CLARIAS. 221 B. Second dorsal fin more or less distinctly rayed, or with a spine ; mandibular teeth very small or absent ; eye without free border. 1. Mandibular barbels branched ; body moderately elongate, naked ; second dorsal with articulated rays.
Posterior nostril very large . . . . . . 33. Mochocus, Joannis, p. 492. 2. Barbels simple ; body much elongate, with very slender caudal peduncle. a, Preemaxillary teeth present; mandibular teeth few or absent; no spine to the second dorsal fin.
Body andtailnaked. . . . . . . . . 34. Dowmea, Sauv., p. 496. Body and tail with bony seutes . . . . . 35. Phractura, Blgr., p. 498. b. Preemaxillary and mandibular teeth present; body and tail with bony scutes.
Second dorsal without spine . . . . . . 36. Paraphractura, Blgr., p. 506. Second dorsal withaspine. . . . . . . 37. Trachyglanis, Blgr., p. 507. c. No teeth ; body and tail with bony scutes ; second dorsal with a spine. Dorsal fin in advance of ventrals. . . . . 38. Belonoglanis, Blgr., p. 508. Dorsal fin above ventrals . . . . . . . 39. Andersonia, Bler., p. 510. VI. Matoprerurin®.—No rayed dorsal fin; adipose fin present ; anal short, ; gillmembranes grown to isthmus . . . 40. Malopterurus, Lacep., p. 511. 1. CLARIAS.
Gronoy. Zoophyl. p. 100 (1781); Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 248 (1864); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 248 (1901), Fish. Nile, p. 278 (1907), and Proce. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 1063.
Macropteronotus, part., Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 84 (1803). Body elongate, with long dorsal and anal fins composed entirely of soft rays, extending to or nearly to the caudal fin. Pectoral fin with the outer ray spinous; ventral fin with 6 rays. Head much depressed, the upper and lateral parts osseous, forming a casque; four pairs of barbels—one nasal, one maxillary, two mandibulars. Eye small, with free orbital margin. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth; a band of villiform or granular teeth on the vomer. Giull-membranes free from the isthmus, deeply notched in the middle. A dendritic, accessory branchial organ attached to the second and fourth branchial arches and received in a cavity behind the gill-cavity proper. Air-bladder small, bilobed, disposed transversely and partially enclosed in a bony sheath formed by the transverse processes of the fourth and fifth vertebre. Vertebre 60-78. 9 branchiostegal rays. Males with a long, conical anal papilla.
South-eastern Asia, Syria, Africa,
222 SILURIDZ.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Ventral fins midway between end of snout and root of caudal, or a little nearer (less than 3) the former ; nasal barbel shorter than head *. A. Maxillary barbel not or but little longer than head, except in the very young ; at least 20-gill-rakers on anterior arch. 1, Length of head 3 to 3% times in total length +; vomerine teeth forming an uninterrupted or scarcely interrupted band or patch; distance between occipital process and dorsal fin at least 34 times in length of head.
a. Head granulate above (under the skin), except in the very young; D. 62-82, A. 46-65.
a. Vomerine teeth mostly pointed or granular-subconical, forming a band which is not broader than the band of premaxillary teeth ; distance between occipital process and dorsal fin 34 to 7 times in length of head.
20-27 gill-takers on anterior arch ; distance between dorsal and caudal 1~24 diameters QEQie 6 Oo ogo 0B) oo og) le Go amiganilarog, Iie jon PPI 25 (in very young)-80 gill-rakers on anterior arch; distance between dorsal and caudal 14-2 diameters of eye. . . . . « « 2 C. gariepinus, Burch., p. 228. 87 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; distance be= tween dorsal and caudal 3 diameters of eye. 3. C. moorii, Blgr., p. 230. 8. Vomerine teeth all or mostly granalar, forming a crescentic band with or without posterior process.
30-40 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; band of vomerine teeth as broad as or a little narrower than band of premaxillary teeth: head not more than 13 times as long as broad, 4-7 times its distance from dorsal. 4. C. senegalensts, C. & V., p. 231. 25 (in very young)-100 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; band of vomerine teeth nearly 1 to 14 times as broad as preemaxillary band ; head not more than 1% times as long as broad, 4-7 times its distance from dorsal. 5. C. mossambicus, Peters, p, 232. 90 gill-rakers on anterior arch; band of vomerine teeth as broad as premaxillary band ; head 1% times as long as broad, 9 times its distance from dorsal . . . « 6. C. vinciguerre, Blgr., p, 234. * The head is measured to the extremity of the occipital process. +Caudalfinnotincluded.
