CLARIAS. 229 third of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel about 1} times as long as inner, which measures + to 3 length of head. Gill-rakers on first arch fine and close-set, 25 (very young) to 80 in number. Clavicles not exposed. Dorsal 68-79, its distance from occipital process } to 7 length of head, its distance from caudal greater than Fig. 193. diameter of eye. Anal 50-60, not reaching caudal. Pectoral 2 to } length of head, the spine serrated on the outer border, 4 (young) to 4 the length of the fin. Ventrals nearly equally distant from end of snout and from caudal or a little nearer former. Caudal about 4 length of head. Olive above, uniform or marbled with dark brown, white below; a more or less distinct light vertical bar on base of caudal; anal edged with red.
Clurius gariepinus, Mozambique, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 2. Total length 620 millim.
South Africa (Natal, Orange River, Transvaal), Rhodesia, Mozambique, Katanga, Angola.
1. Ad., stuffed. Durban. Sir A. Sinith (P.). 2-3. Her. fs W. T. Ayres (C.).
4-5. Ad. Umgeni R., near Pietermaritzburg. Dr. E. Warren (P.). 6. Her. Richmond district, Natal. A 7. Ye. Burghersdorp, Orange R. South African Museum (P.). 8. Skull. Vredeford Road, Orange R. Capt. G. Barrett-Hamilton Colony. Gar 9-10. Ad. & Rhenoster R., trib. of Vaal R. = her.
Tl ee Mooi R., Transvaal. Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist (P.). 12-13. Yg. Great Olifant R., Transvaal. Major G. E. Bruce (P.). 14-15. Yo. Standerion, Transvaal. 8. Pershouse, Esq. (P.). Gy Vion Mazoe, Mashonaland. J. ff. Darling, Hsq. (P.).
230 SILURID&.
17-18. Her. & | Umsitu R., Upper Zambesi. Rey. F. A. Rogers and yg. E. C. Chubb, Esq. (P.).
NONPAE Kafue R., Upper Zambesi. T. Codrington, Esq. (P.). 20-24. Yo. Beira, Mozambique, Mr. C. Grant (C.) ; C. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).
Zo Nox Lofoi, Katanga. Capt. Lemaire (C.).
26-27. Ye. Caculovar R., Mossamedes. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.). 28-29. Yo Pungo Andongo, Angola. es 3. CLARIAS MOORT.
Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 13, and Fish. Nile, p. 283, pl. 1. (1907).
Fig.194.
Clarias moorit.
Type (F.N.). 4.
Depth of body neatly 7 times in total length, length of head 3% times. Head 12 times as long as broad, its upper surface coarsely granulate ; occipital process angular, a little longer than broad; frontal fontanelle knife-shaped, thrice as long as broad, nearly 4 times in length of head; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process ; eye 34 times in length of snout, 6% times in interorbital width; width of mouth nearly equal to interorbital width; band of premaxillary teeth 6 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth mostly pointed, a few in the middle granular, forming a crescentic band which is as broad as the premaxillary band. Nasal barbel } length of head; maxillary barbel a little more than half length of head, extending to root of pectoral; outer mandibular barbel 15 times as long as inner, which measures nearly 4 length of head. Gill-rakers long and closely set,
CLARIAS. 231 87 on anterior arch. Clavicles striated, distinct under the thin skin. Dorsal 66, its distance from occipital process + length of head, its distance from caudal 3 times length of eye. Anal 54, separated from the caudal by a distinct interspace. Pectoral fin nearly half length of head, the spine serrated on the outer border and 2 the length of the fin. Ventrals a little nearer end of snout than root of caudal. Caudal about half length of head. Olive-brown above, white beneath. Total length 590 millim.
Lake Albert Edward.
1. Type. L. Albert Edward. Prof. J. E. 8. Moore (C.). 4. CLARIAS SENEGALENSIS.
Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xv. p. 376 (1840) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ix. i. 1869, p- 978 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 1070.
Clarias anguillaris, part., Giinth, Cat. Fish. v. p. 14 (1864). Clarias budgetti, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 513. Depth of body 63 to 74 times in total length, length of head 3 to 33 times. Head 1} to 12 times as long as broad, upper surface more or less coarsely granulate in the adult; occipital process angular; frontal fontanelle sole-shaped, 5 to 5 times as long as broad, 4 to 4% times in length of head ; occipital fontanelle very small, in advance of occipital process; eye small, 3 to 4 times in length of snout, 53 to 7 times in interorbital width in the adult; width of mouth nearly equal to interorbital width, 2 length of head; band of premaxillary teeth 6 to 8 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth mostly granular, forming a crescentic band, which is as broad as or a little narrower than the premaxillary band; nasal barbel 3 to 4 length of head; maxillary barbel # to once length of head (a little longer in the young), reaching about middle or end of pectoral spine ; outer mandibular barbel 1; to 14 times as long as inner, which measures ? to ? length of head. Gillrakers on first arch fine and closely set, 30 to 40 in number. Clavicles striated and covered with thin skin. Dorsal 65-80, its distance from the occipital process + to ¢ length of head, its distance from caudal not or but little greater than diameter of eye. Anal 46-58, narrowly separated from caudal. Pectoral nearly + length of head, the spine serrated on the outer border, % the length of the fin in adult. Ventrals midway between end of snout and caudal or a little nearer the former. Caudal about } length of head. Olive or dark brown above,
232 SILURID&.
with or without darker spots or marblings, white beneath ; anal with a light edge.
