NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITIONS 13 due to high salinity, salt works, collected first known specimens (fide A. 8. Pearse) of Artemia salina, the brine shrimp, from South America, although known from all other continents; 3 Collecting freshwater Crustacea; 4 Enroute Laguna Salinas to Azdngaro, official visits; 5 Fishing Rio de Azangaro, shooting birds; 6 Azangaro to Tirapata; 7 Dissecting birds; 8 Dynamiting Rio de Pujara and its smaller tributary, Rio de Porque, train to Puno; 9 Laboratory work, packing, engaging animals; 10 Puno to Lake Umayo, invited to be guest of Senor Valcarcel at Hacienda Chingarani; 11 Fishing Lake Umayo, Spongillids, Crustacea, Oligochaeta, parasites; 12 Return to Puno; 13 Collecting Lago Verde and headwaters of Rio Vilcanota at La Raya and Aguas Calientes; 14 Laboratory work on specimens and preparations for Bolivian trip; 15 Same; 16 Train to Juliaca, fishing Rio de Lampa and ponds and ditches along the Cuzco railway line; 17 Collecting Crustacea from bayous near Juliaca; train to Puno, aboard the $. 5. Inca for night trip across Lake Titicaca to Guaqui; 18 Collecting at Guaqui mole, Lake Titicaca, dissecting for parasites; 19 Guaqui to La Paz by train, exploring; 20-25 Making contacts with Senor Ballivian, and through him the ministers of government, for official assistance, packing, preparations for trips; 26 La Paz to Oruro by train; 27-28 Official calls at prefecture, etc., mountain climbing, collecting, dissecting; fishing Rio de Eucalyptus; 29 Oruro to Poopé village, burro train and afoot to Choro; 30 Choro to shores of Lago Poopé, camping on mud flat; 31 Tent flooded in night, fishing with seine from balsa.
February 1, 1919 Earthworms, Crustacea, sponges, parasites; 2 Getting transportation and part way on return to Choro; 3 To Choro, to Poopd, and to shelter of tin mine works nearby; 4 Fishing small Rio de Poopé and adjacent hot springs; 5 Poopé to Paznia by train; 6 Collecting Rio de Pazna, hunting, collecting parasitological materials; 7 Train Pazha to Challapata, collecting in Rio de Challapata, a brook; 8 Hunting land birds and their parasites; 9 Fishing, collecting birds and parasites, Crustacea, at lower end of Lake Poopo; 10 Dissecting birds, train to Uyuni; 11 Organizing; 12 Enroute to Antofagasta, Chile, dropping Pedro Vasquez to collect at Rio Grande de Lipez; 13 Interviews with officials regarding facilities; 14 By rail to Calama, Chile; 15 Reconnaissance of Rio Loa; 16 Train to Uyuni, Bolivia; 17 Return Uyuni to Cebollar, Chile, on Lago Ascotan, at home of Mr. Lycett; 18 Ford track-car and mules 14 kilometers to freshwater pools and streams; 19 Packing and collecting parasites and Entomostraca, to Uyuni, Bolivia, by train; 20 Uyuni to Potosi, Bolivia, dropping Pedro Vasquez at Rio Mulato enroute to collect; 21 Return via Rio Mulato to Uyuni; 22 Train Uyuni to rail terminus at Atocha, fishing Rio de Atocha; 23-24 Collecting, train to Uyuni, international train for Oruro and Cochabamba; 25 Reconnaissance of Cochabamba, train to Oruro; 26 Train to La Paz; 27 Train for Arica, Chile, dropping Pedro Vasquez at Calacoto to collect the Rio Mauri; 28 Vacationing at Arica.
March 1, 1919 Reconnoitering for fishing grounds; 2-8 Found one pond 9 kilometers up the roadstead and railroad toward Tacna, by train to Bolivia in evening; 4 Picked up Pedro Vasquez with collections at Calacoto, on to Viacha; 5 Fishing the turbid Rio Colorado and adjacent bayous on pampa; 6 Train to Guaqui; 7 Hunting near Guaqui, fishing ditches along railroad; 8 Fishing Rio de
14 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Tiahuanaco and ponds at village of Tiahuanaco; 9 Aboard 8.8. Coya Guaqui, Bolivia, to Puno, Peru; 10-11 Closing up affairs at Puno, packing, soldering, ship- ~ Fia.7.LakePoop,Bolivia,seenataboutsevenmiles,fromamountaintopaboveChallapata, elevation above 12000 feet. The Rio de Challapata winds about the old town and passes the new (railroad)town.Itscourseindicatestheextremeflatnessofthisalluvialplain.Thelake,although havingalengthoffiftymiles,isnotknowntohaveagreaterdepththanaboutthirteenfeet. ping collections; 13-14 Train to Lagunillas, collecting in chain of lakes at 14000 feet elevation; 15 Train to Arequipa; 16 Train to Mollendo; 17 Waiting for S. 5.
NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITIONS 15 Huasco; 18 Aboard 8.8. Huasco for Callao; 20 Arrived Lima; 20—April 9 Delayed in Lima awaiting funds.
April 10, 1919 Aboard S.S. Limari for Cristobal; 16 Arr. Cristobal, C.Z.; 18 Aboard 8.8. Santa Marta, via Colombian ports and Port Royal to New York; May 3, arrived Bloomington, Indiana.
CENTENNIAL EXPEDITION May 9, 1920 Left Bloomington, Indiana; 10-11 Outfitting and preparations for sailing, New Orleans; 12 Sailed on 8.8. Parismina; 17 Arr. Cristobal-Colon: 20 Aboard 8.8. Ucayali; 21 Transiting Panama Canal; 24-25 Loading cargo at Guayaquil, Ecuador; 26 Payta, Peru; 27 Eten, Pacasmayo; 28 Huanchuco, Salaverry; 29 Callao, Lima; 30-31 Arranging with Customs, bank, consuls, Minister of Foreign Relations, Professors Tello and Rospigliosi, Peruvian Corporation, War Department, and Department of Fomento.
June 1-5 Continued; 6 Fishing with poison at Callao in mouth of Rio Rimac: 7-8 Geographical Society, Hermanos Praeli, ete., packing; 9 Train to Rio Blanco; 10 Adjustment to elevation; 11 Poisoning Rio Blanco without results, train to Huancayo; 12-13 Visiting native shops to buy their stocks of cubé, the native fish poison; 14 Return Huancayo to Oroya; 15 Oroya to Tarma, reconnaissance; 16-18 Waiting baggage via Tilarnioc, fishing Rio de Tarma; 19-20 Baggage arrived, repacking for transportation by mule, and arranging for same; 21-22 Tarma by muleback and packtrain to San Ramon and La Merced; 23-24 Fishing creek with cubé; 26-28 Fishing Rio Chanchomayo about La Merced, damming, dynamiting, seining, poisoning; 29-380 Repacking and organizing transport. July 1, 1920 La Merced to La Peruvian on the Rio Perené; united the ‘Centennial Expedition’ with the ‘Cornell Expedition’ for the ensuing three weeks; 2 Hda. La Peruvian of the Peruvian Corporation to the first tambo of the Via Central, Yapaz; 3 Yapaz to Tambo Enenas, 30 km., and over the summit of the Cadena de la Sal at 6000 feet; 4 Poisoning creek at Enenas; 5 Enenas to Tambo Dos de Mayo, Km. 71; 6 Tambo Dos de Mayo to Tambo Porvenir; 7 Tambo Porvenir to Tambo San Nicolas; 8 Tambo San Nicolas to Tambo Azupizt, 14 km., fishing in Rio Paleazu; 9 Tambo Azupizti to Tambo Miriatirani; 10 Tambo Miriatirani to banks of Rio Aguachini, held by rain and flood waters; 11 Ferried Rio Aguachini by raft, to Puerto Yessup, dugout canoe Puerto Yessup to Puerto Bermudez; 12-18 Fishing Rio Pichis, Rio Chiviz, and small streams; 19 Resumed travel down Pichis by canoe, camp on sand-bar; 20 Canoe journey continued, reached the Cocamita, going aboard with the mail and baggage, down Pichis and Pachitea, camping on sand-bar; 21 Continuing down Rio Pachitea, hook and line fishing; 22 To mouth of Rio Pachitea, transfering to larger steam launch Louis, towing the larger Verdun; 23 Aground on sand-bar most of the day on the Rio Ucayali; 24 Arrived Contamana, headquarters for four weeks. Rented an unused water-front house, moved in; 25-26 Preliminary arrangements, hiring boys; 27-31 National Holiday, boys resigned, no facilities. August 1, 1920 Organizing trip upriver; 2 Mail launch Verdun to Nueve Ytalia, guest of Sehor Julio Battistini; 3-4 Fishing Lago Cashiboya; 5 Upriver to
16 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA village Maqueria, fishing in cutoff lake; 6-7 Fishing at Nueva Ytalia, waiting for overdue launch; 8 Rowboat down to Contamana; 9-10 Buying alcohol, packing, preserving specimens; 11 Joined party to reconnoitre site for village when present site will have been removed by the river; 12-14 Packing and waiting for launch; 15 Aroused by whistle of the Louvs at 2:15 a.m., unable to embark, as she takes the East channel, I the West; 16 Castnet fishing with army lieutenant and two Chama Indians in Cocha de Contamana; 17 Repairing seines; 18 Fishing oxbow lake Tupishka with heutenant, soldiers, and Indians; 19 Waiting for launch Melita, Fie. 8. Lake Ascotan, Chile. Partly lake, partly dry and encrusted with salts, and wholly enclosedwithinaringofvolcanicpeaks,Ollaguéatoneextreme,SanPedroandSanPabloatthe other, near 13000 feet elevation. Inhabited by Orestias agassizii similar to those of the Bolivian sideofthepeaks.Theyshowconsiderableadaptabilitytosalinewaters,butaremostabundantin freshwaterspringssuchasthis.
