ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 373 specimens were implied. On Lake Titicaca I heard it called carache blanco to differentiate it from O. miilleri. Elsewhere the name challhua (meaning fish) appears to be sufficient. According to Garman carache, like bova, is a term of opprobrium, signifying also scab; a scabby sheep and its parasite both bear the name. Pentland reported from Corocoro the name purus, and locally I was given the name corbinita (of course borrowed).
One specimen of 63 mm. contained a tapeworm of more than LOO mm. O. agassizii, and doubtless other related species, were frequently collected, upon which the frontal region bulged out in a very prominent manner. I dissected many of these in the fresh state, and found that the bulging affected the cranial bones, leaving an unusually large cranial cavity, and that the cavity was inhabited by swarms of minute larval trematodes, all about the brain. Many hundreds were collected and prepared by parasitological methods for the University of Illinois. Cope’s description of his Orestias frontosus leaves no doubt in my mind that he was dealing with parasitized specimens of agassizi?. Garman found a number of specimens in Lake Umayo which he considered a ‘‘variety,”’ and which he named O. affinis. They were small (up to 31 inches), short and stout, light olive, but ‘‘spotted, freckled, blotched, and streaked”’ in the young, predorsal scales irregular, teeth in a band, outer series larger. In this description he forecast all the varieties soon to appear under the pen of Pellegrin. Pellegrin described four ‘‘varieties.”” They may be left at that, since they point out certain more or less definite types of color variation. His four categories are as follows:
Var. inornata, with uniform, solid greenish color and no punctulations on the fins.
Var. typica (from Corocoro, type locality of the species); color as in the preceding, but dorsal and caudal finely punctulate; a dark lateral streak, at least on the caudal peduncle.
Var. seneschali, with general color as in inornata, but with about ten dark blotches above the lateral line.
Var. crequii, with many small, deep, irregular blotches in 3-5 rows, parallel and longitudinal; they often touch, or coalesce along the lateral line; D. and C. punctulate; A. and P. whitish.
My examination of many hundred specimens brought to light all the types described by Pellegrin. Seneschali was rarely met with, the other three very commonly. But Iam unable to accord them taxonomic value in any case. Intermediates were also frequent, obliterating the outlines between varieties. All the largest specimens could be assigned to ‘nornata. The smallest specimen of ¢nornata was 58 mm. long, and that was very unusual, few of them falling under 70-80 mm. Those found to be sexually mature were almost always ‘nornata. All the small or minute specimens were spotted, usually crequii-like. The specimens of var. typica were usually intermediate in size.
Specimens taken in the red waters of muddy streams during the rainy season invariably were reddish in appearance, lightly pigmented, from saffron to pale
374 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA brown. In these the fins were always lightly punctulate or not at all. Specimens collected from the clearer waters of Lakes Titicaca, Umayo, etc., were the most deeply colored and rich in var. ‘nornata.
In large series it was often possible to arrange the specimens in order of size, and find that there was a rather regular transition from the crequii type through var. typica to ¢nornata, the largest. One specimen of 70 mm. still bore faint traces of the crequii spots, while the ovaries were becoming enlarged. The 70-90 mm. specimens (one from Lake Ascotan at 65 mm.) appear to be at the threshold of sexual maturity. The immature specimens are commoner in the smaller streams. Resumé: the study of numerous populations shows that Pellegrin’s varieties are without the geographic isolation necessary to rank as subspecies. They are open to both genetic and ecological interpretation, and a definite correlation with age.
