ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 253 Fourth Division—The Characinine Group of Subfamilies Subfamily: BRYCONINAE Genus 119: BRYCON Miiller and Troschel Brycon Miller and Troschel, 1844, Arch. Naturg., 90; Miiller and Troschel, 1845, Horae Ichth., I, 15; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 430; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 370. Type: Brycon falcatus Muller and Troschel Guatemala to Argentina Lower jaw with two series of teeth, the outer lobed, the inner conical; inner series consisting of a pair of conical teeth near the symphysis and a row of much smaller teeth along the posterior part of the mandibular ramus; upper jaw with three or more series; skull with two large fontanels. 311. Brycon cCEPHALUS (Gunther) MegalobryconcephalusGinther,1869,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,423,fig.1,one,13inches Brycon cephalus Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 430. Peruvian Amazon 312. BrRycon sTUBELIL Steindachner Brycon stiibelii Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 13, pl. i, fig. 1, PeruvianAmazon,one,130mm.; (misspelled stubelli) Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 430. Peruvian Amazon 313. Brycon capiTto Cope Brycon capito Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 261, Rio Ambyiacu; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 446, fig. 42, Rio Ambyiacu, Hauxwell collection; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 431. Rio Ambyiacu 314. BRYCON MELAMPTERUM (Cope) MegalobryconmelampterumCope,1871,Proe.Acad.Nat.Sei.Phila.,XXIII,262,pl.xiii,fig.1,Rio Ambyiacu.
Brycon melampterum Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVIII, 447, Rio Ambyiacu, HauxwellandOrtoncollections.
BryconmelampterusEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,4380.
254 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Rio Ambyiacu to the Pichis 16021,2,165and167mm.,Yarinacocha,Allen,August,1920. 16022, , Orellana, Rio Ucayali, Allen, August, 1920. 16027, , , Rio Pachitea, Allen, July, 1920. 16028, , Pto. Bermudez, Rio Pichis, Allen, July, 1920. 16029, 16030, — , , Mouth Rio Pacaya, Allen, August, 1920. 315. BRYCON ERYTHROPTERUM (Cope) Megalobrycon erythropterum Cope, 1871 (1872), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 263, Rio Ambyiacu.
Brycon erythropterus Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 430. Brycon erythropterum Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., NCI, 263, one, 145, Contamana.
Rio Ambyiacu to the Pachitea 16023, 3, 165-212 mm., Rio Ucayali, Orellana, Allen, August, 1920. 16025,2,188and192mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 16026, 1, 220 mm., Rio Pachitea, Allen, July, 1920. 17844,1,210mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 170381, 17082, — , , Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. Rumi-uma (red-tail) is a colloquial name of this species. 315a. BRYCON SP.
Brycon siebenthali iquitensis Nakashima, 1941, Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lima, V, 69. 316. BRYCON STOLZMANNI Steindachner Brycon stolzmanni Steindachner, 1879, Denksch. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLI, 22, pl. i, fig. 6; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 431; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (4), X XIII, 90, Paipay, Tingo de Pauca, Pusoc, upper Maranon.
Intereordilleran Maranon The type specimens of Steindachner were taken on a tributary of the upper Maranon at Chota, a point near the Pearson localities. Subfamily: IGUANODECTINAE Gregory and Conrad’s paper (1938, p. 335) would encourage the view that the Iguanodectinae belong nearer to this point than to the Tetragonopterinae. Genus 120: IGUANODECTES Cope IguanodectesCope,1871(1872),Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,260; Jigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 430; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 314; Eigenmann and Myers, 1929, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, v, 494.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 255 Type: [guanodectes tenuis Cope Range that of the unique species Upper Jaw with two series of pluricuspid incisor-like teeth, the outer series having a single tooth on each side; origin of the long anal beneath the dorsal; pectorals low, with a nearly horizontal base; preventral area rounded with breast broad between the pectorals, and with a perceptible median ridge; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; lateral line complete. 317. IGUANODECTES TENUIS Cope Iguanodectes tenuis Cope, 1871 (1872), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., X XIII, 260, pl. viii, figs. 1 and la,RioAmbyiacu; EigenmannandEKigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,54; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,430; Bigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 314; Kigenmann and Myers, 1929, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIII, v, 494, pl. lxxi, figs. 3 and 6; pl.xevu,fig.14.