Total length 850 millim.
Senegal, Gambia, Niger. Type (in Paris Mus.), stuffed, examined. 1-2. Ad. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
3-7. Hgr. & yg. Kaédi, a i 8-10. Types of Gambia. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
C.
budgetti.
11. Ad. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
12-13. Ad. 5 W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).
14. Yo. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.). 5. CLARIAS MOSSAMBICUS.
Clarias mossambicus, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 682, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 32, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1868).
Clarias gariepinus, part., Giinth, & Playf. Fish. Zanzib. p. 113 (1866). Clarias mossambieus, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884, p. 28; Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xv. 1895, p. 31, fig. 1, and xvii. 1896, p. 25; Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 27, fig. (1896) ; Pellegr. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xvil. 1905, p. 176 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 1071. Clarias robecchit, Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1893, p. 450, and xv. 1895, p- 30, fig.; Bouleig. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 253 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p- 285, pl. li. fig. 1 (1907).
Clarias lazera (non Cuv. & Val.), Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 89; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 161.
Clarias smithii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1896, p. 219, fig. Clarias microphthalmus, Pfeff. op. cit. p. 28; Hilgend. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii. 1905, p. 410.
Clarias giintheri, Pfeff. 1. ¢.
Depth of body 6 to 8 times in total length, length of head 5 to 33 times. Head 14 to 1% times as long as broad, its upper surface coarsely granulate in the adult; occipital process angular; frontal fontanelle sole-shaped or knife-shaped, 24 to 4 times as long as broad, 33 to 54 times in length of head; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process; eye 24 (young) to 4 times in length of the snout, 4 (young) to 8 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth equal to or a little less than interorbital width ; band of preemaxillary teeth 4 (young) to 8 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth granular, forming a crescentic band with or without a short posterior median process, this band 1 to 14 times the width of the premaxillary band; nasal barbel % to 2 length of head (% to % in the very young); maxillary barbel 3 to
CLARIAS. 233 once length of head (a little longer in the very young), not extending beyond middle of pectoral fin; outer mandibular batbel 14 to 12 times as long as inner, which measures } to 2 length of head. Gill-rakers long and closely set, 25 (very young)-110 on anterior arch. Clavicles hidden under the skin. Dorsal 62-78, its distance from occipital process + to ¢ length of head, its distance from caudal one to two diameters of eye. Anal 50-62, separated from the caudal by a distinct interspace. Pectoral 2 to 4 length of head, the spine serrated on the Fig.195.
Clarias mossambicus.
Lake Tsana (F.N.). 3.
outer border and 2 to 2 the length of the fin. Ventrals equally distant from end of snout and from root of caudal, or a little nearer former. Caudal 2 to 4 length of head. Olive to blackish above, white beneath ; amore or less distinct dark band on each side of the lower surface of the head.
Total length 650 millim.
East Africa, from Abyssinia and Lake Victoria to Lake Tanganyika and the Zambesi.—Type in Berlin Museum. 1-2. Ad. L. Victoria. Sir H. H. Johnston (P.). Bs woe i Col. Delmé Radcliffe (P.). 4-6. Ad. Entebbe, Uganda. Mr. E. Degen (C.). 7. Her. Unfras R., L. Tsana. a 8-9. Her Warrar, Hawash R., Abyssinia. fs 10. Ad. Hawash R. Prof. O. Neumann (C.). 11-12. Her Marmasa, Gota R. (Hawash Sys- Mr. E. Degen (C.). tem), Abyssinia, 4000-5000 ft.
13. Her. Elgo R., L. Abaia, 3000 ft. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ; W.N. MeMillan, Esq. (P.).
14. Type of C. | Webi Shebeli. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.). smithi.
15. Her. Voi R., Taita, E. Africa. C.S. Betton, Esq. (P.). 16. Her. Neatana, Tana R., _,, Prof. J. W. Gregory (P.).
234 SILURID.
17-18. Ye. Bubu R., Urangi, E. Africa. Prof. O. Neumann (C.). 19-21. Yg. Kandoa, Usagara, ” Capt. Bloyet (C.) ; Paris Museum (E.).
22-23, 24, 25, 26, Zanzibar. Sir L. Playfair (P.). 27. Hg. & yg.
28-29. Yo. s Sir J. Kirk (P.).
30. Yg. L. Tanganyika. Prof, J. H. 8. Moore (C.). 31. Her. Niamkolo, L. Tanganyika. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.). 32. Her. L. Bangwelu. EF. H. Melland, Esq. (P.). 33. Ad. Chiromo, Shiré R. R. MacDonald, Esq. (P.). 34-39. Her. & Beira, Mozambique. Mr. C. Grant (C.) ; yg. C. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).
