18. MANCULUS. 75 ‘Total length .............0000- 121 millim. From snout to cloaca .......... 36 CO, GA ca siesta dean eave Sete acne 5 Width of head .............00- 33 Cs, Fore limb ..........0 0000s eee Caer Hind limb...............00005 34, Wath oanwex RRs WenUe ae ene ees 8, Mexico.
a. Adult. Orizaba.
b-c. Adult, Mexico. M. Sallé (C.]. 22, Spelerpes uniformis.
Oedipina uniformis, Keferst. Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 299. Ophiobatrachus vermicularis, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) ii. 1868, p.298.
Opheobatrachus vermicularis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 102. Spelerpes uniformis, Strauch, Salam. p. 84. _ Differs from the preceding in the following characters :—Parasphenoid teeth in a single patch. Habit more worm-like still. Tail as thick as the body in its whole extent, rounded at the end. Nineteen costal grooves.
Total length ........ 00.0. e ee 178 millim, From snout to cloaca .......... 54, —Ci«d GAG ale aie tie hen duataca ia neebcelorndenela 6, Width of head ................ 34, HOPG: HM sessa dichate yates Ge cine kas 4, iMG BM esi sieuisre aca cada aaheG ae 4h, Tail, t-cab-ese toe deaths acdlvas asses 124g, Costa Rica.
a, Adult. Costa Rica. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. (Type of Ophiobatrachusvermicularis.)
18. MANCULUS.
Batrachoseps, part., Gray, Cat. p. 42; Strauch, Salam. p. 84, Manculus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 101. Tongue supported by the glossohyal pedicel, boletoid, free all round. Palatine teeth in two short series, converging backwards ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches. Toes four. North America.
1. Manculus quadridigitatus.
Batrachoseps quadridigitatus, Gray, Cat. p. 42. Salamandra quadridigitata, Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 65, pl. 21. Batrachoseps quadridigitatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 287; Strauch, Salam. p. 85.
Manculus quadridigitatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 101.
76 SALAMANDRIDA.
Palatine teeth in two very short series, converging posteriorly, touching the parasphenoid teeth; latter in two well-separated series, strongly diverging posteriorly. Head small, longer than broad; snout rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes large. Body elongate, nearly four times the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs weak; fingers and toes rather slender, free. Tail longer than head and body, cylindrical, slightly compressed at the end. Skin smooth ; no parotoids; gular foldstrong, strongly arched, with the convexity forwards; fifteen costal grooves. Light brown; a dark brown lateral band commencing from the eye. Total leneth os cesaud ice saan 69 millim. From snout to cloaca ............ 28 Cs, Head *| sisi dug scar d erate tess wakes 5 55 Width of head.................. o's Fore limb 1... ... 0.0... cece eae 5 ly Hind limb .................005 Cay aI ot Bes tae cae ae see. dae esate 4N oss North Carolina to Florida.
a, Adult. N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 2. Manculus remifer.
Manculus remifer, Cope, Report Peabody Acad. for 1869, p. 84, Differs from the preceding in the following characters:—Parasphenoid teeth well separated from palatines. Body shorter. Tail shorter, about the length of head and body, compressed, with a low fin in its distal half. Colour black above, and dark brown below ; lower part of the sides of the head, body, and basal third of tail with dusted fine white dots.
Total length ...............4.. 58 millim, From snout to cloaca ............ 30. C*a, Fore limb ........... isaac vialytes 52 Hind limb: -.s6 ciaswierav dean ee T % Florida.
Subfam. D. DESMOGNATHIN A.
Plethodontide, part., Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Desmognathide, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) vi. 1866, and Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, Thoriides, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869. Salamandrida Lechriodonta, part., Strauch, Rev. d. Salam., in Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) xvi. no, 4, Two genera :— Tongue attached along the median line. 19. Desmognathus, p. 77. Tongue boletoid, free all round ; nostrils extremely large ee 20. Thorius, p. 79.
19. DESMOGNATHUS. 77 19. DESMOGNATHUS.
Desmognathus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i, p. 282; Gray, Cat. p.40; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 112; Strauch, Salam. p.72, Cylindrosoma, part., Dum. § Bibr. ix. p. 76. Plethodon, part., Dum. § Bibr. p. 82; Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. p. 342.
Tongue free laterally and posteriorly. Palatine teeth forming a very open chevon directed posteriorly, occasionally missing ; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches. Toes five. North America.
Synopsis of the Species.
