SYNODONTIS. 405 processes pointed or truncate. Humeral process much longer than broad, very obtusely keeled, the keel sometimes very indistinct, sharply pointed, usually extending as far back as occipito-nuchal process. Skin more or less villose on sides. Dorsal I 7; spine # to slightly over once length of head, straight or curved, striated and sharp-edged or very finely granulate in front, feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 5 to 43 times as long as deep, 24 to 44 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal 1V 8—9, obtusely pointed in front. Pectoral spine as long as or slightly longer or a little shorter than that of dorsal, rarely reaching root of ventral, outer border very finely, inner border strongly serrated. Fig.306.
Synodontis schall.
Lower Nile (fF. N.). 3.
Ventral usually not reaching anal. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer, sometimes prolonged into a filament. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or deeper than long. Grey, brown, or olive above, white beneath; adults uniform, with the paired fins and the anal sometimes blackish ; half-grown with very numerous dark dots; young handsomely marbled and spotted, with wavy and oblique bands of yellowish, and two or three more or less regular yellowish streaks along the snout. Total length 410 millim.
Nile; Lakes Abaia, Stephanie, and Rudolf; Chad Basin ; Senegal. 1-2. Ad, Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Hsq. (C.).
3. Skel.
) 22
9-16. Ad., her., &yg.
17. Skel.
18-27. Ad., her., &yg.
98-29. Ad. & her. 30-34. Her. & yg., SILURID.
Near Ghat-el-Nassara, L. Menzaleh (fresh water). Freshwater canal near San, L. Menzaleh.
Samannud, Damietta Nile. 3) bed Rosetta Nile, near Barrage. Cairo.
9 types of S. maculosus. 35-40. Ad., hgr., &yg.
41-49. Yo.
50. Ad.
51-52, 53. Ad. 54-62. Hor. & yg. 63. Yg.
64. Ad.
65-66. Ad. & her. 67-70. Her.
71-74. Yg.
75. Hgr.
76. Ad.
77-86. Yg.
87-106. Ye.
107-126. Yg.
127-134. Ad., hgr., &yg.
139-141. Ad. &her. 142, 143-145. Ad. &yg.
146-149. Her.&yg. 150, 151-155. Ad. &yg.
156-159. Ad. & yg. 160-161. Ad. & yg. Cairo.
Near Cairo.
bb) Giza, near Cairo. Beni Souef, Low. Nile. Sanhur, a Birket Karun, Fayum. 9 BP) Bahr Selah, Fayum. Between Assiut and Abu Tig. Achmein, Low. Nile. Luxor.
Near Luxor.
Canal at Thebes. Between Luxor and Assuan. NearAssuan.
Abu Hor, Upp. Nile. Mirrwau and El Maharraka, Upp. Nile.
Anebi and Abu Simbal, Upp. Nile.
Wady Haifa, Upp. Nile. Kosheh, Upp. Nile. Khartum.
Wad Medine, Blue Nile. Roseires, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.). Dr. Riippell (C.). L. Loat, Esq. (C.). by) Capt. 8. Flower (P.). 3) L. Loat, Esq. (C.). bb) Dr. Cunnington and C. L. Boulenger, Esq. (C.). L. Loat, Esq. (C.). Ped Y. Burges, Esq. (P.). L. Loat, Esq. (C.). ” J. Petherick, Esq. (C.). L. Loat, Esq. Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
SYNODONTIS. 407 162-163. Her. Nur-ed-Daim and Kaka, L. Loat, Esq. (C.). White Nile.
164. Ad. Gharb-el-Aish, White Nile. i.
165. Ye. Fashoda, White Nile. ee 166-169. Yg. Between Khartum and Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ; Sobat. W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
170. Ad. Polkom, Baro R. FS NTS YANG Mouth of L. No. L. Loat, Esq. (C.). 16s “Ade Gondokoro. 6 WO Elon: Sagan R. (u. Rudolf). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ; W.N. MeMillan, Esq. (P.).
