ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 261 330. CHALCINUS ANGULATUS (Agassiz) ChalceusangulatusAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisc.Bras.,67. ChalcinusangulatusSteindachner,1882(1883),Denksch.KKK.Akad.Wiss.Wien,XLVI,14,Huallaga,two,130mm.; EKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 265, eight, 156-178 mm., Bajo Ucayali.
Chaleinus brachypomus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 258; Giinther, 1868, Proe. Zool. Soe. London, 229; Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 566, Pebas. Fig. 29. The Amazon at Iquitos, Peru. The greater half of the river les beyondtheislandseeninthebackground.
Chalcinus nematurus Gill, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXII, 92, Maranon or Napo, Orton collection; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 692, Maranon. Triportheus flavus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 264, pl. xiv, fig. 1, Rio Ambyiacu.
Orinoco basin to Amazons and the Paraguay Colloquially known as sapo mama and anchoeta (Steindachner). I learned from the people a variant of the latter name, anchoveta. 15741,1,172mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15743,1,156mm.,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 15744,1,157mm.,AltoMaranon,belowPastaza,Allen,October,1920. 15745,2,194mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15746,7,150-187mm.,LagoSanango,Allen,November,1920.
262 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 330a. CHALCINUS ANGULATUS VITTATUS Garman Chalcinus angulatus vittatus Garman, 1890, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 1-7; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 440. The Amazons 15749,7,172-226mm.,LagoSanango,Allen,November,1920. 331. CHALCINUS ALBUS (Cope) Triportheus albus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 264, pl. viii, fig. 3; pl. xiv, fig. 2, Rio Ambyiacu, Hauxwell.
Chalcinus albus Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIIT, 447, Ambyiacu, Hauxwell collection; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440. The Amazons 15747,1,112mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 332. CHALCINUS ROTUNDATUS (Schomburgk) Chalceus rotundatus Schomburgk, 1840, Fish. Brit. Guiana, I, 209. ChalcinusbrachypomusCuvierandValenciennes,1848,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XXII,259; Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 339. Chalcinus rotundatus Figenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 377, pl. lv, fig. 1. Chalcinus rotundatus iquitensis Nakashima, 1941, Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lima, V, 64 (fide G. 8. Myers.)
333. CHALCINUS ELONGATUS Giinther ChalcinuselongatusGiinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,V,342; Steindachner, 1876, Sitzb. Kh. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, 54, Teffé and Peruvian Amazon; Garman, 1890, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 6, Tabatinga; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,377; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., NCI, 265, fig. 60, two, 108 and 123 mm., Contamana.
ChalcinuselongatusiquitensisNakashima,1941,Bol.Mus.Hist.Nat.Lima,V,63. Orinoco and Guianas, to Amazons 15742,2,about220mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15748,10,210-235mm.,LagoSanango,Allen,November,1920. Genus 127: COSCINOXYRON Fowler Coscinoxyron Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 450; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440. Chalcinus(part)Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,376. Type: Chalcinus culter Cope Range that of the species Gill-rakers, finer, longer, and more numerous on the first arch than in Chalcinus, totaling about one hundred; dorsal fin in a posterior position, at about the two-thirds point in the length of the head and trunk.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 263 334. COSCINOXYRON CULTER (Cope) Chalcinus culter Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XXIII, 265, pl. xiv, fig. 3, Rio Ambyiacu, Hauxwell collection; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 692, Maranon, Orton coll. Coscinoxyron culter Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 450, Nauta and R. Ambyiacu; Rigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 265, two, 202 and 216 mm., Contamana.
Peruvian Amazon to SAo Paulo on the Brazilian Amazon Genus 128: CLUPEACHARAX Pearson Clupeacharax Pearson, 1924, Ind. Univ. Studies, no. 64, 46. Type: Clupeacharax anchoveoides Pearson Range that of the only known species Having much the form of an anchovy; greatly elongate, compressed, with upper profile straight, and breast with a median keel; premaxillary with two series of teeth, two teeth in the outer series, five in the inner; maxillary edentulous, long, slender, widened in front; mandible with three 5- or 6-pointed teeth; gill-membranes free from isthmus and from one another; origin of anal in advance of origin of dorsal; ventrals small; pectorals large and falcate; adipose present; anal long; lateral line complete.