delayed by storm; 20-21 Aboard Melita, delaying to trade; 22—23 Fishing sand bars of Ucayali near anchorages of Melita at various trading points, Orellana, Inahuaya, etc.; 24 With three men and castnet took boatload of fishes in schools, ascending the river along the shore, transferred to launch Rosa to take the western route; 25 Aboard Rosa entered the Puinagua, or West Fork, arrived Bretana at 5:00 p.m.; 26 Guest of Senor Medina, javelin fishing in mouth of Rio Pacaya; 27 Mending nets, preparing for trip up Rio Pacaya; 28 With host, nephew, three peons enroute up Rio Pacaya in large dugout; 29 Up the cutoff Lake Yarinacocha to its upper extremity; 30-31 Hook, javelin, castnet fishing, visiting weirs in the back-waters and canas (furo, in Brazil).
NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITIONS yi September 1, 1920 Fishing about the mouth of Yariacocha; 2-8 Seining enroute down the Rio Pacaya to Bretana; 4-7 Packing, preserving, collecting parasites, fishing at Bretana, in the back-waters of the Pacaya; 9 Waiting for the overdue launch Louie; down the Puinagua; 9 Down the lower Ucayali, waters greatly swollen, little fishing, to mouth of river on Rio Maranon; 10 Down the Maranon to Iquitos; 11-17 Buying fishes in market, packing, contracting for a run of redistilled, high-proof alcohol, changing alcohols; 18-19 Guest of Senor Layet, my distiller, and his wife at their Hda. Ica up the Rio Itaya, poisoning in clear, woodland streams; 20-28 Collecting in ponds and brooks near Iquitos, Maranon, Nanay, and cutoff lake Moronacocha, preserving, packing, and shipping fishes, preparations for next cruise; 29 Boarded the launch-transport Hercules on its tour of the frontier posts; 30 Getting equipment stored and adjusted to a crowded launch. October 1-2, 1920 Up the Rios Maranon and Tigre to the outpost on the Ecuadorian frontier; 3-6 Up the Maranon against swollen and turbid waters, with poor fishing; 7-10 On up the Alto Maranon; 11 Obtained an additional supply of fishpoison; 12-13 Poisoning small woodland streams with cubé; 14-16 Continuous travel up the Rio Morona; 17 Seming Gosulimacocha; 18 Landing and embarking troops and officers, with their supplies, much rain, descending swollen Rio Morona; 19-20 Replacing broken propeller shaft, on down Morona; 21-22 Up Alto Maranon to Puerto Melendez, river bank-full, swift, and turbid, no fishing; 23 Poisoning creek across from Pto. Melendez, aboard the Hercules, and on down the Maranon; 24-25 Continuing down Alto Maranon to mouth of Rio Huallaga, left the Hercules; 26 Awaiting the launch for the Huallaga, Adolfo; 27 Arrived late at Yurimaguas on the Huallaga; 28 Rented vacant store in which to live three weeks, official visits to subprefect and gobernador; 29-80 Preparation for work, getting helpers; 31 Fishing at Lago Sanango upriver from Yurimaguas.