Rio Ambyiacu and British Guiana Genus 121: PIABUCUS Oken Les Piabuques Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., II, 166, Salmo argentinus. PiabucusOken,1817,Isis,1183; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,316.
Type: Salmo argentinus Linnaeus Guiana to basin of La Plata Slender, smelt-like; mouth minute; teeth incisors with numerous cusps, in single series, except that the premaxillary may bear an anterior series of two teeth; gill-membranes united across, but free from the isthmus; preventral contour sharply compressed and little expanded; pectorals large, low, with oblique bases; origin of anal forward of the vertical from the dorsal fin. 318. PraBucuS DENTATUS (IKoelreuter) Piabuca(nativename)Maregrave,1648,Hist.RerumNat.Bras.,IV,170. TruttadentataWoelreuter,1761,Nov.Comm.Petropoli,VIII,413,tab.14,fig.4. PiabucusdentatusKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,440; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 316; Eigenmann and Myers, 1929, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLII, v, 497, pl. xxi, figs. 2 and 4; pl.xevii,fig.15.
Salmo argentinus Linnaeus (in part), 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. xi, 511. Piabuca argentina Cuvier, 1817, Régne Anim., IT, 310; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 108; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 344; Steindachner, 1891, Sitzb. Kk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, ©, 364, Iquitos; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 57. Iquitos to Para and the Guianas
bo oe (=>) FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Subfamily: CHARACINAE Genus 122: CHARAX Scopoli Charax Gronow, 1754, Mus. Ichth., I, 10; Gronow,1763,Zoophyl.,123; Seopoli,1777,Hist.Nat.,455; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 444; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 400. Characinus Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 269; Swainson, 1829, Fish. Amph. Rept., II, 289; Gill, 1895, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 213. EpicyrtusMiillerandTroschel,1844,Arch.Naturg.,92,preoccupied. Anacyrtus Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 345. Type: Salmo gibbosus Linnaeus Guianas to the Paraguay system Premaxillary with a small canine at each end and a double row of teeth between; lower jaw with two feeble canines and a series of conical teeth; anal very long; lateral line complete; fins naked; preventral line flattened and bordered by lower edges of the clavicles which take a blade-like shape and end both forward and backward with spines.
319. CHARAX PAUCIRADIATA (Giinther) Anacyrtus pauciradiatus Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 345; Steindachner,1882(1883),Denksch.KK.Akad.Wiss.Wien,XLVI,14,Iquitos,onespecimen; Boulenger, 1887, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 282, Canelos. CharaxpauciradiataKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,444. Peruvian Amazon 320. CHARAX LIMAESQUAMIS (Cope) Anacyrtus (misspelled Anacrytus) limaesquamis Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVIT, 686, R. Maranon, Orton collection.
Cyrtocharax limaesquamis Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 454, fig. 44; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 270, one, 183 mm., Contamana. Charax limaesquamis Eigenmann and Ogle, 1907, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXXIIT, 32; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 444. The Maranon 321. CHARAX TECTIFER (Cope) AnacyrtustectiferCope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XT,565,Pebas,Hauxwellcollection. Anacyrtus sanguineus Cope, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 266, pl. ix, fig. 1, Rio Ambyiacu,Hauxwellcollection; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 685, Maranon, Orton coll.; Eigenmann and Ogle, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX XIII, 32.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 257 Charax tectifer Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LX VIII, 453; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 444. Rio Ambyiacu H. 3.5; depth 3; D. II, 9; A. IIT, 42; width of head in its length 2.6; depth of head 1.6; snout 4; eye 3.5; maxillary 1.42; interorbital 3.5; mandible 1.66; caudal peduncle 3.4. (Fowler).
In other respects Cope’s types of sanguineus correspond to the description of the species, except that Cope’s figure erroneously indicates the origin of the anal fin opposite the origin of the dorsal.