335. CLUPEACHARAX ANCHOVEOIDES Pearson ClupeacharaxanchoveoidesPearson,1924,Ind.Univ.Studies,no.64,47,pl.vil,fig.3;pl.xi,fig.2. Oriental Peru and Bolivia Described from a specimen taken by its author at Cachuela Esperanza, Bolivia. Dr. Myers kindly permits me to mention its having been taken by Mr. Scherer at Pebas on the Maranon, for the Stanford University collections. Subfamily: PYRRHULININAE Genus 129: COPEINA Fowler Copeina Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 294; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 428; Regan, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 392. Type: Pyrrhulina argyrops Cope Most of Amazonia The premaxillaries in a single series; mandibulars in two series, of which the outer row are conical; fontanels and adipose fin wanting; air bladder with walls not broken up into cells.
264 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 336. COPEINA ARGYROPS (Cope) Pyrrhulina argyrops Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 694, Rio Maranon, Orton collection. Copeina argyrops Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVIII, 295, fig. 2; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 428; Regan, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 395. The Amazons Genus 130: PYRRHULINA Cuvier and Valenciennes Pyrrhulina Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 534; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 428; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 278. Holotaxis Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 563. Type: Pyrrhulina filamentosa Cuvier and Valenciennes Rios Paraguay and Amazon to the Guianas Small, elongate characin fishes having premaxillary and dentary provided with two or more series of conical teeth; palatines without teeth; mouth opening extremely oblique; nares closely approximated; dorsal and anal fins short; no adipose fin and no lateral line.
337. PYRRHULINA MELANOSTOMA (Cope) HolotaxismelanostomusCope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XI,563. Pyrrhulina melanostoma EKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 428. PyrrhulinanatterertRegan,1912,Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.,(8),X,390,onespecimen,40mm.,Amazon. Pebas on the Peruvian Amazon 338. PYRRHULINA LAETA (Cope) Holotaxis laetus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 257, Ambyiacu, Hauxwell collection.
Pyrrhulina laeta Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVI, 294, fig. 1; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 428. Pyrrhulina semifasciata Regan, 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 390. Rio Ambyiacu Known from the types in the Philadelphia Museum. 339. PyRRHULINA ELEANORAE Fowler Pyrrhulina eleanorae Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 262, fig. 59. Contamana, Bajo Ucayali Known from the type, 52 mm. long. Near P. brevis Steindachner, with dark horizontal line through mandible, eye, opercle, and two scale rows beyond.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 265 340. PyRRHULINA LUGUBRIS Eigenmann Pyrrhulina lugubris Eigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., IX, 231, pl. xxi, fig. 1, Rio Meta; Myers, 1927, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LX VIII, 111. PyrrhulinaobermiillertMyers,1926,Copeia,no.156,150,Iquitos. Rios Meta and Maranon ————.,,several,largest55mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. Subfamily: APHIOCHARACINAE Possibly, as indicated by Gregory and Conrad (1938, 335) these fishes are entitled to a place nearer the stem of the characinine group of subfamilies, uniting them with the cheirodonts.
Genus 131: ODONTOSTILBE Cope Odontostilbe Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 566; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 429; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 311. Type: Odontostilbe fugitiva Cope Trinidad to the valley of the Maranon Minute fishes; teeth incisor-like, in a single series above and below, teeth having numerous cusps; lateral line complete. 341. ODONTOSTILBE FUGITIVA Cope OdontostilbefugitivaCope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XI,566; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 429. Pebas region, lower Maranon Genus 132: APHYOCHARAX Giinther AphyocharaxGiimther,1868,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,245,254; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 429; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,312.