My collections from about Tirapata, Pucara, ete., reveal no trace of forms which I could identify as Boulenger’s O. tirapatae, the region yielding only O. agassizii varieties and miller’. His description, scale count, ete. would indicate that he had agassizii. Boulenger was influenced by the fact that his specimens attained sexual maturity at about 65 mm., but my own specimens of agassizi7 (see above) were beginning to pass into the adult stage at little greater size. Fishes of minnow form, elongate, moderately convex dorsal and ventral profiles, in older specimens highest at the occiput and tapering thence caudally; becoming much compressed with age; only moderate in width, without strong angularities. Width 1.4 in depth, the latter 3.3 in the length; head short, 3.4-3.7 in the length; eye 1.7—2.0 in the interorbital space; eye in head (smaller specimens) 3.7-4.4, 4.8-5.3 (in larger ones); the posterior margin of the eye midway of the head. Head convex both ways, mouth wide, vertical, thin-lipped, teeth sparse; snout both long and wide, containing the eye 1.5 times; the eye small and round. Tightly scaled except snout, no naked areas, little irregularity in scale rows except across the shoulders and predorsal; vertebral series 17-20, usually irregular; narrow scaleless portion of venter often bridged by several rows of scales before vent; bucklers of cheek and opercle becoming thickened and denser with age; infraorbital with few or none in the young, but outlined by a row of pores; in older 6-12 close-set bucklers extending forward well beyond the orbit; bases of fins without scales. Opercle short with a wide lateral angle.
D. 13-15 (exceptionally 17); A. 15-16; caudal broad and truncate. Colors as described above, and by Pellegrin; oldest specimens as described by Garman; darkest and lightest specimens equally devoid of spots or stripes 485. ORESTIAS MULLERI Valenciennes Plate X XI, fig. 1 Orestias miller? Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X VIII, 179; Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XTX, 149; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 40.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 375 Lake Titicaca and adjoining waters 16064,19,30-80mm.,RioUrubamba,Ureos,Eigenmann,December,1918. 16071,6,70-90mm.,R.Huatanay,Iscuchaca,Eigenmann,November,1918. 16073,16,38-84mm.,RiodeLangui,Eigenmann,November,1918.
16075, 8, 70-83 mm., Rio Huatanay, Cuzco valley, Eigenmann, December, 1918. 16076, 14, 23-139 mm., Moho Bay, L. Titicaca, Allen, December, 1918. 16092, 11, 48-83 mm., R. Porque, Tirapata, Allen, January, 1919. 16095, 1, 109 mm., Lago Umayo, Allen, January, 1919.
16098, 48, 32-103 mm., Lago Poopé, Bolivia, Allen, February, 1919. 16099, many, 30-127 mm., Guaqui, Bolivia, Allen, January, 1919. 16110, many, 49-102 mm., Chupa, R. de Chupa, Allen, January, 1919. 16111, many, Rio de Chupa, 3 leagues up, Allen, January, 1919. 16115, many, 32-105 mm., R. de Huancané, Allen, January, 1919. 16124, many, Juliaca, R. de Lampa, bayoux, Allen, January, 1919. 16125, 42, 27-110 mm., Juliaca, R. de Lampa, Allen, January, 1919. 16127, 18, 42-82 mm., R. de Molino, near Juli, Allen, December, 1918. 16128, 121, 25-80 mm., Azdngaro, R. de Azdngaro, Allen, January, 1919. A wide-spread species resembling O. agassizi/, although in younger stages usually darker, often much darker than any agassizii except the var. inornata, and similar in form; differing in the smaller mouth, striate scales, and flatter crown: not so evident in the young, the rotundity of the crown being doubtless sometimes a matter of trematode parasitism. The older specimens tend to be more compressed, with thickened scales more conspicuous on the shoulder, and not so widely distributed; head rather angulate.
I found O. miilleri most abundant in and about the southern extremity of Lake Titicaca, less so along the western border or in Puno bay, but found in many localities about the upper end of the lake with its northern tributaries, and across the divide in the upper Urubamba valley.
Known as the carache negro.
Dorsal and ventral contours rather regularly convex, caudal peduncle compressed, but not very deep, widening at the caudal basis; crown slightly convex or flat; head roundly compressed at the opercle, its breadth 1.4 in its length; snout roundly pointed; head medium length, 3.6-3.8 in maturer specimens, and nearly equal to depth which is 3.3-3.4 in the length of the fish without the caudal; eye medium, 4.2 in the head, 2.0 in the interorbital space, just within the forward half of the head, shghtly oval, 1.0 in the snout; the supraorbital forming a slight bony eyebrow; opercular opening forming approximately a right angle. Larger miilleri with a distinct, but rounded, ridge along the upper margin of the opercle and to the end of the pectoral fin.
