ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 117 61. PrRUGIA AGASSIZIL (Steindachner) Pinirampus agassizii Steindachner, 1876, Sitzb. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, 57, pl. xii, Para. 2 agassizvi Kigenmann and Higenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 183. Perugia agassizii Kigenmann and Norris, 1900, Revista Mus. Paulista, IV, 355; Higenmann, 1922, Mem. Carnegie Mus., IX, 34.
Luciopimelodus agassizi Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 383. The Amazons 15657,1,245mm.,Iquitos,Allen,1920.
15658,2,169and175mm.,MaranonabovemouthofHuallaga,Allen,October,1920. 15736,1,335mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15758, 5, 204-275 mm., Rio Ucayali, near Orellana, Allen, August, 1920. 15774,1,420mm.,Manaos,Allen,December,1920.
Subfamily: AUCHENIPTERINAE Pimelodidae with both maxillary and mental barbels and lacking lateral plates; eill-membranes united to each other and to the isthmus; nares remote and without yarbels; free air-bladder, cervical vertebrae modified, but without lateral processes. barbels; free air-bladd ervical vertel lified, but without lateral e Genus 27: CENTROMOCHLUS Kner Centromochlus Wner, 1857 (1858), Sitzb. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, X XVI, 430; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 266; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 395; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,197.
Type: Centromochlus megalops Kner Peru to Guianas and Rio de Janeiro Mental barbels arranged by pairs; adipose fin shorter than the short anal which has only 7-11 rays; mouth terminal, jaws equal; caudal forked; V. 6; palatine teeth absent, vomerine occasionally present; D. I, 4-5; humeral process present; occipital process firmly united to dorsal plate; head naked and usually granular. 62. CENTROMOCHLUS HECKELIL (Filippi) Auchenipterus heckelii Filippi, 1853, Guer. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 166. Centromochlus heckelit Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 197; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., XVII, 677, Peruvian Amazon; EigenmannandEKigenmann,1888,Proce.Cal.Aead.Sei.,(2),1,156; EigenmannandEKigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sei.,I,267; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 395. Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 231, Contamana, one, 71 mm. Amazon system 15660,5,77-120mm.,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920.
15781,1,94mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,October,1920. 15782,2,70and90mm.,mouthRioPacaya,Allen,August,1920. 15783,2,97and95mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15889,4,67-103mm.,RioUcayali,nearOrellana,Allen,August,1920.
118 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 63. CENTROMOCHLUS STEINDACHNERI Gill Centromochlus steindachneri Gill, 1870, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XXII, 95, Napo or Maranon; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 268; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 395. Reported only from the Maranon or its tributaries.
15903,2,74and77mm.,Pebas,UniversityofMichiganMuseum. 64. CENTROMOCHLUS PERUGIAE Steindachner Centromochlus perugiae Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 29, pl.vu,figs.2-2a,Canelos; HigenmannandEKigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,270; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 395. Known only from the Canelos specimens.
65. CENTROMOCHLUS GYRINUS Eigenmann and Allen, sp. nov. Plate V, fig. 4 15795, 1, 55 mm., type, brook near Rio Itaya, Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. Head 4.3; depth 3.5; D. I, 6; A. 12; P. I, 4; caudal forked, with numerous fulera forward to adipose and anal fins; adipose well marked, merging forward into the back; dorsal short, the spine heavy, sharply striate on the sides; spine broad in front with graduated serrae, smooth behind, shorter than head; pectoral spine heavy, longer than head, with antrorse to straight hooks in front, and retrorse hooks behind; ventral with six rays reaching beyond the anus, not quite to the anal papilla; anal papilla fitting into the notch of the anal; anal base contracted. Lower jaw projecting; Jaws with narrow bands of firm teeth; maxillary barbel to tip of humeral process; mental barbels reaching beyond base of postmental, the latter not to base of pectoral; humeral process striate and a series of tubercles; frontal ovate, not open in front, about equal to the eye; eye about 3.3 in the head, 2.5 in the interorbital, 5 in snout; width of head slightly less than its length; spotted and streaked.
Near to C. intermedius, and differing in the greater depth, somewhat longer head, and larger eye; anal longer.