November 1—2, 1920 Seining bars of Rio Paranapura, entering Huallaga just below city; 3-4 Poisoning creeks in forest inland from city; 5-6 Seining pasture ponds, rains, indoor work; 7 Trying swift waters of Rio Shanusi above city, seming bars of the Huallaga itself; 8-13 Rain, hiring men, buying cubé, short trips between rains; 14-17 Photography, preparing specimens, packing; 18 Boarded launch Adolfo; 19-21 Aboard the launch enroute to Iquitos, stopping frequently to trade; 22-28 Buying fishes in Iquitos market, packing, shipping, developing film; 29- December 6 Aboard river 8.58. Sao Salvador Iquitos to Manaos, Brazil. December 7-8, 1920 Manaos, buying fishes; 9-13 Manaos to Para, Brazil, at the mouth of the Amazon; 14-17 Para, sightseeing, visiting museum, etc.; 18—January 2, 1921 Aboard the freighter Hubert of the Booth Line, Para to New York.
HISTORY OF ICHTHYOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN PERU Much of the territory is so remote and so difficult of access that transportation problems have kept the traveler out, and the products of the country in. Natural resources have yet, providentially, to be exploited in many regions; only those most easily removed, most in demand, or commanding the highest prices on world markets, such as gold, quinine, coca, or rubber, have successfully overcome these barriers. Just as soon as rubber or quinine were established on a paying basis in the Orient, their native South American provinces ceased to meet competition. Cotton, lumber, Brazil nuts, ivory nuts, etc. do well only when the demand abroad is very high. There has never yet occurred a world demand for such perishables as fish sufficient to overcome the costs of packing and shipping, despite their great abundance.
Very few attempts have been made to explore the region in a scientific way. Nearly all the collecting has been done by laymen, incidentally, with the usual result that there is only one specimen of a kind, or specimens are improperly preserved, with no information as to habitat, habits, or exact localities. Conversely, the descriptions are often written by men who have never seen their subjects in a living state, and whose work is done in the shelter of an overseas museum. No one has done for fishes what Bates was able to accomplish for the Lepidoptera during his eleven years’ residence, and devotion solely to that subject. The 1830’s were marked by the expedition of von Tschudi, but the results not of great value since he dealt with the entire fauna of Peru. During the 1840’s Castelnau made his well-known expedition to the interior of Peru and down the Amazon, giving much the greater time to Brazil, dividing his time between various branches of Zoology, and one section of his report to fishes.
The 1860’s found John Hauxwell in that region which has been under dispute among Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, the lower Peruvian Amazon about Pebas and the Rio Ambyiacu. He was in correspondence with Bates in Brazil and with Cope in Philadelphia.
During this decade, Edward Bartlett transmitted specimens from Xeberos and the Huallaga to Giinther at the British Museum; also specimens were recorded by Giinther from Higgins, the localities the same. This decade may be considered the most noteworthy in Brazilian ichthyology by reason of the Thayer Expedition led by Louis Agassiz. The main expedition traveled up the Amazon as far as Manaos, and one of its members just missed our territory, Bourget having been sent by the emperor, Dom Pedro IT as far as Tabatinga.
At about this time Cope received a collection from Robert Perkins, taken ‘‘between the Huallaga and the Rio Negro.”’ Also Prof. James Orton made his first geological and biological excursion, traveling from Quito down the Napo to the 18
HISTORY OF ICHTHYOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN PERU 19 Peruvian Amazon. His fish collections constitute the largest part of Cope’s material, and the largest collection made in Peru prior to our own. The 1870's will be noted principally for two projects, the first being the two journeys of James Orton. He again descended the Napo to the Amazon, thence to Nauta, Lima, Arequipa and Lake Titicaca, his material from Nauta and Pebas reported on by Cope and Gill. His work came to an untimely end with his death at Puno, Lake Titicaca. While working about Puno, I frequently passed the lonely islet in Puno Bay where lie his remains, a happier resting-place with its reedy shores and the plaintive voices of the waterfowl than the sacred but now crumbling crypts of the Puno Pantheon.
The year 1875 brought Alexander Agassiz and Samuel Garman on a survey of Lake Titicaca, from January 1 to March 5, their work dealing in part with the fishes. While at Puno I met an old man who had been errand-boy for that expedition, and who told naive reminiscences of the event, which loomed large in his memory.
Small collections of fishes from Amable Maria, Tambillo, and Monterico on the Tulumayo were published by Steindachner.
About 1880 Clarence Buckley made “‘rich collections” at three localities in eastern Ecuador, Sarayacu, Canelos, and Pallatanga. The materials were worked up mainly by Boulenger. Some of it, disposed of to a dealer, found its way to Steindachner, including some new species.