Type: Aphyocharax pusillus Ginther Amazonia to Paraguay basin Separable from the cheirodonts in having a few teeth on the maxillary; dorsal fin long, situated midway of the length, behind the ventrals; anal long; lateral line not evident on all the scales; abdomen rounded before the ventrals; cleft of mouth narrow, maxillary short; premaxillary, maxillary, and mandible with a single series of pointed teeth; those of the premaxillary with three lateral cusps on one or both sides, others pointed; gill-membranes not adnate to the isthmus; frontal and parietal fontanels present.
266 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 342. APHYOCHARAX PUSILLUS Giinther Aphyocharax pusillus Ginther, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 245, three specimens, 24 inches, Bartlettcollection,Xeberos,Huallaga; Cope, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 260, Hauxwell collection, Rio Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 689, Orton collection, Rio Maranon; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 333, fig. 22; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 429. The Maranon and its tributaries 343. APHYOCHARAX FILIGERUS Cope AphyocharaxfiligerusCope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XI,564,Pebas,Hauxwellcollection; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 334, fig. 23; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 429. The Peruvian Amazon 344. APHYOCHARAX ALBURNUS (Giinther) ChirodonalburnusGiinther,1869,Proe.Zool.Soc.London,424,fig.2,RioMarafion,onespecimen, 23 inches.
AphyocharaxalburnusEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,429. Peruvian Amazon and La Plata basins Subfamily GASTEROPELECINAE Gasteropelecidae Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, 1928 (1930), Rept. U.S. Comm. Fish., Part I, 99. The flying powers of these fishes are the subject of a study by Ridewood (1913), in which he found the flying mechanism to surpass by far in its development and specialization that of Hxocoetus, a flying-fish. He seems to have demonstrated that there is an actual flight and that they maintain a much longer trajectory through the air than would be possible by planing. He shows further that the pectoral girdle is greatly expanded and the pectoral muscles enlarged in Thoracocharax to onefourth the body weight, while in a nearby form they constitute only one-one-hundred-fortieth the total weight.
Genus 133: GASTEROPELECUS Gronow Gasteropelecus Gronow, 1756, Mus. Ichth., H, 7; Gronow,1763,Zoophyl.,135; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 342; Garman, 1890, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 8; ‘igenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 489. Type: Clupea sternicla Linnaeus = Salmo gasteropelecus Pallas The Amazons Short, extravagantly compressed, and belly line deflected downward to near the origin of the anal; adipose fin present; premaxillary teeth in a single series; 1-3 large, conical teeth along the margin of the manillary.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 267 345. GASTEROPELECUS STERNICLA (Linnaeus) GasteropelecusGronow,1756,Mus.Ichth.,IT,7,no.255,pl.vu,fig.5. ClupeasterniclaLinnaeus,1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,319,Surinam.
Gasteropelecus sternicla Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 169, pl. 640, Surinam; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 56; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 439; Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XII, 281, Rio Ucayali. Salmo gasteropelecus Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool., VIII, 80, pl. i, fig. 4; Bloch, 1785, Ausl. Fische, III, 66, pl. xevun, fig. 3; Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 418.
The Amazons ———., 5, 24-33 mm., pond, Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920.
346. GASTEROPELECUS CORONATUS Allen, sp. nov.
Plate XIV, fig. 4 ————, 1, 47 mm., from mandibular symphysis to end of middle caudal rays, type, brook, Rio Itava,nearIquitos,September,1920.
————,5,31-38mm.,samemeasurement,Yurimaguascreek,Allen,November,1920. Like Gasteropelecus in the adipose fin, curvature of the dorsal contour, but near Carnegiella in dentition and general body form. Readily distinguished from known species of either by the teeth and the black line along each side. At first taken to be Pterodiscus levis, but found to fall within the generic boundaries of Gasteropelecus ; also differing apparently in the lesser extent of the black outline of the venter. When taken in the dipnet swimming beneath the surface, this black line acted as a ruptive marking, giving the fish the appearance of a long, slender, minnow-like form. It was a matter of surprise when it was brought up and the rest of the fish below the line came into view.