Genus 28: TRACHYCORYSTES Bleeker TrachycorystesBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,88; Kigenmann and Kigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 272; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 395. Type: Trachycorystes typus Bleeker Rio Magdalena and Peru to Rio de Janeiro Separable from the preceding by the much longer anal, 19-41; caudal truncate or emarginate; mental barbels paired off; lower jaw slightly prolonged; teeth villi-
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 119 form, none on vomer or palatine; eye small and lateral, covered; adipose very short; dorsal short; pectoral with stout, doubly serrate spine; anterior rays of anal enlarged as intromittent organ in male.
66. TRACHYCORYSTES GALEATUS (Linnaeus) Plate V, fig. 1 Silurus galeatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 503, based on Seba, Locupl. Rer. Nat., III, pl. Oddie ake, 7/6 Bloch, 1795, Ausl. Fische, VIII, 39, pl. 369, fig. 1; BlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,384.
Pimelodus galeatus Lacépéde, 1803, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 97, and 114. AuchenipterusgaleatusGiinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,V,196. TrachycorystesgaleatusEigenmannandHigenmann,1888,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sci.,(2),1,155; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 279; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 396; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 198.
AuchenipterusstriatulusSteindachner,1876,Siisswf.sudést.Brasil,IIT,98. TrachycorystesstriatulusEigenmannandKigenmann,1888,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sci.,(2),I,155; VonIhring,1937,Copeia,no.4,201.
The Orinoco, Peru to Rio Sao Francisco 15794,8,114-188mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920.
15795,1,55mm.,brooknearRioItaya,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 15796,2,100and113mm.,creek,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15975,1,157mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
Von Ihring, 1937, eliminates the boundary between the species 7’. galeatus and striatulus, adhering to the latter name, created by Steindachner, in place of the older Linnean name. In this matter he appears to be guided by the opinion of Starks, 1906, who recognizes no distinction but the differences in the rugosity of the skin of the head, and finds all degrees of rugosity.
Other differences seem to exist, such as finray counts. Our specimens appear very close to the Linnean galeatus.
Our Iquitos specimens may be characterized as follows: stout, bulldog-like, all contours rounded and swollen except the fin insertions; Jaws subequal, mandible slightly and roundly projected. Dorsal contour of head nearly straight, back rather straight and strongly notched at fin insertions; ventral contour moderately and uniformly convex; caudal peduncle short and elevated, at its lowest point 1.2 in the interorbital space.
Nares widely spaced, in a rectangle, their valves minute flaps; eye moderate, 5.3 in head, 3.2 in the interorbital; bones of head thickened and finely granular, including the coalesced occipital processes and dorsal plate, to which the dorsal spine is broadly articulated by a ball-and-socket joint. First mental barbel short, half the interorbital space, reaching to base of second mental; the latter longer, reaching to end of pectoral base; maxillary barbel reaching past middle of pectoral spine, lying in a groove which subtends the orbit and opercle to near the extremity
120 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA of the latter; opercular aperture small, low, and equal to interorbital space, margined by a broad flap; mouth moderate, its gape slightly less than half the greatest width of head; a bulbous tympanum arises lateral to dorsal plate on each side, its length equal to internarial space.
Paired fins short and horizontal; adipose very fleshy, short, elevated more than twice its length, its elevation 1.6 in the interorbital space, notched strongly into dorsal contour; D. I, 5, nearly 2 in the interorbital space, its longest ray equal to the interorbital plus the diameter of the orbit, its spine roughened along the anterior border; P. I, 6, spine broad and flat, 1.16 in length of head to end of opercle, about 32 low, antrorse hooks on forward border, about 24 longer retrorse hooks on posterior border; V. much smaller, broad, its longest rays about equal to interorbital space; A. long, low, fleshy, its length equal to that of the head; humeral process long, pointed, and equal to interorbital space; C. rounded, its upper rays the longest, giving the fin an oblique form.
Color light or medium brown, on back and sides, above; lower lateral aspect and belly with yellow ground-color, and diffuse, scattered spots; numerous brownish chromatophores more or less grouped in patches; caudal with a diffuse band of brown describing an obliquely vertical arc midway of its rays. A thick coating of mucus over the entire fish.
67. TRACHYCORYSTES ISACANTHUS (Cope) Auchenipterus isacanthus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 677. TrachycorystesisacanthusEigenmannandKigenmann,1888,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sci.,(2),I,154; EigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.I,275; Figenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 396. Known only from the Maranon.
