JuLI a small stream near the city from the foothills of the Western Cordillera.* JULIACA: capital province San Roman, junction Southern railway, near northwest corner Lake Titicaca; important market, including fishes; Rio de Lampa and lagoons adjacent.* JUNIN, city, river, battlefield, pampa, lake, department: (1) the city a business and transportation center for the bleak, upland mining and grazing section; (2) the river draining the southern section of the pampa;* (3) the battlefield the most decisive in the War of Independence; (4) the pampa an extensive plain forming the headwaters of the Mantaro, elevations 13500 feet and above;* (5) the lake a fine mountain body, some six miles by twenty before inundation for storage (see Chinchaycocha) ;* (6) the department with its capital at Huancayo.* LAGUNA SALINAS: village one day’s walk north of Chupa, and in the foothills bordering the Titicaca basin, province of Azingaro, department of Puno, elevation near 13000 feet; salt-works. Lake of same name nearby, quite saline, without fish, inhabited only by a few algae and Artemia salina.* LAGUNILLAS: an alpine lake 14000 feet above sea level, on Southern railway, Dept. Puno; with Saracocha (q.v.) draining the upper basin of the Rio de Lampa. Railway station nearby of same name.* La Mercep: village eastern-central Peru, on Rio Chanchomayo, elevation near 2500 feet, 96 km. from Oroya; tropical life-zone with sugar-cane and coffee.** * Lampa, Rio DE: begins as a small creek, the outlet of Lagunillas and Saracocha, flows eastward to Juliaca, and enters Lake Titicaca as a small river; its basin the route of the Southern railway; its lower course marshy, with numerous bayoux.*
ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER 75 LANGUI: village, province of Canas, Dept. Cuzco, above 12000 feet elevation on Sicuani-Yauri highway. River of same name adjacent.** La Paz: capital of Bolivia, and divided by stream of same name; elevation 11000 feet. The stream deeply entrenched in a canyon which has pirated a section of the eastern border of the Titicaca basin.* La Peruvian: Peruvian Corporation’s hacienda on the Perené.* La Raya: (see Aguas Calientes); pass over the Nudo de Vilcanota connecting the headwaters of the Rio Vilcanota (Atlantic drainage) with those of the Rio de Pucara (Titicaca basin); traversed by the Southern railway.* Leauia, Purerro (renamed during the Leguia administration; formerly Puerto Pardo); military outpost at Ecuadorean frontier four days by launch up the Rio Morona.* Liprz: see Rio Grande de Lipez.* Loa, Rio: a small Chilean river arising in the volcanic section of the Andes near Ascotan, elevation 12000-13000 feet, draining circuitously to the Pacific; mostly diverted for mining and irrigation.* Manaos: our final collecting ground; central Amazon, state of Upper Amazonas, some ten miles up the Rio Negro.* Manpor Pampa: on the right bank of the upper Urubamba, above Santa Ana:
** MANSERICHE, PONGO DE: canyon through which the Alto Maranon breaks the last barrier of the Andes to the Amazonian plain; formerly regarded as the greatest barrier, but at the time of my visit had been negotiated by steam launch no fewer than five times, frequently by raft in the downstream direction.* Manraro, Rio: its headwaters in the Pampa de Junin, and several streams entering Lago Chinchaycocha; flows southeastward between eastern and western cordilleras, via Oroya, Jauja, and Huancayo; a good-sized, clear, rock-bedded stream. During recent years successfully stocked with North American rainbow trout by the U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries and the Cerro de Pasco Company. Used for hydroelectric purposes at the Oroya smelter and the copper mining district.** * MagQueEria: small village above Contamana, near Cashiboya lake and village, on the right bank of the Ucayali. Also the name of the nearby cutoff lake formed by the Ucayali, with clear, brown water and much decayed vegetation.* Maranon, Rio: see Amazon.* MAaARAVILLAS: station on Southern railway, smelter, mine, near 14006 feet elevation, Rio de Lampa valley, southern Peru.* Marcapata: river and valley of, in the eastward extension of the province of Quispicanchis, Dept. Cuzco, flowing eastward to the Rio Inambari and Madre de Dios; reached by road from Urcos in the Cuzco valley.
Mauri, Rio: tributary of the middle course of Rio Desaguadero.* Mep1a Luna: on the upper Rio Urubamba.** MELENDEZ, PurERTO: military outpost just below the Pongo de Manseriche on the Peruvian Amazon.* MrrRIATIRANI: seventh government tambo, or rest-house, on the Via Central,
76 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA in the valley of the lower Azupizu, in the northern foothills of the Cadena de la Sal.* Mono: village, port, bay, and provincial capital, northeast corner of Lake Titicaca; old and new village, the latter at the SS. landing on the fjord-like, granitebordered bay.* Mouino, Rio DE: small, sluggish, meandering creek entering western side of Lake Titicaca above Pomata, from western cordillera.* Monterico: a farm at the confluence of the Pulperia and Apurimac rivers, 75 miles from Huanta, province of Huanta, Dept. Ayacucho, elevation 2723 feet. Morona, Rio: small, navigable river of Ecuadorean and Peruvian lowlands, skirting the eastern foothills of the Andes; the first of the left-hand tributaries of the Amazon east of the mountains.* Moronacocua: cutoff lake derived from the Nanay, in the rear of Iquitos; deep, clear, bluffy bank used as a summer resort.* MoyosBamMBa: city and provincial capital on the Rio Mayo, tributary of the Huallaga, Dept. San Martin; on northern overland trail Cajamarca to the Huallaga. Muvtato, Rio pE: good-sized stream of the Bolivian pampas, arising in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, entering Lake Poopé near the southeastern corner.* Nanay, Rio: river entering Amazon just below Iquitos, from the Ecuadorean foothills to the northwest; navigable to larger launches of the Iquitos fleet.* Napo, Rio: large Ecuadorean and Peruvian tributary of the Amazon below Iquitos, discovered by the first conquistador expedition to the Amazon, conducted by Pizarro and Orellana. On the route to Quito.
Nauta: former village, former port, and one-time metropolis of Loreto, before the arrival of the larger Brazilian river steamboats; left bank Peruvian Amazon, just above the confluence with the Ucayali. (Orton, Herndon, and various earlier travelers.)
NukEvA YTALIA: puesta, or chacara of Sr. Julio Battistini on right bank of Ucayali above Contamana, adjoining the channel of the Lago Cashiboya, my headquarters for a week.* Occopata, Rio: a small branch of the upper Urubamba.** OLLANTAITAMBO: village, Incaic ruins, upper Rio Urubamba. (Bowman.)** ORELLANA: small town, on high right bank of Rio Ucayali below Contamana.* Oroya: village, new and old (the former largely Anglo-American) on Rio Mantaro at 12000 feet elevation between Eastern and Western cordilleras, central Peru; smelter and hydroelectric plant of the Cerro de Pasco Copper Co; Old Oroya down the river a short distance. Rio de Oroya a very small stream descending the slopes of the Eastern Cordillera to the Mantaro at Old Oroya; the last half mile very precipitous, and among many boulders. (See Pygidium oroyae.)** * OrvuRO: city and department of the Poopé valley of Bolivia; 18 8. latitude; above 12000 feet elevation; mining center.* Pacaya, Rro: small, sluggish, brown river in lowlands, arising in the lomas of the northern part of the Eastern Cordillera, and emptying by more than one outlet to the Puinagua and Bajo Ucayali; densely forested and sparsely inhabited by