OF THE SATRACHIA, 115 NumberofSpecies.
Phyllomedusa* ........06. ce veeaeeees 18 THUprlonoesteeseaccoeaetinterece:bani}weve2 Amphignathodontide*, Amphignathodon* ........ecseeeanee 1 GRYPIBCUSFsisa,esteseearesadeoealategore.oo1 Hemiphractide*.
Hemiphractus* ..... 0.0.0. ceeeeeeeeee 2 Ceratohyla® c.csccececrseeg crew cues 5 Amphodus* ......... cece cece eee eee 1 AGLOSSA Pipide* Bipat oss os see aes wei’ dace eee ees 1 CAUDATA.
Salamandride.
Plethodontine.
(Plethodon........ (Gait b Weh pees PT) Spelerpes. avis wei vee sien vig cinw deat’ s 9 APODA.
Ceciliide.
CoC aR siete scat: scan iasusg Soom ies 6 Dermophis ...... bites e aap wees ce 6 Gymnopis*... 3 Siphonops*....2 26. cece eee eee 1 Typhlonectes * ........... cece e eens 3 Chthonerpeton*.......... cece eee eee 2 6. Toe AvstRaLian Rucion.
Besides Australia, this Region comprises Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, and the islands of the Pacific. Three well-marked Subregions may be distinguished :—1. the Austromalayan, comprising New Guinea and neighbouring islands, Cape York, and Polynesia; 2. the Australian, comprising the continent of Australia and Tasmania; arid 3. New Zealand.
The general character of the Australian fauna is negative, and consists in the absence of Apoda, Caudata, Bufo, and Rana (except in the Austromalayan or transitional subregion). The fauna consists mainly of the two families Cystignathide and Hylide, which are likewise most deveioped in Tropical America. The Austromalayan Subregion presents an interesting blending of the Indian and Australian faune. To the former must be reckoned 12 Firmisternia, belonging to 6 genera of the families Ranide and Engystomatide, and 8 Pelobatide, each of which is the type of a genus restricted to the subregion. Eleven Hylide (Hyla and Hyjlella) are Australian types. A curious fact is the occurrence (according to Peters) of a third species of the African genus Phrynomantis in Amboyna and Batanta. The small islands of the Pacific are inhabited by but few species, viz. a Hana and a Hyla in the Solomon Islands, and 3 Cornufert in the Caroline and Fiji Islands ; K2
116 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION a species of Bufo, closely related to American forms, occurs in the Sandwich Islands t+. New Caledonia, which has lately been well investigated, has not yielded a single Batrachian. The Frog-fauna of the Australian Subregion is composed of the families Cystignathide, Bufonide, and Hylide—the first being represented by seven genera, all of which are peculiar to the Subregion, the second by three genera, also peculiar to the Subregion, and the third by Hyla and by Hylella. — From the third, or New-Zealand Subregion, a single species is known, Liopelma hochstetteri, very curiously a member of the family Discoglosside, which is otherwise restricted to the Europo- Asiatic Region.
gion.
ECAUDATA, FieMisTERNIA.
Austro- Malayan Subre, Australian Subregion.
N.-Zealand Subregion.
.
Engystomatide.
Sphenophryne* ...........e esses Xenobatrachus*® ....... 6c eee Phrynomantis ............0 00 eens Kenorhina* . 6... 6. cece eee ees ARCIFERA, Cystignathide.
Mixophyes*......... cece cece eee Limnodynastes*............55 wished Crypto 6.62 saicisine wo wages eases s Crna Ft casos heme nea ree ss. Ska: Hyperolia* .... 06. eee eee ee eens Chiroleptes* ....... ccc cece eee Heleioporus* ........6.. seen eens sa eat seudophryne* ..............000. me ws ree 1) Otaden*......... cee eee Sa Myobatrachus * :
Hylide.
lai iss ce ce eeamem ¢ oa Waele ox core 10 et ee) pP NOH REOH ®.
= = “ ry BO He Pelobatide.
Lechriodus* {.......... 0. cece eee Asterophrys* ..........e scenes Ranaster® oo... csc cee eee ee eee Discoglosside.