68. TRACHYCORYSTES BREVIBARBUS (Cope) Auchenipterus brevibarbus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 676. TrachycorystesbrevibarbusEigenmannandEigenmann,1888,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sci.,(2),I,155; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 279; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 396. Known only from Cope’s material from the Maranon.
69. TRACHYCORYSTES CORACOIDEUS Eigenmann and Allen, sp. nov. 15794,3,128-136mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
Head broad, its width less than the length; snout broad, the jaws of equal length; eye large, longer than the snout, about 3 in the interorbital, 4 in the length of the head to end of opercle; pit of fontanel long, the fontanel much shorter, separated by a bridge from the anterior pit; head granular, the occipital process broad ; the dorsal plate with a descending process behind; humeral process extending to below the downward process of the dorsal plate, nearly horizontal; maxillary barbel
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES all to the pectoral spine; mental barbel about reaching the postmental, the postmental not to the pectoral; coracoid process granular; dorsal spine reaching from snout to end of opercular membrane, with fine granules on anterior face, and fewer and a little larger spines behind; the pectoral spines reaching to origin or middle of the ventral, with serrae considerably longer than those of the dorsal, the anterior antrorse, the posterior retrorse; gill opening not extending below the dorsal margin of the pectoral spine; ventrals rounded, not extending to anal; anterior anal rays longer, but not faleate; caudal oblique, adipose small but well developed. Greenish above, light below, shading from the middle of the back to the lateral line, free from chromatophores; upper part of sides with vertical series of pores in pigment-free areas; base of caudal rays pigmented. Differing from its near ally 7. galeatus in the granular coracoid process and head wide but narrower than its length.
Genus 29: AUCHENIPTERUS Cuvier and Valenciennes AuchenipterusCuvierandValenciennes,1840,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XV,207,nuchalis; EigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Oce.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,294; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,397; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 202.
EvanemusMillerandTroschel,1849,HoraeIchth.,III,11,colymbetes. Type: Hypophthalmus nuchalis Spix The Guianas and the Amazon Of the six barbels the two pairs of mentals are disposed in a straight, transverse line near the symphysis; pectorals and ventrals rather long, the former with rays I, 11; the latter 12-15 and posterior to the dorsal; the adipose short, the anal long; the zigzag lateral line with short branches; humeral process usually concealed. 70. AUCHENIPTERUS NUCHALIS (Spix) HypophthalmusnuchalisSpix,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,17,pl.xvii. AuchenipterusnuchalisCuvierandValenciennes,1840,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,XV,207; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 151; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 295; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, I, 397; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 231, Contamana. Euanemus nuchalis Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 193; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 676, Peruvian Amazon. The Amazons to Surinam Mapara, Fowler, native name 15661,2,162and203mm.,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 15662,7,147-178mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920.
15776,1,205mm.,Gosulimacocha,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 15777,2,165and2538mm.,RioHuallaga,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 15778,3,197-233mm.,Manaos,Allen,December,1920.
15978,1,163mm.,Iquitos,Morris,1922.
122 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA As in the case of the nearby genera, a tough, leathery, insoluble coat of mucus invests these fishes; this remains undiminished after many years in alcohol. The flesh tends to soften.
71. AUCHENIPTERUS BRACHYURUS (Cope) Euanemus brachyurus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 676, Peru. Auchenipterus brachyurus Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 152; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 298; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 397. Known from the types at Philadelphia.
Genus 30: PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUS Bleeker PseudauchenipterusBleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,88; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 396. Felichthys Swainson, 1839, Fish. Amph. Rept., II, 305; Swain, 1882, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 281; EigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,285. Type: Silurus nodosus Bloch Lower courses of rivers Atlantic seaboard; Ucayali river The genus is characterized by the emarginate anal fin and forked caudal; smooth outer margin of pectoral spine, sometimes granular; head longer than wide, but lower jaw shorter than upper; mental barbels in two pairs; eye large, lateral, covered with skin; palate and vomer edentulous; teeth villiform; bones of head thick, covered with skin.
72. PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUS NODOsUs (Bloch) Silurus nodosus Bloch, 1794, Ausl. Fische, viii, 35, pl. 368, fig. 1; BlochandSchneider,1801,Syst.Ichth.,383.