Mouth rather small, oblique, gape a flattish crescent seen from front, becoming more horseshoe-shaped in the larger; lips present, not conspicuous; teeth rather few, dark, mostly in the first series.
Scales mostly faintly striate, those of the crown, cheeks, opercle, shoulder thickened, cornified, smooth; few infraorbital scales, irregular; scales of cheek roughly three rows; prepectoral area finely scaled or desquamated. Preventral naked between bases of pectorals, thence narrowly to anus; some individuals with a bridge of fine scales before the anus; upper and lower surfaces of caudal peduncle with several rows of fine, irregular scales; fins closely invested with scales; the
376 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA specialized scales of the shoulder more or less identifiable in young specimens down to 30 or 40 mm.
As in other species, scales are more easily shed in early life and become more regular and more firm in later life, especially after reaching maturity. A few specimens were found to have the naked patches on either side of the back, described for several other species. In many streams most specimens, especially the young, were taken with fins mutilated.
We t3 As 1:
Dorsal base long, equal to its remoteness from the first caudal ray; its first rays short, increasing up to the eighth, the fin rounded posteriorly; the anal of similar form. Belonging to the group with thin, flexible, parchment-like fins, whose rays are light, the membrane dark between rays. In younger specimens the caudal is somewhat less elongate than in agassizii young, but similar in its being squarely truncate.
Younger specimens up to about 50 mm. show considerable spotting, often with a lateral band, the irregular blotches falling into three longitudinal rows, the rows becoming concealed or broken in those of 60-80 mm. Sexually mature individuals were found at 90 mm. The older specimens become more compressed, and broader at the shoulder, and more uniformly colored with olivaceous or brown, some with fins clear, others not so dark, with four or five fine cross bars on the caudal. This series of color changes is very similar to that of O. agassizii. Also like the latter, specimens from muddy water tend to be much lighter, from saffron to light brown- Most specimens are bright silvery on the lower opercle, prepectoral, and preventral areas.
I found O. millert more abundant in lakes and less common in streams than O. agassizii. Also on more occasions I seem to have collected good series of all ages in a single locality. Are they less migratory in habit? 486. ORESTIAS OWENIL Valenciennes Plate X XI, fig. 2 Orestiasowent?CuvierandValenciennes,1846,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XVIII,180; Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 152; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 42. OrestiasagassiziiKigenmannandKigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,65. Lake Urcos and Cuzco valley, upper Urubamba 15075, 8, 69-86 mm., Rio Guatanai, Cuzco, Eigenmann, December, 1918. 16063,19,35-112mm.,LakeUrees,typelocality,EKigenmann,December,1918. Resembling O. miilleri, with similar smooth bucklers on the infraorbital, cheek, opercle, crown, and shoulder, but shorter and chubbier, more rounded about the anterior parts; chin more elevated; caudal peduncle moderate in depth, equal to the postorbital part of the head; like miller7 in color, light olivaceous above to light brown, yellowish below, all but the smallest uniformly colored.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 377 Dorsal profile rather strongly and uniformly convex to end of dorsal basis, and ventral profile to end of anal base; shoulder the widest part of the body, 1.4 in the length of the head; depth greater than head length, containing it 1.25 times; depth in length 2.8-3.4. A specimen of miilleri of equal length has the head about 0.8 as long, depth about 0.8 as great; in both the eye equals snout, and is contained 2.0 in the interorbital space, but this equality is due to the actually smaller eye of miilleri, whose crown is considerably narrower. Eye 3.75-4.75 in the head, which slightly exceeds 3 in the short body length. Mouth broader, more oblique, gape flatter than in miller’, crown equally convex.
Bony rather than scaled oeciput; few scales on infraorbital; cheek scaled far jn advance of eye; finely scaled or desquamated on pre-pectoral; little regularity of vertebral series; a broad band of the belly fully scaled, otherwise naked; fin bases well enclosed by scales.