Liopelma* ......... ce eee e eee Hee + This fact bears a strong analogy to the occurrence in the Sandwich Islands of a Siluroid (Arius) closely allied to a Central-American species. { The name Batrachopsis, proposed by me for this genus, being preoccupied (Fitzinger, Syst. Rept.), is changed into Lechriodus,
OF THE BATRACHIA. 117 With regard to the number of genera and species, the six regions would take the following order :— 1. TheTropical-AmericanR.., 58 genera, 48 peculiar to R.; 375 species. 2. The Indian R. .......... 28, 19 is 168s, 8. The African R........... 26 =, «=| («19 ” 141, 4, The North-American R. .. 23 ,, 14 99 108 _—C«, 5. The Australian R......... 23, Iv 3 75s, 6. The Europo-Asiatic R.....22 ,, 16 5 60 There exists great diversity with respect to the extent to which the several families have been dispersed over the globe, as may be seen from the following arrangement :— 1. Families represented in the 6 Regions.
Bufonide. Cosmopolitan, except Madagascar, New Guinea, and New Zealand.
Ranide. Most abundant in the Indian and African Regions, few in the Tropical-American Region, absent from the Australian and New-Zealand Subregions.
2. Families represented in 5 Regions.
‘Hylide. Very numerous in the Tropical-American Region ; numerous in the Australian and North-American Regions; two species in the northernmost parts of the Indian, and one throughout the Europo-Asiatic Region.
Engystomatide. Nearly equally abundantin the Tropical-American, Indian, and African Regions; several forms in the Austro-Malayan Subregion, and one species in the Southern parts of North America. 8. Families represented in 4 Regions.
Pelobatide, Europo-Asiatic, North-American, and Indian Regions, and Austro-Malayan Subregion.
Salamandride. Very abundant in the North-American and Europo-Asiatic Regions; few in the Tropical-American Region ; two species in the Northern parts of the Indian Region. 4, Families represented in 3 Regions.
Ceciliide. Tropical-American, African, and Indian Regions. Cystignathide. Tropical-American Region and Australian Subregion; one species in the Southern parts of the North-American Region.
5. Families represented in 2 Regions.
Dendrobatide. Tropical-American Region and Madegasse Subregion.
Dyscophide. Madegasse Subregion and Indian Region. Discoglosside. Europo-Asiatic Region and New Zealand. Amphiumide. North-American Region and Asiatic Subregion. Proteide. North-American Region and European Subregion,
118 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BATRACHIA. 6. Families restricted to 1 Region. Dendrophryniscide. Tropical-American Region. Amphignathodontide. Tropical-American Region. Hemiphractide. Tropical-American Region. Dactylethride. African Subregion. Pipide. Tropical-American Region. Strenide. North-American Region.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. abdominalis (Salamandra),14.
abdominalis (Triton), 14. Abranchus, 81.
adspersus(C£dipus),70. adspersus (Spelerpes), 70.
africanus (Ureotyphlus), 92.
albiceps(Dermophis),98. albiventris (Cecilia), 93. alleghaniensis (Abranchus), 81.
alleghaniensis (Cryptobranchus), 81.
alleghaniensis § (Menopoma), 81.
alleghaniensis(Salamandra),81.
alpestris(Hemitriton),12. alpestris(Molge),12. alpestris (Salamandra), 12.
alpestris (Triton), 12, altamazonicus (Qidipus), 1 altamazonicus pes), 71.
Amblystoma, 38.
Amblystomatine,31. Amblystomida,31. Amblystomina,31. Amphiuma,82. Amphiumide,80. Anaides, 52.
anguina(Siren),85. anguinus (Hypochton), 85 (Speleranguinus(Proteus),85. annulata (Cecilia), 102. annulatus (Siphonops), 102.
Apoda, 88.
apuanus(Triton),12, aquatica (Lacerta), 14. argus(Ambystoma),41. asper(Hemitriton),24. aspera(Molge),24. aterrimum(Amblystoma), 49 atra(Lacerta),4. Z atra(Salamandra),4. Atrétodéres,2,80. attenuata (Salamandrina),60. attenuatus seps), 60.
auriculata(Salamandra), (Batrachoauriculatum (Cylindrosoma), 78.
auriculatus thus),78.
Axolotes, 38.
axolotl(Siredon),44. (Desmogna- Batrachopsis, 61.
Batrachoseps,58,75. Batrachyperus, 37.
oo (Ichthyophis), beecheyi (Salamandra), 20 bellii(Spelerpes),68. bibronii(Hemitriton),24. bibronii (Triton), 9, 24. bicolor(Amblystoma), 42.
ae (Bolitoglossa), 6.
bilineata (Salamandra), 66.
bilineata(Spelerpes),66. bilineatus(Spelerpes),66. bivittata (Cecilia), 90. bivittatum(Rhinatrema), 89, 90.
blasii(Molge),10. blasii (Triton), 10. Bolitoglossa, 61.