CLARIAS.
35 (in very young)-135 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; band of vomerine teeth 14 to 24 times width of premaxillary band; head not more than 13 times as long as broad, 4-7 times its distance from dorsal . y. Vomerine teeth granular, forming a large semi-elliptic patch, squarely truncate behind, its longitudinal diameter 3 times that of preemaxillary band ; 39 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; distance between dorsal and caudal 3 Jength of head b. Head smooth above; D. 78-85, A. 60-70; vomerine teeth granular, forming a band which is not broader than premaxillary band ; 45-70 gill-rakers on anterior arch; distance between dorsal and caudal not greater than diameter of eye .
2. Length of head 4 times in total length; vomerine teeth mostly granular, forming a band which is a little narrower than the preemaxillary band and interrupted in the middle; head granulate above; D. 63-72, A. 50-52 ; distance between occipital process and dorsal 2-4 length of head; 55 gill-rakers Onrantenlomarche ce: dierent. B. Maxillary barbel 14 length of head ; 12 gill-rakers on anterior arch; head feebly granulate above, 14 as long as broad; vomerine teeth conical ; 7. C. lazera, C. & V., p. 235. 8. €. mellandt, Bler., p. 238. 9. C. tsanensis, Blgr., p. 239. 10. €. capensis, C. & V., p. 240. D. 65-70, A. 56-62. . . . . . A. €. platycephalus, Blgr., p. 241. II. Ventral fins 14 to 2 times as distant from root of caudal as from end of snout, or nasal barbel at least as long as head ; head smooth or very feebly granulate above ; less than 30 gill-rakers on anterior arch. A. Dorsal separated from caudal by a space at least equal to diameter of eye ; nasal barbel shorter than head. 1. Head 1} to12 times as long as broad, its length 33-32 times in total length; distance between occipital
224 SILURID A.
processanddorsal}lengthofhead; maxillary barbel nearly as long as head ; 20-23 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; D. 85-95, A. 65-75. . . 12. C.jaensis, Blgr., p. 242. 2. Head not more than 1} times as long as broad. a. Maxillary barbel shorter than head ; head 14-14 as long as broad, its length 4-5 times in total length; distance between occipital process and dorsal 2-3 length of head ; 10-13 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; D. 65-78, A. 57-64.
Maxillary barbel 2-2 length of head, not reaching beyond gill-opening . . . . 13. C. carsonii, Blgr., p. 243. Maxillary barbel length of head, reaching a little beyond base of pectoral . . . . 14. C. poensis, Blgr., p. 244. b. Maxillary barbel as long as or a little longer than head ; distance between occipital process and dorsal 2—2 length of head, which is 4—5 times in total length.
Head 1} as long as broad; D. 75-84, A. 60- 70; 10 gill-rakers on anterior arch . . 15. C.submarginatus, Peters, p. 245. Head 13-13 as long as broad; D. 70-72, A. 50-58 ; 13-15 gill-rakers on anterior RN 45 5 oe 5 Go 6 6 0 Al CG trongalalinngs lelleres jo 2a Head slightly longer than broad ; D. 58-60, A. 40-42 ; 20 gill-rakers on anterior arch. 17. C. breviceps, Blgr., p. 247. c. Maxillary barbel once and } to twice as long as head ; head 11-1} as long as broad ; 12-15 gill-rakers on anterior arch. Length of head 4-45 times in total ; distance between occipital process and dorsal }—} length of head ; distance between ventrals and caudal 14-12 that between end of snout and ventrals ; D. 70-80, A. 52-60. 18. C. walkeri, Gthr., p. 248, Length of head 5-5} times in total ; distance between occipital process and dorsal 3-2 length of head; distance between ventrals and caudal at least 13 that between end of snout and ventrals ; D. 80, A. 70-73. 19. C. longior, Blgr., p. 249. B. Dorsal and anal in contact with or very narrowly separated from, but not adnate to the caudal ; maxillary barbel longer than head. 1. Nasal barbel at least as long as head, which is 14-1} times as long as broad; distance between occipital process and dorsal +} length of head. a. Vomerine teeth conical or subgranular, in a crescentie band. Length of head 34-4} times in total ; maxillary barbel 13-13 length of head ; 20-25 gill-rakers on anterior arch; D. 70-82, ADO OOM ee ene OF Lt 20.0 Crangolensis Sida o 0:
CLARIAS. 225 Length of head 4-41 times in total ; maxillary barbel 2~24 length of head ; 17-22 gillrakerson anteriorarch; D.78-87, A.55-67. 21. C. bythipogon, Sauv., p. 25: Or bo Length of head 4-44 times in total ; maxillary barbel 13-12 length of head; 14-15 gillrakers on anterior arch; D. 65-78, A. 55— 62; occipital process much longer than broaden ae ect ene. aaa. alliaudi wblertip.e2oo. Length of head 44-5 times in total; maxillary barbel 14-2 length of head; 16-18 gillrakersonanteriorarch; D.82-91,A.68-72. 23. C. werneri, Bler., p. 254. b. Vomerine teeth granular, in a fanshaped patch ; length of head 4 times in total ; maxillary barbel 14 length of head; 16 gillrakers on anterior arch ; D. 80, AmGSicu ls lo |. eae Wee 24emlOamniacromrystacwGthiee peo 56s 2. Nasal barbel shorter than head. a. Length of head 33-4} times in total; distance between occipital process and dorsal 2-2 length of head; D. 60-72, A. 44-55. Pectoral spine strongly serrated on both sides ; 12-15 gill-rakers on anterior arch. . . 25. C. dumerilii, Stdr., p. 257. Pectoral spine feebly serrated ; 20 gill-rakers onjantenlorarchy 3) 2) a). -s « 26. ©. bemensts, Stdrs) p. 258. b. Length of head 43-53 times in total; A. 68-80; 15-20 gill-rakers onanteriorarch.
Head 121} as long as broad ; nasal barbel 3—% length of head; D. 92-95. . . . 27. C. pachynema, Bler., p. 259. Head 13-14 as long as broad; nasal barbel 3-2 length of head; D. 79-87. . . . 28. C. leviceps, Gill, p. 260. C. Dorsal and anal embracing or adnate to base of caudal ; maxillary barbel 4-1} length of head.
1. Head 1}—1} times as long as broad. Length of head 4 times in total; ventrals a little nearer end of snout than caudal; D. 55, A. 50; pectoral spine not serrated on outer side. . . . . . . . . . 29. C. buettikoferi, Stdr., p. 261. Length of head 5 times in total; distance between ventrals and caudal 1} that between ventrals and end of snout; D. 80, A. 65; 15 gill-rakers on anterior arch; pectoral spine serrated on both sides. . 30. C. amplexicauda, Blgr., p. 261. VOL. Il. Q
15 bo op SILURIDA.
2. Head 12-13 times as long as broad. Length of head 43—5} times in total, 3 times its distance from dorsal; distance between ventrals and caudal 1} that between ventrals and end of snout; maxillary barbel as long as or a little longer than head; D. 80-90, A. 67-73; 14 gillrakers on anterior arch ; pectoral spine feebly serrated on outer side . . . . 3. C. theodore, M. Web., p. 262. Length of head 5 times in total, 3 times its distance from dorsal; distance between ventrals and caudal 12 that between ventrals and end of snout ; muxillary barbel a little shorter than head; D. 83, A. 68; 20 gill-rakers on anterior arch ; pectoral spine not serrated on outer side . . . 32. C. fouloni, Blgr., p. 263. Length of head 5-6 times in total, 14-12 its distance from dorsal; distance between ventrals and caudal 13 that between ventrals and end of snout ; maxillary barbel a little longer than head; D. 89-93, A. 70-78; 8-10 gill-rakers on anterior arch; pectoral spine serrated on outer See ole) so Ne) to Oe Ss andoras Cp calles Ietitine sn, Oe. 1. CLARIAS ANGUILLARIS.
Silurus anguillaris, Linn. in Hasselq. Reise Palast. p. 415 (1762), and Syst. Nat. i. p. 502 (1766).