D. and A. 13-14; C. 23-25, not 31.
Fins rather short and erect, long-rayed, dorsal and anal appearing to be notched into the contours of the body, with oblique bases, and directed backward. All but the smallest uniformly olivaceous above shading to yellowish below, and a silver-saffron on cheeks and opercles. A broad lateral band seen on some specimens freshly taken.
The species strongly developed along the lines of miilleri forward, weaker caudally, a short-hitched modification of the former with more rounded contours generally.
487. ORESTIAS JUSSIEI Valenciennes Plate X XI, fig. 3 Orestiasjussie?CuvierandValenciennes,1846,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XVIII,176,pl.535; Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 51, 52, pl. xxvu, fig. 3; Gunther, 1866, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VI, 329; Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 65; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 42. OrestiasjussieutGarman,1895,Mem.Mus.Comp.Zool.,XTX,155.
Rio Guasacona; Rio Chinchero, near Cuzco 15066, 42, 30-85 mm., Lago Chinchero, Adele Eigenmann, December, 1918. A clear-cut and striking species of the smooth-scaled division of the genus, characterized by the shorter, deeper form, the vertical chin, great and uniform convexity above, and the more complete, closer investiture of scales on anterior parts.
The author’s description is clearer than nearly any other, although his figure is Inaccurate In some respects.
In its general configuration O. jussiei appears to be easily derived from miilleri which it resembles: in the specialized scales of the head and shoulder, except as to their extent; in the regularity of the scale rows on the latter half of the body; in the slender proportions of the caudal peduncle; in the narrow snout and mouth.
378 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA They differ in the depth; the verticality of mouth and chin; the greater size of the eye in jussiev; the extension of the enameled bucklers to enclose nearly all the anterior half of the fish. Our specimens more consistently dark than the dark carache negro.
Dorsal profile strongly and evenly arched from the eye to the end of the dorsal basis, thence slightly concave; ventral profile only perceptibly convex to the origin of the anal fin, whose base forms a reéntrant angle with the straight, elongate caudal peduncle. The box-like form of the forward parts, with the rudder-like caudal apparatus is reminiscent of some of the trunk- or box-fishes. The greatest depth in the vertical through the pectoral base, nearly equal to the length of the head in the smaller specimens, exceeding that measurement in the good-sized ones, 2.7—3.5 in the length. Little expanded at the shoulder, contours rounded, width 1.2—1.4 in the head, 4.2—4.6 in the length. Caudal peduncle short, but narrow, its depth equal to the postorbital portion of the short head.
Head rather short, although but 3.3-3.7 in the moderate length; crown convex in cross section, slightly to considerably depressed before the eye; snout narrow, rather pointed; chin deep, truncate, vertical, mandible equal to interorbital space; mouth vertical, not usually cleft so deeply as indicated by Garman; teeth numerous, close-set in double ranks; eye large, elevated, round or but slightly oval, 4.0-4.3 in the head, orbital bones forming a prominent ring; cheek more squarely angulate below than other species; opercle wide-angled, slightly eared. Seales thickened, cornified, smooth, close-set; crown completely armored; 3-6 infraorbital scales, variable; cheek scaled in three rows; naked areas sometimes along sides of back; vertebral series 13-14; prepectoral scales generally dehiscent, and differing also from Valenciennes’ figure in that the naked preventral area extends to the base of the pectoral fin; many with more or less complete scalation on venter, with the flattened preventral area back of the isthmus bearing a band ofscales.
Fins of the flexible, parchment type; origin of the dorsal fin shghtly nearer the caudal basis than to occiput; dorsal and anal rather small, both 13-14; caudal rather long, especially in the young, 28-30; pectoral 15-16, long, narrow, reaching considerably beyond half way to the origin of the anal fin.
The young begin to be identifiable at 40 mm., lighter, more slender, less elevated.
This species and O. owenii share between them the property of having the anterior half more developed, the caudal half weak; differing in the longer, more rounded snout, less elevation, smaller eye, rounded chin and convex ventral contours, feeble armament, of owenit.