At approximately the same time a Dr. A. Stibel traveled via the Huallaga, collecting enroute. Steindachner received 121 specimens from him, assigned to 55 species. Also at this period Steindachner received from a Herr Stolamann a collection of fishes from the basin of the Rio de Huambo and its tributary the Rio de Totora, Callacate, ete., of the middle Huallaga basin. His artist now visited the settlement of Monterico (Custos L. Taczanowski) obtaining some of its scanty fauna.
During the 1890’s, and reported by Boulenger, collections were made by Dr. Enrico Festa in Ecuador, entering the Rio Santiago, the principal tributary of the Alto Maranon, which is in our territory.
As reported upon by Regan, 1903, the new century opens with a collection of fishes in the British Museum made by a Mr. Ockenden on a journey via Tirapata to the Marcapata valley. A species of Orestias was described from this material by Boulenger, 1902.
Mr. P. O. Simons was the collector of a group of fishes in the U. 8. National Museum from the Perené and elsewhere.
Dr. Austin Davis dispatched a collection of the fishes of the Cerro de Pasco region to the U. 8. National Museum, partially reported upon by Evermann and Radcliffe.
Early in the second decade of the present century some incidental collecting was done in the upper and middle Urubamba valley to Santa Ana and the Rio Comberciato by Edmund Heller and E. C. Erdis of the Yale-National Geographic Society Expedition. The results of that collecting appear elsewhere in this paper. At about that time the British Museum received a collection of fishes of the Rio Ucayali, made by W. Mounsey, reported by Regan in 1913. Also Miss Lola E. Vance (Mrs. Jacob Lievense) collected in the Rio Tarma from Tarma to La Merced.
20 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA The end of the decade saw two of the Indiana University expeditions into this area, the Irwin Expedition, 1918-1919, and the Centennial, 1920-1921, discussed elsewhere in this paper. The Mulford Expedition, as reported in Eigenmann, 1922b, crossed our route and continued the survey down the Beni and Mamoré. In 1923 Dr. N. E. Pearson added the valuable chapter of Peruvian ichthyology dealing with the fishes of the upper Maranon and overland between that river and the Pacific via Cajamarca.
Myers (1936b) indicates that the United States National Museum has received a valuable collection of fishes made in eastern Peru in 1935 by Mr. William G. Scherer. This material remains unworked, except the one or two striking examples which he picked out for immediate publication. Mr. Scherer is continuing his collections about Pebas and the Ambyiacu for the Stanford Museum. 1937 (Fowler, 1939), is marked by an important collection of fishes made by Mr. William C. Morrow and associates, chiefly about Contamana on the lower Ucayali. Unfortunately a still larger part of this collection was lost in transit. Surviving the accident Fowler reports 319 specimens, 106 species, of which 22 are new, with 5 new genera.
This account is incomplete. A scattering of specimens has found their way into various museums without being reported, such as a collection by J. B. Steere. I have elsewhere listed a small collection made by E. G. Squier in 1865 from Lake Umayo.
The close of the career of Professor Kigenmann would appear to be an appropriate moment in History for an assay of the status of neotropical ichthyology, for he gave more years of his life to that subject than any other has done, despite what others would have considered insuperable discouragements. I shall not attempt, however, more than a brief categorical outline of some of the convictions which have forced themselves upon me during this study.
Although large collections exist, there is still great lack of material for the careful revision of many groups, a centralized collection many times larger than any now under one roof, and representing many more localities, from all parts of South America. It is unfortunate that Eigenmann passed before the era of liberal spending. He would have envisioned, and perhaps have realized such a program. No museum or institution is at present carrying out a systematic attack upon such an enterprise. There is little collaboration among scholars in the field, little unanimity of purpose, no undivided interest on the part of any man. There is even a conviction on the part of some ichthyologists that the citizenry is not asking this service, although the initiative must arise from the scholar himself. The personnel in field and museum needs to be enlarged. It now devolves upon American institutions to take the lead, due to the impairment of those abroad. A second type of work which should be undertaken at this time is that of making exhaustive collections in certain small, selected areas. This has almost never been undertaken; the long series of visits to Pebas is nearer this objective than any other, but has always been in the hands of untrained amateurs. It is highly important that a trained personnel spend a period of years, from season to season, in these areas, with all needed equipment to work up their collections on the spot, from living fishes as well as dead.