180-182. Her. L. Gandjule (Margherita). p 183. Her. L. Stephanie. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.). 184. Ad., type of 33 a S.smithti.
185. Ye. Komadugu R., L. Chad. Paris Museum (#.). 186-188. Ad. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.). 189-191. Ad. hgr., Kaédi, ts be &yg.
192. Her. Senegal.
7. SYNODONTIS GAMBIENSIS.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 214 (1864).
Depth of body 3 to 4 times in total length, length of head 33 to 33 times. Head 1} to 14 times as long as broad, rugose above behind snout, which is rounded or obtusely pointed and as long as or a little longer than postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 4 (young) to 54 times in length of head, 1} to 24 times in interorbital width ; lips moderately developed; premaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band ; movable mandibular teeth not 3 diameter of eye, 20 to 35 in number. Maxillary barbel with a narrow marginal membrane at base, 1 to 12 times length of head, reaching between anterior fourth and middle of pectoral spine; outer mandibular barbel about twice as long as inner, former with long, slender branches, latter with shorter branches, with tubercular ramifications. Gull-openings not extending downwards beyond reot of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 14 to 12 times as long as broad, with posterior processes pointed or rounded. Humeral process longer than broad, without or with very obtuse keel, sharply pointed, not extending quite so far back as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal I 7; spine nearly as long as head, straight or feebly curved, usually terminating in a rather
408 SILURIDA.
long filament, striated and sharp-edged or very finely granulate in front, feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 3 to 4 times as long as deep, 23 to 5 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 8-9, pointed in front. Pectoral spine as long as or slightly longer than head, not reaching ventral, moderately or rather strongly serrated on outer border, very strongly on inner. Ventral usually reaching anal. Caudal Fig.307.
Synodontis gambiensis.
Gambia. 3.
deeply forked, upper lobe the longer and more or less produced into a filament. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or deeper than long. Uniform brown above, white beneath ; barbels white ; fins often blackish. Total length 240 millim.
Gambia to Niger, Chad Basin.
1. Type, bad state. Gambia. Lord Derby (P.). £-10,11. Ad., hgr., & skel. i J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.). 12-14. Ad. & yg. Lagos. Sir A. Moloney (P.). 15-17. Yg. Ogun R. at Aro. Major G. HE. Bruce (P.). 18. Hgr. Jebba, Upper Niger. ©. H. Firmin, Esq. (P.). 19. Ad. Mureji, 5 J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.). 20. Ad. Assay, Lower Niger. +p 21-22. Ad. & hgr. , ai Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.). 23-25. Ad., hgr., & yg. Fort Lamy, Shari R. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.). 26. Ad., skin. Lake Chad.
$3
SYNODONTIS. 409 8 SYNODONTIS OCHLLIFER.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 514.
Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 33 to 334 times. Head a little longer than broad, rugose above behind snout, Fig.308.
Synodontis ocellifer.
Type. 3.
which is obtusely pointed and considerably shorter than postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 5 times in length of head, 13 to 2 times in interorbital width; lips moderately developed; preemaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth about } diameter of eye, 20 to 30 in number. Maxillary barbel with a very narrow marginal membrane at base, 14 to 1} times length of head, reaching between middle and extremity of pectoral spine; mandibular barbels with long slender branches, outer 13 to 2 times as long as inner. Gill-openings not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 14 to 14 times as long as broad, with obtuse or rounded posterior processes. Humeral process longer than broad, granulate, without keel, sharply pointed, not extending quite so far back as occipito-nuchal process.
410 SILURIDA.
Dorsal 1 7; spine a little shorter than head, curved, striated, smooth in front, rather feebly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 4 to 5 times as long as deep, 4 to 6 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV 7-8, rounded or obtusely pointed in front. Pectoral spine nearly as long as head, sometimes reaching ventral, feebly serrated on outer border, strongly on inner. Ventral reaching anal or narrowly separated from it. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Grey-brown above and on the sides, white beneath ; body and adipose fin with large black-and-white ocellar spots or round black spots disposed with greater or less regularity at considerable intervals ; caudal fin with numerous small round blackish spots. Total length 490 millim.