Colors uniform dark brown on dorsal and caudal parts, a faint lateral stripe, greenish-yellow below, brightest on cheek, opercle, and shoulder; fins uniformly light-rayed with darkened membrane between rays.
Valenciennes’ record from Lake Titicaca is doubtful.
Known to inhabitants as /sp7, or Hispe.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 379 488. ORESTIAS TSCHUDII Castelnau Plate X XI, fig. 4 OrestiastschudiiCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,51,pl.xxvii,fig.1; Pellegrin, 1904, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, X XTX, 92; Pellegrin,1906,Poiss.LacsHautsPlat.Amér.Sud,127,129,fig.1911; Evermann and Radeliffe, 1917, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 40. OrestiasagassiziiEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,461. Fic.45.Foragingforfreshmeatandturtleeggstobeusedaboardthe steam-launch, Hercules.
Lakes Titicaca and Umayo 16095, part, 8, 52-114 mm., Lake Umayo, Allen, January, 1919. 16097, 5, 67-102 mm., Lake Umayo, Allen, January, 1919. Specimens collected by a Mr. Weddell in Lake Titicaca were named and very briefly described by Castelnau, and not seen in subsequent collections. Most
380 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA writers have not recognized the species as more than a variant of the versatile agassizit. I have one specimen, the largest named above, which corresponds definitely to the brief synopsis and to the figure of Castelnau, a fine specimen for which I take pleasure in reviving the name tschudii.
Two of the 16095 are of moderately erect form, the largest extremely elevated. Taking my description from the largest we find it:
Much compressed, well-armored in large, close-set scales, regular on the after parts, and enlarged, less regular, cornified on the forward parts. Dorsal contour straight on head, greatly arched and highest above the pectoral basis, nearly straight thence to the caudal peduncle; ventral profile of uniformly slight convexity to the anal basis, thence obliquely by the anal basis to the straight caudal peduncle. Depth 2.8-3.5; width moderate, 1.4-1.7 in the depth, 1.8-1.4 in the length of the head; caudal peduncle deep, exceeding considerably the length of the postorbital head region. Head rather large, 3.3-3.5 in the length; eye well in advance of the center of the head, elevated, large, slightly elongated, its bony orbit prominent, equal to snout, 4.5-5.0 in the length of the head, 1.8 in the interorbital space; snout angular, pointed roundly in profile; mouth narrow, cleft deeply below orbit, horseshoe-shaped in front aspect, thin-lipped, with a series of unusually prominent teeth; cheeks not at all swollen.
Scales nowhere conspicuously striate, becoming thickened, cornified, irregular on head and 6-7 scale-rows on and about the lateral line beyond the opercle; investiture complete. Few scattered scales on the infraorbital space; cheek to beyond the eye, and the opercle, except its anterior horn, heavily scaled; prepectoral only lightly and incompletely so; preventral broadly, and postventral narrowly scaleless; vertebral series 13-15, three series regular. Smaller specimens more miiller-like, more deciduous.
D. 13-15; A. 13-15; P. 17.
Fins of exceptionally large size, longer than deep, not rounded as in most species; dorsal basis, beginning at midway-point of the trunk, exceeds its distance from the first caudal ray; pectoral more rounded, and reaching beyond the midwaypoint to the anal origin.
Alcoholic specimens still show an olivaceous color, especially on the bucklers, shading into yellow-green, and then yellow on the opercle, and to brown on the back, brown on the scale-margins of the sides and after-parts. Many scales of the dorso-lateral area with lighter centers, bordered with dark. Fins darkened between radu, especially near the bases; no spotting of fins except, slightly, the pectoral. The smallest of the three best specimens differs from the other two in the much more rounded back, more pointed snout, fewer teeth, fleshy lips, and smaller, more circular eye. The largest is notable:
In the size and position of the eye, form of the mouth, scalation, fin-characters, colors, there is much resemblance to jussie/; differing from the latter in the greater compression, more moderate width at the shoulder, deeper, shorter caudal peduncle, and in the largest specimen, the abrupt angle in the dorsal contour above the base of the pectoral fin.