322. CHARAX AMAZONUM (Giinther) Anacyrtus(Cynopotamus)amazonumGiinther,1868,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,246,two,10inches, Bartlettcoll.,Neberos.
CharaxamazonumEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,ITT,445. Xeberos Known only from the above types 323. CHARAX GIBBOSUS (Linnaeus) “Charax 53”’ Gronow, 1754, Mus. Ichth., I, 19, pl. i, fig. 4; Gronow,1763,Zoophyl.,124,no.380.
Salmo gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. x, I, 311, no. 19; Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, I, 513, Surinam; BlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,419.
Epicyrtus gibbosus Miller and Troschel, 1845, Horae Ichth., I, 17, pl. ii, fig. 1; Miller and Troschel, 1848, in Schomburgk’s Reisen, III, 635. Cynopotamus gibbosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 321, pl. 645, Essequibo and Amazon; Castelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,75,AmazontoUcayali; Garman, 1890, Bull. Essex Inst., XXII, 11, Tabatinga. AnacyrtusgibbosusGiinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,V,346,Guianas; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 57; Perugia, 1897, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2), XVIII, 26, Rio Beni. Charax gibbosus Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 453, Surinam; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 444; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,400; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 270, two, 98 and 103 mm., Contamana.
Peruvian Amazon to the Guianas Genus 123: ROEBOIDES Giinther Roeboides Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 345; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 445; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 398. Cynocharax Fowler, 1907, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 457.
258 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Type: Anacyrtus guatemalensis Giinther Mexico to Argentina, in lowlands, but reaching several thousand feet elevation. Teeth small and conical or tricuspid, in a single series on the maxillary and sides of the mandibles, in two imperfect series on the premaxillary, and sometimes on the front of the mandible; middle premaxillaries slightly larger; maxillary with or without teeth along its entire length; anterior mandibular teeth and one on each corner slightly enlarged; several larger tooth-like prongs extending forward from the upper jaw at the margin of the lip; maxillary sometimes the same; lower jaw with 2—4 prongs directed forward.
Cheeks almost entirely overspread by the suborbitals; gill-membrane free from the isthmus; gill-rakers similar on the two limbs, strong, long, few in number; pharyngeals with short, stiff rakers; scales small, cycloid; dorsal over origin of anal fin, which is very long (42-57 rays); pectorals overlapping ventrals; preventral area flattened; tongue free; lateral line complete; alimentary canal short. 324. ROEBOIDES MYERSI Gill Roeboides myersii Gill, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXII, 92; Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 265; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 686, Orton and Hauxwell collections, Peruvian Amazon; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 455, fig. 45; Higenmann and Ogle, 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX XIII, 32; HKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 455; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 270, one, 101 mm., Contamana. Anacyrtus myersii Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 14, Rios HuallagaandMaranon,two.
Peruvian Amazons 325. RoEBOIDES AFFINIS (Giinther).
AnacyrtusaffinisGiinther,1868,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,246,two,fourinches,RioHuallaga; Giinther, 1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 481.
RoiboidesrubrivertexCope,1871(1872),Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,XXIII,265,PeruvianAmazon orUcayali,Perkinscollection.
Roeboides (Cynocharax) affinis Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 457, fig. 46. Roeboides affinis Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 445; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 269, seven, 114-164 mm., lower Ucayali.
Amazon and Orinoco basins 326. ROEBOIDES BICORNIS Cope Roeboides bicornis Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 564, fig., Pebas, Hauxwell collection; EKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 445; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 268, three, 78-102 mm., lower Ucayali. Roeboides (Cynocharax) bicornis Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVIII, 458, fig.
47.
Rios Maranon and Ucayali
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 259 326a. ROEBOIDES SP.
