SYNODONTIS. 413 not 4 diameter of eye, 33 to 38 in number. Maxillary barbel without or with a mere rudiment of a marginal membrane, 1} to 14 times as long as head, reaching middle of posterior fourth of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel twice or a little more than twice as long as inner, former with long slender branches, latter with tubercular ramifications. Gill-openings not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield granulate like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, with pointed or truncate posterior processes. Humeral process flat, granulate, a little lofger than broad, sharply pointed, extending as far back as occipito-nuchal process, or not quite so far. Dorsal I 7; spine feebly curved, as long as or a little shorter than head, smooth or very finely serrated in front, feebly serrated behind, with short or rather long filamentous prolongation. Adipose dorsal 3 to 4 times as long as deep, 33 to 5 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 8, rounded. Pectoral spine as long as or a little shorter than head, feebly but distinctly serrated on the outer edge, very strongly on inner, reaching or nearly reaching ventral ; latter rounded, extending to or slightly beyond origin of anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Grey, tinged with olive on the head and back ; fins dark, except the spines and their filaments, which are whitish ; caudal fin greyish white, with a deep black band along each lobe; barbels white.
Total length 240 millim.
White Nile.
1. Type. Mouth of Lake No. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
2. aes Kawa. fe 30 Os Nur ed Daim. Pa 11. SYNODONTIS GRANULOSUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) vi. 1900, p. 480, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 308 (1901), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 149, pl. xvi. Depth of body equal to length of head, 3 to 3} times in total length. Head not or but slightly longer than broad, covered with granular asperities from between the eyes; snout rounded, as long as postocular part of head ; eye supero-lateral, 55 to 6 times in length of head, 24 to 25 times in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed ; premaxillary teeth forming a short, broad band; movable mandibular teeth barely 4 diameter of eye, 40 to 42 innumber. Maxillary barbel without marginal membrane, as long as or a little longer than head, not extending beyond
414 SILURID&.
auterior third of pectoral spine; mandibular barbels with short branches, especially near base, where they are tubercular, outer 3 times as long as inner. Gill-openings not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipitc-nuchal shield rough like occiput, tectiform, a little longer than broad, with rounded posterior processes. Humeral process rough with granular asperities, keeled, narrow, sharply pointed, extending nearly as far back as occipito-nuchal shield. Skin of whole body, including adipose fin, with small, closely-set, granular papilla. Dorsal 17; spine feebly curved, a little shorter than head, striated, smooth in front, serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 4 times as long as deep, 24 to 34 times as-long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal III 8, rounded. Pectoral Fig.311, Synodontis granulosus.
Type (Tr. Z. 8S. 1901). Yole spine as long as dorsal, feebly serrated on outer border, strongly on inner, not reaching ventral. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Olive above, yellowish beneath ; dorsal, anal, and paired fins black in front, orange behind ; caudal black, with a broad orange posterior margin. Total length 230 millim.
Lake Tanganyika.
1-3. Types. North end of L. Tanganyika. Prof, J. E, 8. Moore (C.).
SYNODONTIS. 415 12. SYNODONTIS ZAMBESENSIS.
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 682; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 214 (1864) ; Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 31, pl. v. figs. 2 & 3 (1868) ; Vaill. N. Arch. Mus. (3) viii. 1896, p. 126; Pfefft. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 37 (1896) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 314 (1901).
Synodontis gambiensis, part., Giinth. & Playf. Fish. Zanzib. p. 115, pl. xvii. fig. 1 (1866) ; Vaill. t. c. p. 155.
? Synodontis zanzibaricus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 600; Vaill. t.c. p. 157. Synodontis punctulatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 71, and 1896, p. 223 ; Vaill. t.c. p. 138.
Synodontis zambezensis rukwaensis, Hilgend. & Pappenh. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1903, p. 267.
Synodontis nyasse, Keilhack, Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1908, p. 168. Fig.312.
Synodontis zanbesensis.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 4 Depth of body 34 to 5 times in total length, length of head 34 to 4 times. Head 124 to 14 times as long as broad, rugose above behind snout, which is rounded and as long as or slightly longer than postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 4 (young) to 7 times in length of head, 14 to 3 times in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed ; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth not more than about 4 diameter of eye, 20 to 35 in number. Maxillary barbel with a narrow marginal membrane at base, 1 to 14 times length of head, reaching between anterior fourth and posterior third of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel about twice as long as
416 SILURIDZ.
inner, both with long slender branches without ramifications, or inner with a few tubercular ramifications. Gill-openings not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 14 to 14 times as long as broad, with pointed posterior processes. Humeral process much longer than broad, not distinctly keeled, sharply pointed, extending as far back, or not quite so far back, as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal 17; spine 4 to once length of head, feebly curved, striated and sharp-edged in front, rather feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 3 to 44 times as long as deep, 14 to 24 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal I1V-V 7-8, obtusely pointed in front. Pectoral spine 3 to once length of head, not reaching ventral, outer border feebly, inner border strongly serrated. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little longer than deep. Brown or olive, uniform or dotted with black, or with larger round black spots.
Total length 230 millim.
East Africa, from the Webi Shebeli to the Zambesii—Types in Berlin Museum.
1. Ad. Webi Shebeli. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.).
2-6. Ad. Ngatana, Tana R. Prof. J. W. Gregory (P.). 7-8. Ad., types Ruva R., Arusha district. F. J. Jackson, Esq. (P.). of S. punctulatus.