Bolitoglosside,51. boscee(Molge),18. boscai(Pelonectes),18. Bradybates, 6.
brasiliensis(Dermophis), brasiliensis(Siphonops), 9.
brevicauda (Salamandra), 38 brevipes (Pachytriton), 30.
brevipes(Triton),30. brevirostris (Dermophis), 99.
brevirostris(Siphonops), 98.
californiense stoma), 43.
Calotriton,7. Camarataxis, 38.
carbonarius(Geotriton), 73.
carbonarius ((dipus), (Ambycarnifex(Salamandra),8. carnifex(Triton),8. carnosum (Epicrium), 101.
carnosus (Gegeneophis), 101.
carnosus (Gegenes), 101.
caroline (Ambystoma), 41.
carraree(Hypochton),86. carrare(Proteus),86. caucasica (Salamandra),5. caucasicus (Exaeretus),5. Caudata, 1.
aga (Spelerpes), chinensis(Cynops),20. chinensis (Triton), 20. Chioglossa, 5.
a ae (Spelerpes), 7 Chrysodonta, 82.
Chthonerpeton, 104.
cincta(Salamandra),12. cinerea (Salamandra), 57.
cinereus(Hemitriton),24. cinereus(Plethodon),57. cinereus(Triton),24. cingulatum (Amblystoma), 50.
cirrigera (Salamandra), cirrigera(Spelerpes),66. cirrigerus—(Spelerpes), 66.
120 Ccecilia, 91, 93, 96, 100, 102.
Ceciliz, 88. Caciliids, 88. compressicauda(Ceecilia), compressicaudus (Typhlonectes), 102.
condylura (Seiranota), 28.
eonspergum (Amblyom, 42.
eorsica(Salamandra),3. cristata (Hemisalamandra), 9.
cristata(Molge),8. cristata,(Salamandra),8. eristatus (Triton), 8, 10. ( crocatus(Neurergus),5. croceater (Plethodon), Cryptobranchus,80,81. eylindracea (Salamandra), 56.
Cylindrosoma,53,60,61, 77 Cynops, 6.
(Sieboldia), Dermophis, 97.
Desmiostoma, 38.
Desmodactylus, 58.
Desmognathide, 76.
Desmognathine, 76.
Desmognathus, 77.
Dicamptodon, 38.
didactylp (Amphiuma), 83.| davidiana 0, didactylum(Sirenoides), 82 Diemyctylus,6. dipus(Phanerobranchus), 87.
dorsalis (Cecilia), 103. dorsalis (Salamandra), i.
dorsalis(Triton),22. dorsalis(Typhlonectes), 103.
dumerilii (Siredon), 44. Ellipsoglossa, 31, , Ellipsoglosside,31. Ensatina, 53. , ensatus (Dicamptodon), ’ ensatus(Plethodon),54. ensatus(Triton),38,54. epyengus(Ambystoma), 4 ALPHABETICAL INDEX, ermani(Triton),21. erythronota (Salamandra), 57.
erythronotum (Ambystoma), 57.
erythronotus (Plethodon), 57.
eschscholtzii (Ensatina), 54.
Euproctus, 6.
Hurycea, 81.
Exaeretus, 3.
exigua(Salamandra),14, 1 exiguus(Triton),15. fasciata (Salamandra), fasciatum (Amblystoma), 40, 43.
ferreus(Anaides),53. flavipunctatus (Plethodon), 55.
flavissima(Salamandra), 6 flavissimus ton), 63.
freyeri(Hypochton),85. fusca(Salamandra),4. fuseum(Amblystoma), 46.
fuscum(Menopoma),82. fuscum(Plethodgn),78. fuscus (Desmognathus), 77, 78. ! (Pseudotrifuscus(Geotriton),69. fuscus(Spelerpes),69. fuscus(Triturus),77. Gegeneophis, 101.
Gegenes, 101.
genei(Geotriton),69. genei(Salamandra),69. Geotriton, 60.
Geotrypetes, 96.
gesneri(Triton),11. 2 (Menopoma), 81.
gigantea(Molge),81. gigantea (Salamandra), 81 gigantea (Salamandrops), 81 Glossoliga, 6.
glutinosa(Cecilia),89. glutinosa(Salamandra), 56.
glutinosum (Cylindrosoma), 56.
glutinosum (Epicrium), 90.
glutinosum(Plethodon), 56.
glutinosus(Ichthyophis), 89,90,91. glutinosus(Plethodon), 56.
gracilis (Cecilia), 95. gracilis(Siredon),50. granulata(Salamandra), granulosa (Salamandra), greenii(Salamandra), 22.
entheri (Hypogeor aphis), 96. oy giintheri(Ceecilia),94. guttatus(Axolotes),44. guttolineata(Salamandra),65.
ati (Spelerpes), 5.
guttolineatum (Cylindrosoma), 65 guttolineatus (Spelerpes), 65. :
Gymnopis, 99.