Gambia, Niger.
1-2. Types. Kunchow Creek, Gambia. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.). 3. Skel. st sy Bs 4-6. Ad. Mureji, Upp. Niger. af 7. Ad. Jebba, 3 C. H. Firmin, Esq. (P.).
9. SYNODONTIS FRONTOSUS.
Vaill. C. R. Soc. Philom. 1895, p. 48, and N. Arch. Mus. (3) vii. pl. x. fig. 8, & viii. 1896, p. 147 ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 566, and Fish. Nile, p. 358, pl. Ixv. (1907).
Synodontis citernii, Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xix. 1898, p. 247. Depth of body 3 to 33 times in total length, length of head 3 to 33 times. Head 14 to 14 times as long as broad, rugose above, the rugosities extending more or less on the snout, which is rounded and as long as postocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 4 (young) to 6 times in length of head, 13 to 3 times in width of interocular region ; occiput simply convex. Mouth with moderately developed lips; preemaxillary teeth forming a short and broad band; movable mandibular teeth not more than 4 diameter of eye, 83 to 48 in number. Maxillary barbel with a rather narrow but very distinct marginal membrane in its proximal fourth, 14 to 1} times length of head, reaching middle or end of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel 4 or not quite 4 length of inner, former with long, slender branches, latter with tubercular ramifications. Occipito-nuchal shield rough like the occiput, obtusely tectiform, 14 to 1} times as long as broad, with pointed or truncated posterior processes. Humeral process a little longer than broad, flat or with a very obtuse keel, sharply pointed, usually not extending so far
SYNODONTIS. 411 as the occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal 17; spine ? to once length of head, feebly curved, smooth in front, rather strongly serrated behind. Adipose dorsal 23 to 4 times as long as deep, 3 to 43 times as long as its distance from rayed dorsal, Anal IV 8-9, acutely pointed in front. Pectoral spine as long as or a little shorter than dorsal, not reaching ventral, outer border distinctly serrated in young, smooth or very feebly Fig.309.
Synodontis frontosus.
TNO (ESN nee serrated in adult, inner border strongly serrated. Ventral acutely pointed and often produced into a short filament, reaching origin of anal or beyond. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Grey-brown to blackish above and below, lips white; young with the body and dorsal fins spotted with black, with some whitish markings at the base of the caudal; adult uniform or minutely speckled with black.
Total length 520 millim.
White Nile, Bahr-el-Gebel, Victoria Nile, Omo, Lake Rudolf.—Type in Paris Museum.
1. Her. Goz abu Gumah, White Nile. L. Loat, Hsq. (C.). Dep Ad Gharb-el-Aish, “ » 3-4. Hgr. Fashoda, +5 5
412 SILURID®.
0-8. Hgr. & yg. Between Khartum and the Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ; Sobat. W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.). 9. Ad. Bahr Zeraf. Capt. 8. Flower (P.). 10. Skel. Near Tonga, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.). 11-14. Ad. & hgr. Mouth of L. No. ss 15-16, Ad. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. “ 17. Ad. Fajao, Victoria Nile. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.). 18. Ad. Omo R. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.). 19-21. Ad. Ghgr. L. Rudolf at Galeba. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ; W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
10. SYNODONTIS CAUDOVITTATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 10, and Fish. Nile, p. 361, pl. Ixvi. (1907).
Depth of body 3 to 5} times in total length, length of head, 34 to 33 times. Head a little longer than broad, rugose, granulate above; snout rounded, as long as or slightly longer than postocular part of ’Fig.310.
Synodontis caudovittatus.
Type (F.N.).
head; eye supero-lateral, 43 to 5 times in length of head, 2 to 24 times in width of interorbital region ; lips moderately developed; premaxillary teeth forming a short, broad band; movable mandibular teeth