14 costal grooves; tail rounded; male with posterior half of mandible concave and edentulous .............-..000. 1. ochrophaus, p.'77. 13 or 14 costal grooves; tail compressed, Reéled:) \.2vicgikaweesdot caruieetee os 2. fuscus, p. 77. 12 costal grooves ; tail compressed, finned above; black above and below........ 3. niger, p. 79. 1. Desmognathus ochropheus.
Desmognathus ochrophza, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 124, and 1869, p. 113.
—— haldemanni, Strauch, Salam. p. 74.
Palatine teeth very small and few when present, often wanting ; their basal line on a ridge which is convex backwards, nearly continuous medially ; parasphenoid teeth on two narrow plates well separated from each other, especially behind, and from palatine teeth. Male with posterior half of mandible concave and edentulous, this structure being much like that of the genus Anaides. Tongue an elongate oval, considerably free behind. Head oval, with rounded depressed snout; the commissure of the mouth slightly flexuous. Body rather elongate. Limbs rather weak, not meeting when laid against the body; fingers and toes moderate, free. Tail quite slender, rounded, only compressed at the tip, about as long as head and body. Skin smooth; gular fold distinct; a more or less distinct groove from latter to eye ; fourteen costal grooves. Bright brownish yellow, darker in the male, fading to dirty white below; a dark lateral band from the eye to the end of the tail; belly immaculate. Total length 75 millim.
Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia. 2. Desmognathus fuscus.
Desmognathus fuscus, Gray, Cat. p. 40.
Triturus fuscus, Rajfin. Annals of Nature, 1820 (fide Baird). Salamandra intermixta, Green, Cont. Macl. Lyc. i. p. 827. picta, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. p. 138. —— quadrimaculata, Holbr, N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 49, pl. 18,
78 SALAMANDRIDZE.
Desmognathus fuscus, Baird, Journ, Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 285; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 115; Strauch, Salam. p. 74. Plethodon fuscum, Dum. & Bubr. p. 85, pl. 101. f. 3. Palatine teeth frequently wanting; if present, forming a posteriorly convex series behind and not extending outwards beyond the choune ; parasphenoid patches diverging posteriorly, widely separated from palatine teeth. Tongue rather large, oval, extensively free laterally and posteriorly. Head moderately large, 'onger than broad, gradually widening to temporal regions, depressed; snout rather elongate, rounded ; eyes moderate, prominent. Body slightly depressed, measuring thrice to thrice and a half the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs short, not meeting when laid against the body; fingers and toes rather slender, free. Tail measuring about the length of head and body, subcylindrical at the base, becoming gradually compressed and strongly keeled, ending in a point. Skin smooth or minutely granulate; a tubercle in anterior angle of upper eyelid ; parotoid region and sides of throat swollen; a strong gular fold ; a groove from the eye to the latter; a vertical groove at angle of jaws; thirteen or fourteen costal grooves. Above brown, with grey and pink shades; sometimes a dark lateral band; lower surfaces more or less mottled with brown; no red spots on sides. d. 9.
Total length.............. 125 95 millim.
From snout to cloaca ...... 63 44 ,, FGA 56 scipesce 83 BSc 14 Oo: 3, Width of head............ il Th Fore limb................ 14 OF as Hind limb .............. 18 13 CO, Wall sygsseneaar a keeesdae 62 61, Eastern United States.
a,b-c. 5 & her. New York.
d. Several spec.: ¢ & her. Near Philadelphia. e. Many spec.: 6,9, her, N. America. Dr. J. Green [P.]. yg., & larvee.
2 : N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.].
Var. auriculatus.
Desmognathus auriculatus, Gray, Cat. p. 41. Salamandra auriculata, Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 47, pl. 12. Desmognathus auriculatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 286; Strauch, Salam. p. 74.
Cylindrosoma auriculatum, Dum. § Bibr. p. 81. Desmognathus fusca, var. auriculata, Cope, Pr..Ac. Phil, 1869, p. 116, Body more sleuder. Dark brown, with a lateral series of small red spots ; belly brown marbled, the dark predominating. South Carolina to Lousiana.
Hl. SQ. New Orleans. Edw. Doubleday, Esq. [I m 3. N. America. Prof. St. George Mivart [P.]. 8 (P.]
19. DESMOGNATHUS.—2U, THORIUS. 79 3. Desmognathus niger.
Desmognathus niger, Gray, Cat. p. 40.
Salamandra nigra, Green, Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p. 352. Triton niger, Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 81, pl. 27. Desmognathus niger, Baird, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) i. p. 286; Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1869, p. 117; Strauch, Salam. p. 73. Ambystoma nigrum, Dum. § Bibr. p. 105. Plethodon niger, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. p. 344. Differs from the preceding in the following characters :—Series of palatine teeth generally better distinguished, separate ; parasphenoid patches approaching very near the palatine teeth in most instances, generally confluent anteriorly. Tongue nearly round. Body stouter. , Tail more compressed and extensively finned. Twelve costal grooves. Colour uniform black. Size larger (nearly 180 millim. from tip of snout to end of tail).
Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania southward. 20. THORIUS.
Thorius, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1869, p. 222, and Proc. Ac. Philad, 18€9, p-111.
Tongue supported by its central pedicel, free all round, boletoid. Palatine teeth in a short transverse series; parasphenoid teeth in a single patch. Nostrils extremely large. Toes five. Mexico.
1. Thorius pennatulus, (Prats III. fig. 2.) Thorius pennatulus, Cope, i. cc.
Head small, longer than broad; snout truncate; loreal regions high, nearly vertical; nostril elliptical, oblique, extremely large. Body cylindrical, elongate, nearly four times the distance from tip of snout to gular fold. Limbs weak; digits rudimentary. Tail stout, cylindrical at the base, slightly compressed distally, about as long as head and body. Skin smooth; no parotoids; a distinct gular fold; thirteen costal grooves. Brown; a dark lateral band, whitish-margined above, commencing from the eye ; lower surfaces uniform or dotted with whitish.
Total length...ccss awa ee does 48 millim. From snout to cloaca .......... 25.7) 745 Head siavawsaveceerieiian'ss 5 oy Width of head...........6.... 33 Fore limb... 0... cee ee eee 4, Hind limb ess. skaeadiesdecew es De yy Tall) ccc Barre ewe ea Rem eee 23 Mexico.
a-c. Adult. Orizaba.
d-h, Adult. if
80 AMPHIUMIDA.
Fam, 2, AMPHIUMIDZ.
Amphiumide, Gray, Ann. Phil, 1825. 7 Tritonides, Tschudi, Classif. d. Batr. Proteidex, part., Tschudi, i. c.
Protonopside, Amphiumide, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Atrétodéres, part., Trématodéres Amphiumides, Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén,ix.
Amphiumide, Protonopside, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) vi. 1866. Ichthyodea, part., Strauch, Rev. d. Salam. Synopsis of the Genera.
Digits 4—5; no spiraculum........ 1. Megalobatrachus, p. 80. Digits 4—5 ; spiraculum present.... 2. Cryptobranchus, p. 81. Digits 3—3 or 2—2 ; spiraculum present. 3. Amphiuma, p. 82.
1. MEGALOBATRACHUS.
Megalobatrachus, Tschudi, Batr. p. 96. Cryptobranchus, part., Van der Hoeven, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1888, p. 25. Sieboldia, Bonap. Faun. Ital.; Gray, Cat. p. 62. Tritomegas, Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 163. Tongue covering the floor of the mouth, entirely adherent. A strong series of vomerine teeth between the choane, parallel with and close to the intermaxillary and maxillary teeth. Nospiraculum or gill-openings. Two branchial arches. Digits 4—5. Japan; China. \ 1. Megalobatrachus maximus.
Sieboldia maxima, Gray, Cat. p. 52.. Salamandra maxima, Schley. Faun. Japon. p. 127, pls. 6-8. Megalobatrachus sieboldii, Tschudi, 1. ¢. ra Cryptobranchus japonicus, Van der Hoeven, 1. c., and Tijdschr. v. Nat. Gesch. en Physiol. iv. p. 875, pl. v.a. £.5,6; Hyrtl,Monogr. 1865. Sieboldia maxima, Bonap. 1. c. by UG Tritomegas sieboldii, Dum. § Bibr. B 164, Sieboldia davidiana, Blanchard, C. R. Ac. Paris, 1871, |xxiii. p. 79 Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (A) xii. p. 188. . , Habit very stout. Head large, broad, much depressed; snout rounded ; nostrils very small, at the end of the snout, near the labial border ; eyes extremely small. Body squat, depressed. Limbs short, stout; fingers and toes short, depressed ; outer fingers and toes and fibula bordered with membranes. Tail short, strongly compressed,
1. MEGALOBATRACHUS.—2, CRYPTOBRANCHUS. 81 finned, the end rounded. Skin very porous, tubercular, tubercles largest. and most prominent on the head; a thick cutaneous fold along each side, Brown, lighter beneath, spotted with black. Total length ................65- 87 centim. From snout to cloaca ..........+- 53) ay @ Head (to constriction of neck) .... 13 ,, Width of head ................ 14 =, Fore limb cca icacacden eases we I) as Hind Vimb 2 svse8 cna sos ae eens 12 =~««,, Tail .aaindate neta earning OA gy Japan ; China, a, Adult, stuffed. Japan. Leyden Museum. b. Skeleton of a, Japan. Leyden Museum. e-d, Adult & hgr. Japan. ‘ Challenger’ Expedition. e. Skeleton. Japan.
jf. Her. China, R. Swinhoe [C.]. 2. CRYPTOBRANCHUS.
