ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 309 Subfamily: PROCHILODIN AE Genus 170: PROCHILODUS Agassiz ProchilodusAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,57; EKigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proce.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,48; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 424; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,270.
Type: Prochilodus argenteus Spix Western Ecuador to Rio Magdalena and La Plata Both jaws very weak, but with teeth, which are inserted on the lips, movable, with a single series on the sides and two in the middle; mouth sucker-like when opened, ventral, non-protractile; a procumbent dorsal spine; scales ctenoid, rough. 427. PROCHILODUS NIGRICANS Agassiz ProchilodusnigricansAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,64; Giinther, 1866, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), XVIII, 30; Giinther,1868,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,229; non Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 295; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 12, Rio Huallaga, one poorly preserved, 245 mm.; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,424; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), X XIII, 90, R. Crisnejas. Amazon and La Plata valleys 15664,5,153-216mm.,AltoMaranon,Allen,October,1920. 15667,1,174mm.,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 17835, 1, 210 mm., Rio Pachitea, Allen, July, 1920. 17836,8,126-220mm.,RioUcayali,Contamana,Allen,August,1920. 17837,2,215and220mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 17838,2,142and149mm.,Pto.Melendez,AltoMaranon,Allen,October,1920. 17839, 1, 228 mm., Rio Pichis, Pto. Bermudez, Allen, July, 1920. 17840,6,142-180mm.,mouthRioPacaya,Allen,August,1920. 17841,8,110-192mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 17842,1,315mm.,LagoSanango,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. Ginther, in comparing Bartlett’s material from the Peruvian Amazon with that which he had catalogued as P. nigricans from the Essequibo, identified the former as nigricans and the Guiana material as rubrotaeniatus of Schomburgk. The Amazon form has somewhat smaller scales, 10—48—9; depth 3 in standard length. In our collections the following notes are applicable: Margins of scales form a series of longitudinal, dark, wavy lines; general color dark blue to blue-black; patch of blue-black on the operculum; about 11 faint vertical blue bands in the younger; iris yellow; dorsal and caudal fins with narrow, irregular, blue-black bands; rhombic scale-pattern above the lateral line. The flesh of this species softens in preservative, regardless of care, and assumes a bad odor, with a shriveling of the entire specimen. It is one of the three types of fishes found in greatest numbers running upstream during the creciente, or floodstages of the rivers (the other two being various Mylinae and Leporinus). These
310 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA three forms are the favorites for drying during the dry-season for consumption in the period of inundation.
Widely known as boca chica for the small, suctorial mouth; the name chupadora was also somewhat current (in allusion to the carp-like chewing of mud and debris). 17843,3,157-172mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. These specimens assigned to P. nigricans show considerable departure from other known types. They are identical in color, in the bands of color (unless there are more), and in the irregular bands on fins and spot on the opercle. nigricans | 17842 Taterorbitall space... ms vee iz : tae a 6.7 | 5.7 : . Depth ince of ical a i 3.7 eer |e 2.5-2.8 ; First anal ae proloneed Ra ee ene : Tete ne ene aoa a Oe | Sone feet eoitel or two specimens to half the last ray onlyabovethelateralline continuedbelowthelateral | line Rhombie outline of scales... ....
This would ordinarily be considered sufficient ground for the creation of at least a subspecies, except for the fact that the Puerto Melendez specimens, 17838, appear to fit in midway between these aberrant Iquitos specimens and the rest. 428. PROCHILODUS ORTONIANUS Cope Prochilodus ortonianus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 685, Peruvian Amazon, Orton collection; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 311, fig. 12; Rigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 424; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 258. Peruvian Amazon Known from the types and from nine specimens from the Bajo Ucayal, part of the Morrow collection of the Philadelphia Academy. 429, PROCHILODUS CEPHALOTES Cope Prochilodus cephalotes Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 686, Peruvian Amazon, Orton collection; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIIT, 312, fig. 13; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI, 424. Eastern Peru 430. PROCHILODUS THERAPONEURA Fowler Prochilodus insignis Cope, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 258, Rio Ambyiacu, Hauxwell collection.