Gyrinophilus,61. neg pelle (Molge), 6.
hagenmulleri(Glossoliga),26. ‘haidingeri (Hypochton), 85.
haldemani (Salamandra), haldemanni (Desmognathus), 77.
harlanii(Siredon),44. hasseltii (Ichthyophis), 89.
helvetica(Lacerta),16. helveticus(Triton),16. Hemidactylide,51. Hemidactylium,58. Hemisalamandra, 7.
Hemitriton,7. Heredia, 53.
Herpele, 100.
Heterotriton, 38.
horrida (Protonopsis), 8 humboldtii (Siredon), 44 Hynobiide,31. Hynobiine,31. Hynobius, 31.
Hypochton, 85.
hyposreues (Cozcilia), 9,
hypoernaea (Epicrium), Hypogeophis, 96.
Ichthyodea, 80, 83, 86. Ichthyophis,89. ictericus (Triton), 9. ignea(Molge),12. ignea(Salamandra),12. indistinctum (Chthonerferin), 104. indistinctus(Siphonops), nt (Siphonops) infuscatus(Spelerpes), oe pelerpes) ingens(Ambystoma),43. ingens (Heterotriton), 43.
ingens(Salamandra),43. ingens(Triton),48. intermedia(Siren),87. intermedius (Plethodon), 57.
eae (Salamandra), 77.
interrupta(Siphonops), 102. ae Isodactylium,34. isthmica-(Ceecilia), 94.
- japonica (Salamandra), _ 35.
japonicus (Cryptobranchus), 80.
japonicus«(Onychodactylus),35. jeffersoniana (Ambystoma), 46.
jeffersoniana(Salamandra), 46.
jeffersoniana (Xiphonura),43,46. jeffersonianum (Amblystoma),46,47. karelinii (Triton), 10. kessleri(Ranodon),36. keyserlingii (Salamanlacepedii (Menopranchus), 84.
laeepedii(Phanerobranchus), 84.
lacertina (Siren), 87. levis (Taricha), 21. levis (Triton), 21: larveformis (Chrysodonta), 82.
laterale (Amblystoma), 47.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. lateralis (Menobranchus), 4.
84.
lateralis (Necturus), 84. lateralis (Triton), 84. laurentii (Hypochton), 5 85.
Lechriodonta, 31, 51, 76. leprosus(Spelerpes),68. lichenoides(Siredon),44. lenosler (Spelerpes), 1 lineolus(Opheobatrachus),74 lineolus(Spelerpes),74. Lissotriton,6. lobatus (Triton), 14, 16. longicauda (Cylindrosoma), 65.
longicanda (Salamandra), 64.
longicauda(Spelerpes), 65 longicaudatum (Cylinteowotoa, 65.
longipes(Triton),10. Lophinus,7. lucifuga(Spelerpes),65. lugubris(Anaides),52. lugubris (Salamandra), 52 lugubris(Taricha),02. lumbricoides (Cecilia), 95.
lurida(Ambystoma),43. lurida(Salamandra),43. lusitanica(Chioglossa),5. macrodactyla (Ambystoma), 48.
macrodactylum(Amblystoma), 48.
maculata(Camarataxis), maculata(Lacerta),41. maculata (Salamandra), 38,38,62. maculatum (Ambystoma), 43.
maculatum(Desmiostoma), 43.
maculatus(Necturus),84. maculatus(Proteus),84. maculosa (Salamandra),3. maculosus(Necturus), 84.
major(Salamandra),27. malabarica (Cecilia), 92. malabaricus (Urzotyphlus), 92.
maltzani (Triton), 18. Manculus, 75.
121 marginatum(Stereochilus),64. marginatus(Pseudotriton),64. marginatus(Spelerpes), 64, marmorata (Hemisalamandra), 11.
marmorata(Molge),11. ae (Pyronicia) marmorata(Salamandra),11.
marmoratus (Triton), 9, mavortia(Ambystoma), 43.
mavortium (Amblystoma), 43.
maxima (Salamandra), 80 maxima(Sieboldia),80. maximus(Megalobatrachus), 80.
means(Amphiuma),83. Mecodonta, 2.
Megalobatrachus, 80.