Macropteronotus charmuth, part., Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 85 (1803). Macropteronotus anguillaris, part., Riipp. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 5 (1829). Clarias hasselquisti, Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xv. p. 362, pl. eccexlvi. (1840). Clarias anguillaris, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vy. p. 14 (1864); Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 36 (1868) ; Giinth. Petherick’s Tray. ii. p. 217 (1869) ; Panceri, Rend. Ace. Se., Soc. R. Nap. xii. 1873, p. 110; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 280, pl. xlix. (1907), and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1907, p. 1068. Clarias parvimanus, Giinth. opp. cit. pp. 15, 218. Depth of body 53 to 7Z times in total length, length of head 3 to 33 times. Head 1} to 1% times as long as broad, its upper surface coarsely granulate in the adult; occipital process angular; frontal fontanelle elliptical, sole-shaped or knife-shaped, 3 to 5 times as long as broad, 34 to 5 times in length of head; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process; eye 2 (very young) to 44 times in
CLARIAS. 227 length of snout, 3 to 9 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth nearly equal to interorbital width; band of premaxillary teeth 53 to 8 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth mostly conical, sometimes subgranular behind, forming a crescentic, continuous or narrowly interrupted band which is as broad as or narrower than praemaxillary band; nasal barbel + to ? length of head (4 to } in very young); maxillary barbel 2 to 3 length of head (# to 14 times in very young), reaching gill-opening or extremity of pectoral spine; outer mandibular 9 barbel 14 to 1$ times as long as inner, which measures 4 to 2 length of > head (3 to nearly once in very young). Gill-rakers rather short, 20 to 27 on anterior arch. Clavicles hidden under the skin. Dorsal 65-76, its distance from occipital process + to + length of head, its distance Fig.192.
Clarias anguillaris.
Cairo (E.N.).
from caudal 1 to 24 diameters of eye. Anal 53-62, narrowly separated from caudal. Pectoral 2 to $ length of head, the spine serrated on the outer border and } (young) to 3 the length of the fin. Ventrals slightly nearer end of the snout than root of caudal. Caudal not quite half length of head. Upper parts olive or dark brown, uniform or with darker marblings, lower parts white; a more or less distinct dark band on each side of the lower surface of the head; fins dark, edged with yellow or orange, sometimes with small black spots. Reaches a length of 750 millim.
Nile, Lake Victoria, Chad Basin.
228 : SILURID-E.
1, 2-3. Ye. Freshwater pool near Ghet-el- L. Loat, Esq. (C.). Nassara, L. Menzaleh.
4. Her. (Type of Nile. Dr. Riippell (C.).
C.parvimanus.)
5. Her. 55 J. Petherick, Hsq. (C.).
6. Skel. 3 55 7. Ad. Nile at Cairo. Li. Loat, Esq. (C.).
8. Her. Pond near Bedushen, 8. of Cairo. 3 BO Ike Nar, Near Cairo. 5 12. Skull. Picked up at Demare, Libyan Capt. S. Flower (P.). Desert.
13-16. Yg. Near Luxor. L. Loat, Hsq. (P.).
17-23. Ye. Between Luxor and Assuan. 35 24-27. Her. & yg. Assuan. 7 28. Hor. Khartum. J. Petherick, Wsq. (C.).
29), Hipr: Fashoda. L. Loat, Hsq. (C.).
30. Skull. L. Victoria. Mr. HE. Degen (C.).
31. Her. Kano, Hadeija R., Chad Basin. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.). 2. CLARIAS GARIEPINUS.
Silurus (Heterobranchus) gariepinus, Burchell, Tray. Int. 8. Afr. i. p. 425, fi (1822).
Clarias capensis (non ©. & V.), A. Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr., Pisce. pl. xxvii. (1845). Clarias mossambicus, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 682, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 32, pl. vi. figs. 1 & 2, and pl. vii. figs. 2 & 3 (1868). Clarias gariepinus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 14 (1864); M. Weber, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. x. 1897, p. 149 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 254 (1901), and Proce. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 1069.
Depth of body 6 to 7 times in total length, length of head 5 to 32 times. Head 12 to 1% times as long as broad, its upper surface more or less distinctly granulate in the adult; occipital process angular; frontal fontanelle 3 to 53 times as long as broad, 34 to 4 times in length of head ; occipital fontanelle very small, in advance of occipital process; eye very small, 3 to 4 times in length of snout and 5 to 7 times in interorbital width in the adult; width of mouth nearly equal to interorbital width, 2 length of head; band of premaxillary teeth 4 (young) to 7 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth mostly conical, or granular-subconical, forming a erescentic band, which may be slightly interrupted in the middle, where it is nearly as broad as or narrower than preemaxillary band ; nasal barbel + to 2 length of head (2 in young); maxillary barbel shorter o than head in adult (a little longer in young), reaching base or second oO.
5