ProchilodustheraponeuraFowler,1906(1907),Proce.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,LVIIT,313,fig.14; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 260.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 311 Peruvian Amazonia Known from the type, a Hauxwell specimen from the prolific Ambyiacu river, 21 inches long; an additional specimen 118 mm. long from the Ucayali at Contamana, both in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. One of the species with an ornate tail fin, of the rubrotaeniatus group. 431. PrRocHILODUS AMAZONENSIS Fowler Prochilodus amazonensis Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 316, fig. 15, lower Amazons; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 260. ean Fra. 34. Sunset in the Pongo de Manseriche. The Peruvian Amazon just below the water gap oftheAndeanfoothills,wherethegreatriverburstsitslastbondsandescapestothealluvialplains. Upper and lower Amazons Represented in Peruvian waters by Fowler’s three specimens of the Morrow collection, 98-130 mm., from Boca Chica, Bajo Ucayali. Near P. insignis Schomburgk, and, like theraponeura, differs in having a dorsal fin longer than the head. 432. PROCHILODUS INSIGNIS Schomburgk ProchilodusinsignisSchomburgk,1841,Fish.Brit.Guiana,261; Kner, 1859, Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 147; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 296;
312 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 258, Rio Ambyiacu; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 48; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 424. Guianas and Amazonia A species belonging to the lower Amazon, and, fide Cope, to the upper stream. Innes, the Aquarium, May, 1932, has an excellent photograph of a 31-inch specimen from life.
433. PROCHILODUS RUBROTAENIATUS Schomburgk ProchilodusrubrotaeniatusSchomburgk,1841,Fish.Brit.Guiana,I,258,pl.xxviii; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 48; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 424; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,270. Guianas, Rio Negro, upper Amazons —, 1, 204 mm., Iquitos, Allen, December, 1920. 434. PROCHILODUS CAUDOFASCIATUS Starks Prochilodus caudofasciatus Starks, 1906, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 773; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 424. Rio Perené Order GLANENCHELI Gymnonoti Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, 1928 (1930), Rept. U.S. Comm. Fish., Part II, 101. Family XII: Gymnotidae GymnotidaeEigenmannandWard,1905,Proc.Wash.Acad.Sei.,VII,159-188; Ellis,1918,Mem.CarnegieMus.,VI,109-195,pls.xv—xwiii. KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE GYMNOTIDAE (A revision of the keys in Eigenmann, 1912, and Ellis, 1913) a.Largefrontalandparietalfontanels;mandiblenotprolonged;headnotdepressed(except Rhabdolichops) b. No caudal fin; tail extending beyond anal fin, slender, pointed; no dorsal filament c. Snout short, not tubular. SFC TE ccc Cz ECR (a AP er STERNOPYGINAE ee.
Snout tubular, very much compressed and e longate fishes...
RHAMPHICHTHYINAE bb. With caudal fin; tail short; dorsal filament presenta). <bean: APTERONOTINAE aa.Nofrontalfontanel;mandibleprojecting;headmoreorlessdepressed d. Anal basis extending around end of tail, forming a false caudal fin; electric organs present sbodyvenotmscaledt- ware: no era siren ee eee ELECTROPHORINAE dd.Analbasisnotextendingaroundslender,“eylindricaltail;noelectricorgans;body (ers)(16LaceeeenRteOmVCaaSealCGEREARiWehe,JnaaSGFYMNOTINAE Subfamily: STERNOPYGINAE KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY STERNOPYGINAE a: Orbital smarem trees both jaws. withiteethiee sy. nese nic) ss eee eens, STERNOPYGUS aa.Orbitalmarginnotfree
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 313 b.Teethinbothjaws;bodymuchcompressed ce. Tail normally prolonged. . ne ELGENMANNIA ComplxtrememypLolong.a't]OnlKOlmualleeefr.)teseenseeeRHABDOLICHOPS bb.Teethwanting;bodysubeylindrical d.Agrooveoneachsideofthechincontainingashort,wiryfilament..sSTEATOGENYS dd. No groove in mental region; head rather pointed......... .. .HYPOPOMUS Genus 171: STERNOPYGUS Miiller and Troschel GymnotusCuvier,1817,RégneAnim.,IT,235; Gill, 1864, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 152. Sternopygus Miller and Troschel, 1849, Horae Ichth., III, 18; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 450; EHigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,427; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 121. Type: Gymnotus macrurus Bloch and Schneider Western Ecuador via Magdalena to Rios Paraguay and Sao Francisco Differing from the nearby Eigenmannia and all other Gymnotids most strikingly in the possession of a free orbital margin; caudal fin wanting; teeth in patches in both Jaws; snout short, stout.