9. Ad. Pangani R. Sir Lambert Playfair (P.).
10. Ad., skin. - He 11. Ad. Zanzibar Coast. a 12-15. Her. Stream running into L.Nama- Capt. C. Percival (P.). ramba, 20 m.E.of L. Nyassa, 3000ft.
16. Hgr. L. Nyassa. Mr. J. A. Williams (C.).
17-19. Ad. a Prof. J. E. S. Moore (C.).
20-21. Her. & yg. "0 Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).
22. Ad. Zambesi below Victoria Falls. Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist (P.). 13. SYNODONTIS NIGROMACULATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 645.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 times in total length. Head 14 times as long as broad, feebly rugose above behind snout, which is rounded and as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 6 times in length of head, 24 times in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed ; preemaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band ; movable
SYNODONTIS. 417 mandibular teeth not quite } diameter of eye, about 30 in number. Maxillary barbel with a narrow marginal membrane at base, 1} times length of head, reaching a little beyond middle of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel about twice as long as inner, both with long slender branches without ramifications, except at the base of the inner, where they are more tubercular. Gill-opening nct extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 14 times as long as broad, with obtuse posterior processes. Humeral process much longer than broad, not keeled, pointed, extending as far back as occipito-nuchal process. Synodontis nigromaculatus.
Type. 3.
Dorsal 17; spine as long as head, nearly straight, smooth in front, rather feebly serrated behind, Adipose dorsal 4 times as long as deep, 2; times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 7, obtusely pointed in front. Pectoral spine as long as head, strongly serrated on both sides, nearly reaching ventral. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Greyish above, white beneath, covered all over with round black spots, some of which, especially on the posterior part of the body, are confluent into vermicular lines.
. Total length 210 millim.
- Lake Bangwelu.
1. Type. L. Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).
VO! Ir DAD
418 SILURIDA.
14. SYNODONTIS MELANOSTICTUS.
Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc. xvit. 1906, p. 553, pl. xxxiv. Depth of body 4 times in total length, length of head 32 to 4 times. Head as long as broad or slightly longer than broad, strongly rugose above ; snout rounded or obtusely pointed, as long as or slightly longer than postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 6 to 64 times in length of head, 24 to 25 times in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed ; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth not quite $ diameter of eye, 30 to 40 in number. Maxillary barbel with a narrow marginal membrane at base, 1} to 14 times length of head, reaching anterior third on middle of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel 2$ to 3 times as long as inner, both with long slender branches without ramifications. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 14 to 13 times as long Fig.314.
Synodontis melanostictus.
Type (Ir. Z. 8. 1906). 3as broad, with rounded or truncate posterior processes. Humeral’ process much Jonger than broad, not distinctly keeled, sharply pointed,
SYNODONTIS. Aly extending as far back, or not quite so far back, as occipito-nuchal process. Short villosities on sides of body. Dorsal I 7; spine as long as or slightly shorter than head, feebly curved, front edge sharp or granular, rather strongly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 4 to 5 times as long as deep, 2 to 24 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 7, obtusely pointed in front. Pectoral spine as long as head, nearly reaching ventral, strongly serrated on both sides. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Grey or dark brown above, pale brown or whitish beneath, everywhere closely dotted with black.
Total length 520 millim.
Lakes Tanganyika, Bangwelu, and Mweru; Upper Zambesi. 1. Type. Lofu, L. Tanganyika. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.). 2. Ad. L. Bangwelu. I. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).
3. Ad. LL. Mweru. Sir A. Sharpe (P.).
4, Ad. Maramba R., Upper Zambesi. T. Codrington, Hsq. (P.). 15. SYNODONTIS MULTIMACULATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 43, pl. xii. fig. 1 (1902). Depth of body 53 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Fig.315.
Synodontis multimaculatus.
Type (A. M. C.).
Head 1} times as long as broad, rugose from between the eyes; snout rounded, as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 4 times in length of head, 13 times in interorbital width; lips moderately 2H2
420) SILURIDA.
developed; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth 4 diameter of eye, about 30 in number. Maxillary barbel not fringed, as long as head, reaching middle of pectoral spine; outer mandibular barbel twice as long as inner, with a few simple, obtuse branches at the base; outer mandibular barbel with short, mostly bifid branches. Gnull-cpening not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spime. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, simply convex, hardly longer than broad, with obtusely pointed posterior processes. Humeral process narrow, pointed, rugose, distinctly keeled, extending as far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 7; spine a little shorter than head, striated, smooth in front, feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 4 times as long as deep, 14 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal 1V 7, rounded. Pectoral spine a little longer than dorsal, strongly serrated on both sides. Ventral not reaching anal. Caudal with moderately deep notch. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Brown with large darker round spots; smaller spots on the ventral, anal, and caudal fins; large spots forming two series across the dorsal fin.
Total length 75 millim.
Ubanghi.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
16. SYNODONTIS MULTIPUNCTATUS.
Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xv. 1598, p. 24, pl. vii. and 1899, p. 95, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 3138 (1901).
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 34 to 32 times in total length. Head a little longer than broad, strongly granulate above from between the eyes; snout rounded, as long as or slightly longer than postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 4 to 4} times in length of head, 14 to 2 times in interorbital width; lips moderately developed ; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth barely 3 diameter of eye, 15 to 20 in number. Maxillary barbel not margined, as long as or a little longer than head, reaching between base and middle of pectoral spine; mandibular barbels with long slender branches without ramifications, outer twice as long as inner. Gill-opening not extending downwards beyond base of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield granulate, tectiform, about 14 times as long as broad, posterior processes pointed. Humeral process granulate, acutely pointed, at least twice as long as broad, not extending quite so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 7; spine straight, a little