Megapterna, 6.
melanoleuca(Salamandra),38.
melanosticta (Salamandra), 59.
melanostictus (Desmodactylus), 59.
Menobranchus, 84.
Menopoma, 81.
meridignalis (Molge) 6.
mexicana (Bolitoglossa), mexicana (Siphonops), 98.
mexicanum (Amblystoma), 43.
mexXicanus (Dermophis), 98.
mexicanus (eins, 44. mexicanus (Siphonops), 98.
mexicanus(Siredon),44. microsternum (Amblystoma), 50.
millepunctata(Salamandra), 22.
A (Triton), 2.
miniatus(Diemyetylus), 22.
miniatus (Notophthalmus), 21.
miniatus (Triturus), 21.
122 Molge,6,31. Molgide,31. monochroum (Epicrium), 91 ‘monochrous (Ichthyophis), 91 nu (Megapterna), 3.
montaria(Molge),23. montandoni(Triton),17. montandonii(Molge),17. sa le (Euproctus), montanus (Pseudotriton), montanus (Spelerpes), 63.
morio (Oedipus), 70.
morio(Spelerpes),70. Me (Eurycea), 8 multiplicata(Gymnopis), 100.
multiplicata (Spelerpes), 67.
Mureenopsis, 82.
neevia (Ellipsoglossa), 32.
neevia (Pseudosalamandra), 32.
nevia(Salamandra),32. nevius (Hynobius), 32. natans (Cecilia), 103. a (Typhlonectes), 103 a (Ellipsoglossa), sorrel (Ambystoma), 43.
nebulosus (Hynobius), 32 nebulosus(Triton),25. Necturus, 83.
neoceesareanus (Proteus), Neurergus, 5.
niger (Desmognathus), 79.
niger(Plethodon),79. niger (Triton), 46, 79. nigra(Petroponia),10. mer (Salamandra), 4, nigriventris(Batrachoseps), 60. zs) nigrum(Ambystoma),79. Notophthalmus, 6.
ayaa (Triton), ae (Amblystoma), 48.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. ochrocephala (Cecilia), 94.
ochrophzus (Desmognathus), 77.
Oedipina, 61.
Oedipus, 60.
Oiacurus, 6.
oligozona (Gymnopis), oligozonus (Siphonops), 100.
Ommatotriton, 7.
Onychodactylus, 35. « opaca(Ambystoma),40. opaca(Salamandra),40. ae (Amblystoma), operculata(Siren),63. Ophiobatrachus, 61.
Ophiosomes, 88.
ophryticus (Triton), 13. orculus(Spelerpes),67. i ai (Heredia), 4.
oregonensis (Plethodon), 54.
oxyura (cecilia), 92. oxyurus(Ureotyphlus), 92.
pachynema (Cecilia), 94, 95.
Pachytriton,30. pacificum (Hemidactylium),59. pacificus (Batrachoseps), 59.
palmata(Molge),16. oe (Salamandra), 16.
palmatus(Lophinus),16. palmatus(Triton),16,18. palmipes(Lissotriton), 13,15,16. aie (Salamandra), 16.
palustris (Lacerta), 8, 14. palustris(Molge),8. palustris (Triton), 8, 14, 25.
paradoxa(Lacerta),16. paradoxus(Triton),16. parisinus(Triton),14. es (Amblystoma), B oe Cree 74. ectoglossa, 3 Pelonectes, ‘a a as (Thorius), peropus(Hynobius),33. persimile (Amblystoma) 47.
persimilis (Pectoglossa), persimilis (Plethodon), 47 perspicillata(Salamandra), 28.
perspicillata (Salamandrina),28. oe (Seiranota), pee (Chthonerpeton), 104.
Phanerobranchus,84,85, 86.
picta(Salamandra),77. pisciformis(Hypochton), 44, pisciformis (Phyllhydrus), 44 pisciformis(Siren),44. pee (Plethodon), platensis(Urotropis), ines (Amblystoma), patyonuda (Salamandra), platyephala (Molge), 23, bie eibale (Euproetus), platyeephalus (Triton), 10,24,2 ena (Oedipus), 73.
erie eee acd branchus), 85 Plethodon,53,77. Plethodontidse,81,51, 76. ' Plethodontina,51. Pleurodeles, 6.
aa (Salamandra), Pleurodelide,2. poireti(Euproctus),25. poireti(Glossoliga),25, 26.
poireti(Molge),25. poireti (Triton), 25. polyzona(Ocecilia),94. porosa(Lacerta),8. porphyritica (Salamandra),50,64. porphyrities(Spelerpes), porphyriticum(Ambystoma), 50. -