435. STERNOPYGUS MACRURUS (Bloch and Schneider) GymnotusmacrurusBlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Iehth.,522; Cuvier,1817,RégneAnim.,II,237.
SternopygusmacrurusMillerandTroschel,1849,HoraeIchth.,III,14; Steindachner, 1868, Sitzb. Kx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIIT, 11; Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 257, Rio Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 57; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 450; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,427; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 121, fig. 3; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), X XIII, 92, Pusoe and Tingo de Pauca, upper Maranon.
Sternopygus carapus Ginther, 1870, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 7; Boulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,282,Canelos. CarapussanguinolentusCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,85,pl.xxxil,fig.1,Urubambaor Alto Ucayali.
Rio Ormoco to Peru and Paraguay 15417, 5, 115-127 mm., Rio Pichis, Pto. Bermudez, Allen, July, 1920. 15424,1,93mm.,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. Genus 172: STEATOGENYS Boulenger SteatogenysBoulenger,1898,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XIV,428; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,449; digenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,432. SteatogenesEigenmannandWard,1905,Proc.Wash.Acad.Sei.,VII,171; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 132.
314 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Type: Rhamphichthys elegans Steindachner Range that of the one species Hypopomus-like, but with a groove on either side of mental region, within which is a small filament; fontanels present; no caudal fin; snout bluntly rounded; body broad forward, tapering rapidly; gape short; without teeth; eyes small, within membrane.
436. STEATOGENYS ELEGANS (Steindachner) RhamphichthyselegansSteindachner,1880,Denksch.KI<.Akad.Wiss.Wien,XLII,37. BrachyrhamphichthyselegansEigenmannandEigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,62. SteatogenyselegansBoulenger,1898,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XIV,428,RioJurud; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 449; Bigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,432.
SteatogeneselegansFigenmannandWard,1905,Proc.Wash.Acad.Sci.,VII,171; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 132. Solimoes and tributaries, Guianas 15717,4,about130-210mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. Genus 173: HYPOPOMUS Gill Hypopomus Gill, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XVI, 152, miillerz; Eigenmann and Ward, 1905, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sei., VII, 169; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 449; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,433; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 133. Type: Rhamphichthys millert Kaup Cauca, Guianas, southward to Peru and Rio Paraguay Belonging to the short-snouted, edentulous category, without caudal fin, and eyes without free orbital margin; body slender, tapering; mouth and gape small; eyes moderate and enclosed by a membranous fold of the skin; scales small, cycloid, lateral line complete; anal fin originating about the length of the pectoral behind a vertical line through the gill-opening. 437. HyporpoMUS BREVIROSTRIS (Steindachner) Rhamphichthys brevirostris Steindachner, 1868, Sitzb. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 254, pl. ii, fig.
2.
BrachyrhamphichthysbrevirostrisEigenmannandKigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,62. HypopomusbrevirostrisBigenmannandKennedy,1903,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sei.Phila.,530; Eigenmann and Ward, 1905, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 170; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 449; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,433; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 134; Schindler, 1937, Zool. Anz., CXTX, 19-25, 11 figs.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 315 Of extremely wide distribution, from the Chagres of Panama to the Guianas, the Paraguay, Peru 15993,5,55-214mm.,brooks,pondsnearIquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15418,4,86-126mm.,creek,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. Genus 174: EIGENMANNIA Jordan and Evermann Sternopygus (in part) Miller and Troschel, 1849, Horae Ichth., III, 13. CryptopsEigenmann,1894,Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sei.,VII,626,preoccupied. Eigenmannia Jordan and Evermann, 1896, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., I, 341; Eigenmann and Ward, 1905, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 171; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 449; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,429; Ellis,19183,Mem.CarnegieMus.,VI,125.