Arius nodosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 70. Auchenipterus nodosus Miller and Troschel, 1849, Horae Ichth., III, 11; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 194. Pseudauchenipterus nodosus Bleeker, 1863, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 88; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 396; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 231. FelichthysnodosusSwain,1882,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,281; Rigenmann and Figenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), I, 154; EigenmannandEKigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Scei.,I,290. Bahia and British Guiana to Peru Fowler’s record of a 145 mm. specimen from Contamana seems to extend the known range of the species much farther inland. 5 Genus 31: EPAPTERUS Cope Epapterus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 677; Kigenmann and Higenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 292.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 123 Type: Epapterus dispilurus Cope Upper Amazonia Like Auchenipterus in the transverse alignment. of the mental barbels at the symphysis, but unlike in lacking the adipose fin and retaining only a rudimentary dorsal, I, 3; no teeth; ventrals have receded in a caudal direction and elongated to 14 rays; anal long; both postcoracoid and humeral processes present, the former sharply pointed.
73. EPAPTERUS DISPILURUS Cope Epapterus dispilurus Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 677; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 31, Peruvian Amazon: Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1888, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), I, 152; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 293; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 397. Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 231, Contamana. Upper Amazons.
Reported to Fowler under the vernacular name maparati.
Family IV: Doradidae Due to the unusually high stages of water throughout the greater part of the Peruvian Amazon country during my visit in 1920 (W.R.A.) and the flooding of the smaller streams, our collections of Characins, Cichlids, and Poeciliids peculiar to smaller streams are not especially abundant. On the other hand, opportunity to collect such muddy-water forms as the Doradidae from larger streams, due to their taking refuge in the sloughs and estuaries, was good. With materials accumulated from other sources our Doradidae form part of the monograph of the family, Eigenmann, 1925, the last of the great groups of fishes to be undertaken by him with unimpaired strength and zeal. The Astroblepidae were to have followed. Of the twenty-six genera and sixty-seven species recorded in the monograph, fifteen genera and twenty-two species belong to the range considered in this paper. Of these we have seventeen species and ten of the genera in the present collections. Seven of the genera and seven of the species are considered as new. Throughout Tropical America; fishes with a series of lateral plates, diminishing in size caudally, each with a backward-directed curved, pointed spine, also diminishing correspondingly; fishes of moderate size; air-bladders with much specialized and variable Weberian apparatus, and themselves of extreme variability; dorsal usually short, and usually I, 6; dorsal spine variable; adipose usually present and short; pectoral spine long, doubly serrate (sometimes triply); head granular or striate; dorsal and pectoral spines with locking device; humeral process present, bordered above by a tympanum; six barbels, the narial lacking, barbels sometimes fimbriated, forming a dense, brush-like structure.
124 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Genus 82: MEGALODORAS Ejigenmann Megalodoras Eigenmann, 1925, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXII, 306. Type: Megalodoras irwint Eigenmann Rio Maranon, Middle Amazon and British Guiana Mouth wide, head depressed; adipose longer than anal and extended forward as a keel; air-bladder two-chambered with both parts fringed with numerous diverticula, much depressed; dorsal spine with posterior serrae small or obsolete; lateral scutes few, less than 23.
74. MEGALODORAS IRWINI Eigenmann MegalodorasirwintEigenmann,1925,Trans.Amer.Phil.Soe.,XXIT,307,pl.1,fig.4;pl.11,fig.3;pl. vi, figs. 1-4; pl. xxv, fig. 2; text fig. 11, f.
15427, 5, 90-315 mm., type and paratypes, Iquitos, Allen, 1920 and Morris, 1922. Iquitos to Santarem Genus 33: CENTRODORAS Eigenmann Centrodoras Figenmann, 1925, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXII, 309. Type: Doras brachiatus Cope Amazons Most characters those of Megalodoras; much more numerous lateral scutes, each side with 38-40; dorsal spine with antrorse hooks on the anterior margin, the hooks behind varying from retrorse to straight; air bladder cardiform with numerous tufts of diverticula; a second bladder also with tufted diverticula. Three scutes in contact with the dorsal plate, about three rapidly decreasing in size, the remainder narrow.
75. CENTRODORAS BRACHIATUS (Cope) DorasbrachiatusCope,1871,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,270; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 234; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 393. CentrodorasbrachiatusEigenmann,1925,Trans.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XXII,310,textfig.16; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 225, one, 163 mm., Contamana. The Amazons The origin of Cope’s specimens is only known to have been the Robert Perkins collection made at various points between the Huallaga and the Rio Negro. It may belong to the area under present consideration; otherwise it is Brazilian.