6. CLARIAS VINCIGUERRA.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) x. 1902, p. 438, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, p- 1072, fig.
Depth of body 7 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head 1} times as long as broad, upper surface strongly granulated ; occipital Clarias vinciquerre.
Type (P. Z. 8. 1907). 2.
precess angular; frontal fontanelle knife-shaped, 34 times as long as broad, 4% times in length of head ; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process ; eye small, 3 times in length of snout, 53 times in
CLARIAS. 235 interorbital width ; width of mouth a little less than interorbital width, 3 length of head. Band of premaxillary teeth 53 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth granular, forming a crescentic band which is as broad as the premaxillary band. Nasal barbel nearly ? length of head ; maxillary barbel slightly shorter than head, reaching base of pectoral fin; outer mandibular barbel ? length of head, inner 2. Gill-rakers fine and closely set, about 9() on first arch. Dorsal 67, its distance from the occipital process } length of head, its distance from the caudal 2 diameters of eye. Anal 53, narrowly separated from caudal. Pectoral not quite } length of head, the spine finely serrated on the outer border, ? the length of the fin. Ventrals a little nearer end of snout than caudal. Latter nearly 4 length of head. Dark brown above, whitish beneath ; anal and caudal with a fine light edge. Total length 410 millim.
Kassam River (Hawash System), Southern Ethiopia.
1. Type. Kassam R. at Awhorra Mullka, Shoa, 4000 ft. Mr. EH. Degen (C.). 7. CLARIAS LAZHRA.
Stlurus anguillaris (non Linn.), A. Russell, Nat. Hist. Aleppo, 2nd ed. ii. p. 217, pl. viii. (1794).
Macropteronotus charmuth, part., Lacep. Hist. Poiss. vy. p. 85 (1803). Heterobranchus anguillaris (non Linn.), I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p. 305, pl. xvi. fig. 1 (1827) ; Joannis, Mag. Zool. 1835, pl. xiv. Garmout Laséra, Rifaud, Voy. Egypte, pl. exev. (1830). Clarias lazera, Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xv. p. 872 (1840) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p- 16 (1864) ; Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 36 (1868) ; Giinth. Petherick’s Tray. ii. p. 218 (1869); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 252 (1901) ; Hilgend. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii. 1905, p. 409 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 288, pl. lii. (1907), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 1073. Clarias syriacus, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 375.
Clarias capensis (non Cuy. & Val.), Huxley, Mem. Geol. Sury. x. pp. 30 & 32, fig. (1861).
? Clarias ngamensis, Casteln. Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 63 (1861). Clarias orontis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 15; Sauv. N. Arch. Mus. (2) vii. 1884, p- 18, pl. 1. fig. 2.
Clarias macracanthus, Giinth. t. c. pp. 16 & 429, and Petherick’s ‘Trav. ii. p- 219; Lortet, Arch. Mus. Lyon, iii. 1883, p. 151, pl. xvii.; Tristram, Faun. Palest. p. 169, pl. xix. fig. 1 (1884).
Clarias xenodon, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 16.
Clarias longiceps, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. 1899, p. 103, pl. sli. fig. 1, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 256 (1901).
236 SILURIDA.
Depth of body 5 to 9 times in total length, length of head 3 to 32 times. Head 14 to 13 times as long as broad, its upper surface coarsely granulate in the adult; occipital process angular or rounded ; frontal fontanelle sole-shaped or knife-shaped, 25 to 4 times as long as broad, 31 to 6 times in length of head; occipital fontanelle small, in advance of occipital process; eye 2 (young) to 43 times in length of snout, 4 to 7 times in interorbital width; width of mouth equal to ora little less than interorbital width; band of preemaxillary teeth 4 (young) to 6 times as long as broad; vomerine teeth granular, formiug a crescentic band with or without a posterior median process, its greatest width, in the middle, 14 to 23 times that Fig. 197. of the premaxillary band; anterior mandibular teeth pointed, posterior granular ; nasal barbel + to 3 length of head (up to 4 in the very young); maxillary barbel Clarias lazera.
Lower Nile (F. N.). 4.
usually a little shorter than head, sometimes a little longer (up to once and a half in the very young), reaching extremity of pectoral spine or a little beyond extremity of pectoral fin; outer mandibular barbel 1% to 1% times as long as inner, which measures 2? to 2 length of head. Gill-rakers long and closely set, 35 (very young) to 135 on anterior arch. Clavicles striated or rugose with granulations, more or less distinct under the thin skin. Dorsal 62-82, its distance from occipital process + to + length of head, its distance from caudal not greater than diameter of eye. Anal 50-65, narrowly separated from caudal. Pectoral 3 to 4 Jength of head, the spine serrated on the outer side and 2 (young) to ? the length of the fin. Ventrals equally distant from end of snout and root of caudal, or a little nearer the former. Caudal about half length of head. Greyish olive or olive-brown to