15806, 15807, , , Lago Sanango, Allen, November, 1920. Genus 124: Cynoporamus Cuvier and Valenciennes Cynopotamus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X XII, 317; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 268. Eucynopotamus Fowler, 1904, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LITT, 119; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 445. Type: Hydrocyon argenteus Valenciennes Rio Magdalena to Peruvian Amazon and La Plata Placed by Fowler with Hydrolicus in the subfamily Cynodontinae. Teeth of lower jaw in a single series, having four canines in front (the third the largest) and numerous small teeth along the sides; premaxillary teeth in two series, a canine at each end; maxillary without canines; lateral line complete; scales very small (90 or more on the lateral line series); no opercular spine; clavicle slightly notched, lower edge not blade-like, without spines. 327. CYNOPOTAMUS GULO Cope Cynopotamus gulo Cope, 1870, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 565, Pebas, Hauxwell collection; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 268, four, 128-164 mm., Contamana. Cynopotamus(Hucynopotamus)guloFowler,1904,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,LITT,119; Fowler, 1906 (1907), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LVIII, 459, fig. 48. Eucynopotamus gulo Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 445; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (4), XXIII, 92, Tingo de Pauca and Pusoc, upper Maranon.
Maranon basin 328. CYNOPOTAMUS KNERII (Steindachner) Anacyrtus knerti Steindachner, 1879, Denksch. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XX XIX, 65, Canelos; Boulenger, 1887, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 282.
Eucynopotamus knerta Fowler, 1904, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LIII, 119; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 445. Peruvian Amazon to La Plata ———, 1, 167 mm., Rio Itaya, Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. The members of the present subfamily and the preceding are known to the inhabitants of eastern Peru in a general sense as the peje perro, or ‘“‘dog fish”. They have the reputation of being very rapacious, and destructive to fishing gear. Subfamily: SALMININAE Genus 125: SALMINUS Agassiz Salminus Agassiz, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pisc. Bras., 18; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 446; Eigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., [X, 158.
260 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Type: Hydrocyon brevidens Valenciennes (non Hydrocyon brevidens Cuvier) = Salminus maxillosus Cuvier and Valenciennes Cauea to Rio Grande do Sul and La Plata basins Palate edentulous; salmonoid, abdomen long, separating the pectorals more widely from the remote ventrals than in nearby characinine genera; teeth of outer series larger than the inner both above and below; scales conspicuously large. 329. SALMINUS AFFINIS Steindachner Salminus affinis Steindachner, 1880, Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLII, 80, pl. vil, figs. 2 and 2a, Cauca; Boulenger, 1898, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, XIII, 4, R. Santiago; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 446; Eigenmann, 1916, Ann. Carnegie Mus., X, 92, Honda; Kigenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., LX, 158.
Rios Cauca, Santiago, Ucayali and Chanchomayo 16024, 2, 228 and 240 mm., Rio Ucayali, Orellana, Allen, August, 1920. The occurrence of the species in the Ucayali seems to add plausibility to the Rio Santiago record in southeastern Ecuador, considered a doubtful identification. The Salminus collected by Eigenmann and daughter in the Chanchomayo were lost in transit, and were doubtless S. affinis.* The name corvina is misapplied to this genus.
Subfamily: CHALCININAE The well-known Chalcinus and Chalcininae are hopefully retained despite Myers’ (1940) replacement by Triportheus Cope in order to vacate the name for a possible occupancy in the Chalcididae, as of Rafinesque, 1815. Genus 126: CHALCINUS Cuvier and Valenciennes ChalceusMiillerandTroschel(nonCuvierandValenciennes),1845,HoraeIchth.,I,15,angulatus. Chalcinus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1849, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 258; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 440; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 376.
Triportheus Cope, 1871 (1872), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XXII, 263; Myers, 1940, Stanford Ichth. Bull., I, v, 170.
Type: Chaleinus brachypomus Cuvier and Valenciennes = Chalceus angulatus Agassiz Rio Magdalena to Guianas, Peru, and La Plata Compressiform, herring-like; lateral line decurved; preventral line trenchantly compressed; pectoral large; mouth small; a pair of conical teeth in mandible behind a series of lobed teeth; upper jaw with two series of teeth; caudal fin emarginate, the middle rays prolonged.
*Specimens of Salminus collected by Nakashima at Iquitos were published by him (1941) as a new species, Holobrycon iquitensis. Dr. G. 8. Myers has seen the paper, and unhesitatingly placesthespeciesinthesynonymyofSalminushilarii,alreadyknownfromtheAmazonsfurther down.