Cryptobranchus, Leuchart, Isis, 1821, p. 260. Abranchus, Harlan, Ann. Lyc, N. Y.1. p. 221. Menopoma, Harlan, eod. loc. p. 270; Tschudi, Batr. p. 96; Dum. § Bibr, ix. p. 205. .
Salamandrops, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209. Eurycea, Rajin. Atlant. Journ. 1832, p. 121 (fide Baird). Protonopsis (Bart.), Gray, Cat. p. 58. Tongue covering the floor of the mouth, anterior border free. A strong series of vomerine teeth between the choane, parallel with and close to the intermaxillary and maxillary teeth. Spiraculum or gill-opening present (at least on the left side). Four branchial arches. Digits 4—5.
North America.
1. Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis. Protonopsis horrida, Gray, Cat. p. 58. Salamandra alleghaniensis, Daud. Rept. viii. p. 231. — gigantea, Barton, On Siren lacertina. Molge gigantea, Merr. Tent. p. 187. Cryptobranchus salamandroides, Leuckart, 1, ¢. Abranchus alleghaniensis, Harlan, 1. c. Menopoma alleghaniensis, Harlan, 1. c.; Holbr. N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 95, pl. 82; Dekay, N.Y. Faun., Rept. p. 89, pl. 18. f. 44; Dum. & Bibr. p. 207, pl. 94, f.1; Wied, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol, xxxii. . 138, pl. 6.
Silamanditopa gigantea, Wagl. 1. c. Eurycea mucronata, Rajin. 1. ¢. Menopoma gigantea, Tschudi, 1. ¢. Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. v. Nat. Gesch. en Physiol. iv. p. 384, pl. v. a, f. 8-4, & v.B. Habit very stout, exactly as in the preceding species. Head large, broad, much depressed; snout rounded ; nostrils very small, G3
82 AMPHIUMID.
close to the labial border; eyes extremely small. Body squat, depressed. Limbs short, stout; fingers and toes short, depressed ; outer fingers and toes and limbs externally bordered with much developed membranes. ‘Tail short, strongly compressed, finned, the end rounded. Skin very porous, smoothish; head with scattered tubercles; sides of body with a well-marked thick cutancous fold. Brown or greyish, with darker blotches ; tips of fingers and toes yellowish.
Total length .................. 418 millim. From snout to cloaca ........... 280 ~—=C,, GAG: oe sek eee eave sir ae ee 44, Wicth of head ................ 50, Fore limb ...... 0.0.0... 000 ee 42 ,, Hind limb .................0., 49 ,, Rail. ackgce tee esa es haw ee 188 —C,, All tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisianian district to North Carolina.
a, b. Her. Ohio.
e~-d, Adult, Pennsylvania.
(In one of the specimens the right spiraculum has disappeared, as in the advanced larvee of most tailless Batrachians.) e,f. Adult & her. N. America.
Menopoma fuscum, Holbr. 1. ¢. p. 99, pl. 33, is probably only a variety of this species. Reddish brown above, whitish beneath, immaculate. Head-waters of the Tennessee River. 3. AMPHIUMA.
Amphiuma, Garden, in Smith’s Correspondence of Linneus, i. p. 599; agl. Syst. Amph. p. 209; Tschudi, Batr. p. 67; Gray, Cat. p. 55 ; Dum. § Bibr. ix. p. 201.
Chrysodonta, Mitchell, Medical Recorder, 1822, p. 529. Sirenoides, Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 34. Mureenopsis, Fitziny. 1. & 5 Gray, 1. ¢. Tongue indistinct, covering the floor of the mouth, entirely adherent. A strong series of vomerine teeth, parallel wich the intermaxillary and maxillary teeth. Spiracula present. Four branchial arches. Limbs rudimentary ; digits two or three. North America. :
1. Amphiuma tridactyla.
Muveenopsis tridactyla, Gray, Cat. p. 55. Amphiuma tridactyla, Cuvx. Mém. Mus. xiv. p.7, pl. 1. £. 4-6; olbr, N. Amer. Herp. v. p. 98, pl. 81; Tschudi, Batr. p. 97 ; Dum. & Bibr. p. 203; Ryder, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1879, p. 14. Mureenopsis tridactyla, Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 34. Body much elongate, eel-like. Head small; snout elongate, sub-