Head 3.3; depth 1.75; eye equals snout to end of chin, 4 in the head, 1.4 in the interorbital space, nearly equals gape; mouth superior, directed obliquely backward at premaxillaries, thence deflected vertically downward; mandible moderately long and deeply convex along the outside.
Premaxillary teeth uniform, a series of seven or eight on each side, each tooth of moderate size, and each with a pointed central, and two pointed lateral, cusps; a single external maxillary tooth at the level of the pupil, hooked and conical in shape; a series of about five similar tricuspid teeth on each ramus of the mandible adjacent to symphysis. Premaxillary pointed and jutting to form a thin, obtusely angulate snout; head flattened dorsally from level of nares to end of occipital; crown bordered on each side by a slightly elevated ridge tangent to the orbit; a median third ridge ascends and broadens from the level of the nares to a nodular apex at the level of the posterior margin of the eye, thence descending and narrowing to the sinuously truncate occipital border; anterior naris partly encircled by the posterior. Dorsal fin low and short, 11-12 rays, and directed strongly backward, notched into the dorsal contour of the body; adipose present, weak and feebly rayed, more in the nature of a second dorsal; caudal strongly lobed, the ventral lobe slightly
268 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA longer and wider; anal low, with elongated basis, 2.3 in standard length, and rays about 30; ventral fins wanting; pectorals for flying, long, sickle-like, tapering, curved both in horizontal and vertical planes, rays about 9, the first the longest, 2.2—2.3 in body length.
Flat, three-ridged contours of the head continue brokenly in three scale-series along the back, tapering caudally for five scale-rows; thence a single series of eleven median, saddle-like scales continue to the origin of the dorsal, uniformly narrowing to a sharper edge. Caudal peduncle low and compressed, delicate, slightly higher in its four scale-rows than the diameter of the orbit; four scales separate dorsal and adipose fins; fins not scaled except for a few on the base of the caudal, and two series on the base of the anal rays; scales cycloid, having one or two conspicuous radials. Lateral line pores about twelve, in a very direct line, deflected ventrally to a point four scales above the origin of the anal. More than thirty scales like ridge-tiles form the median series along the very sharp pre-ventral line. Anus notched into ventral contour three-tenths nearer caudal basis than to chin; post-anal trunk an acute angle, with its apex on the caudal peduncle, the angle approximately trisected by two lines, the first line being the widest part of the trunk along the middle of the vertebrae, the second line seen translucently along the border between haemal processes and the radials of the anal fin. Viscera seen darkly opaque, descending obliquely from opercle to vent; Just above and behind this the broad, translucent line of the air-bladder, bulbous anteriorly; ribs seen radiating through translucent breast.
Iris and opercle yellow and iridescent; a black, longitudinal line, 33 scales long, half a scale wide, in the fourth series from the dorsal fin, from third or fourth row to the base of the middle caudal rays; a narrow, dark line parallels the edge of the venter to the end of the anal, brokenly on the anal basis; upper scales and proximal portion of caudal fin finely sprinkled with chromatophores; anal rays outlined finely in dark; pectorals with rows of chromatophores diminishing toward the last; first ray with rings of dots, segment-like in appearance; body color yellowish silvery. The allusion of the name is to the encirclement of the back by the pair of dark lines mentioned above.
Genus 134: THORACOCHARAX Fowler Thoracocharax Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVIII, 452; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 439. Type: Gasteropelecus stellatus Kner Pacific slope of Panama and Orinoco to the Paraguay Anterior profile of the back convex.
347. THORACOCHARAX STELLATUS (Kner) Gasteropelecus stellatus Kner, 1860, Denksch. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVIII, 17; Gill, 1870, Proce. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXII, 92, Marafion or Napo, Orton collection; Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 566, Pebas, Hauxwell coll.;