Type: Sternopygus humboldtii Steindachner Pacific slopes of Panama to La Plata Both jaws bearing patches of teeth; snout short; caudal fin not present and tail extending beyond the anal fin, slender, cylindrical, pointed; eye without free orbital margin; scales cycloid; lateral line not broken or discontinued. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS EIGENMANNIA a.Caudalfilamentlessthanhalfthelengthofanalfin b.Headofmoderatelength,7.0-10.5inthelength;analfin185-224 c. Eye large, 3.33-5.0 in the head; maxillary equal to diameter of eye... ... virescens ec. Eye small, 8.0-9.0 in the head; maxillary twice the eye diameter........ troscheli bb. Head short, 12.0-12.25 in the length; anal fin 239-259.................. conirostris aa.Caudalfilamentequaltohalfthetotallengthwithoutthehead;eyelargerthanthemaxillary; eA) Sb ee tO (ALO A tsetse ytacc erate sri2e8 2, core gm Ay PS ND Le Soe See macrops (extralimital) 438. EIGENMANNIA VIRESCENS (Valenciennes) SternarchusvirescensValenciennes,1847,ind’Orb.Voy.Amér.Merid.,V,11,pl.xiii,fig.2. SternopygusvirescensMillerandTroschel,inSchomburgk,1848,Reisen,IIT,640; Kaup,1856,Cat.Apod.,137; Giinther,1868,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,229,Xeberos; Giinther, 1870, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 7; Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 570, Pebas; Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 257, R. Ambyiacu; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 682, Peruvian Amazon; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XTV, 62. Eigenmannia virescens Jordan and Evermann, 1896, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., I, 341; Eigenmann and Norris, 1901, Rev. Mus. Paulista, LV, 549; Eigenmann and Ward, 1905, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, 172; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 449; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,480; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 127; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 276, one, 335 mm., Contamana. Rio Magdalena to Amazons, Rios Sdo Francisco, La Plata 15423, 2, 146 and 170 mm., creek, Yurimaguas, Allen, November, 1920.
316 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 439. EIGENMANNIA TROSCHELI (Kaup) SternopygustroscheliKaup,1856,Cat.Apod.,139; Steindachner, 1868, Sitzb. KIk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIIT, 12; Giinther, 1870, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 8.
Sternopygustroschelu.Cope,1878,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XVII,682,PeruvianAmazon. EigenmanniatroscheliEigenmannandWard,1905,Proce.Wash.Acad.Sci.,VII,174; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 449; Ellis, 1913, Mem. Carnegie Mus., VI, 131, pl. xxii, fig. 2; Fowler,1915,Copeia,no.15,PeruvianAmazon; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 276, one, 185 mm., Contamana. Upper Amazonia of Peru and Brazil 15995, 3, 255-275 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922.
15609,11,234-275mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920.
15422,4,105-210mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920.
440. EIGENMANNIA CONTIROSTRIS Eigenmann and Allen, sp. nov. Plate XVI, figs. 2 and 5 15739,5,typeandparatypes,270-346mm.,Iquitos,Allen,SeptemberandNovember,1920. Head 12.0-12.25; depth 7.8-8.2 in the length; eye 9 or more in the head, 3.2 in the snout, 2.6 in the interorbital width; maxillary 5; interorbital space 3.7; dorsal and ventral contours of the head nearly rectilinear, wide at occipital, and narrowing uniformly toward the snout; head slightly, and body greatly, compressed ; width of head at opercle in the 300-mm. specimen 12 mm.; depth at occipital 18-19 mm., or two in the greatest depth of the body, or near 1.33 in the length of the head; snout conical, 3 in the head; mouth small, its width 1.33 in the interorbital space; jaws nearly equal, the lower fitting into the upper; eyes small. Anus nearer the vertical from the eye than to the end of the operculum; depth at the origin of the caudal filament 5 mm.; length to the end of the anal fin 220 mm., the head to the eye 9.0—-9.5 mm.; eye 2.5 mm.; maxillary 5.0 mm.; interorbital 6.5 mm.; anus situated 20 mm. from the tip of the snout; anal fin 192-197 mm., its origin beneath that of the pectoral; anal rays 242-259; pectoral equal to head without snout, 17 mm. long. (Measurements from type; counts taken also from paratypes. ) Scales cycloid and largely deciduous; back partly naked; caudal filament flat and ribbon-like, moderate length, 3.7 in the total length of the fish. Color in alcohol pale buff, little changed from life; very shghtly darker along the dorsal line; no markings along the lateral line; anal hyaline, fringed with dusky, resembling some of the specimens of FE. virescens. A paratype 346 mm. in length, head 28 mm., is a gravid female as of November. The species is near /. virescens and troscheli, but unlike in the shorter, conical head, small eye, short, compressed caudal filament and color. Genus 175: RHABDOLICHOPS Eigenmann and Allen, gen. nov. Five of our specimens resembling those of Eigenmannia closely in many respects, are different in the following characters: